Abnormal Psychology Lesson 10 Chapter 10

cravings

'wanting' for drugs

motivational interventions

1. comprehensive assessment that included an interview that carefully assessed drinking from the last 3 months and 2. a brief motivational treatment that included individualized feedback about a person's drinking in relation to community and national averages, education about the effects of alcohol, and tips for reducing harm and moderating drinking.

what are the 3 psycholigcal factors behind most people taking drugs?

1. mood alteration 2. people's experiences about the effects of substances on behavior, including beliefs about how prevalent a drug is used and health risks associated with the drug 3. Certain personality traits make it more likely for some people to use drugs heavily.

Prevalence of opiate abuse/dependence

156,000 new users in 2012 in the US. Abuse is highest among European Americans and Native Americans

the prevalence of smoking in 2014 was ____% down from ____ % in 1964

18 43

In 2012, over ____ people in the US met the diagnostic criteria for a substance use disorder. Of this large number of people most ______ met the criteria for alcohol use disorder

22 million 15 million

The goal of scheduled smoking is Question 14 options: a) gradual reduction in nicotine intake. b) controlled smoking, in which smoking continues but much more moderately. c) to help smokers quit abruptly by scheduling a 'stop smoking' day in advance. d) identification of triggers associated with smoking. Save

A

Is drug replacement an effective treatment for cocaine use disorder?

A meta analysis of 9 randomized controlled clinical trials revealed that drug replacement is not effective treatment.

stimulants

Act on the brain and the sympathetic nervous system to increase alertness and motor activity. Amphetamines are synthetic stimulants; cocaine is a natural stimulant extract from the coca leaf. include amphetamines and cocaine, act on the brain and the sympathetic nervous system to increase alertness and motor activity. Tolerance and withdrawal are associated with all these drugs. Abuse of meth, a derivative of amphetamine, has decline since the 90's but remains a problem.

cross-dependent

Act on the same central nervous system receptors, and become a substitute for the original dependency. Abrupt discontinuation of methadone results in its own pattern of withdrawal reactions, but because these reactions are less severe than those of heroin, methadone has potential for weaning heroin users altogether from drug dependence.

culture and hallucinogen use

African Americans and Asian Americans are less likely to use hallucinogens than Native Americans, European Americans, and Hispanics.

Short term effects of alcohol

After being swallowed, goes to the small intestine --> absorbed by bloodstream --> broken down by liver.

What do antidepressants treat>

Alcohol

What does couples therapy treat?

Alcohol

Long-term effects of prolonged alcohol abuse

Alcohol impairs the digestion of food and absorption of vitamins. In older, chronic abusers, a deficiency of B complex vitamins can cause amnestic syndrome, a severe loss of memory for both recent and long-past events. Prolonged alcohol use plus reduction in the intake of proteins contributes to the development of cirrhosis of the liver, a disease in which some liver cells become engorged with fat and protein, impeding their function. Some cells die, it's inflammatory process is triggered, and scar tissue develops. Blood is obstructed. Also may damage endocrine glands, brain, and pancreas. Heart failure, erectile dysfunction, hypertension, stroke, and capillary hemorrhages (causes swelling of face/nose)

Jared is receiving guided self-change therapy for his alcohol abuse. Accordingly, he is also learning strategies for controlling his behaviors associated with drinking, as well as actual drinking. In such a program, which of the following would NOT be a factor? Question 9 options: a) The encouragement of minor behavioral changes (e.g., not driving past bars) b) Calculating the amount of money spent on alcohol per year c) Achieving recognition that he has become completely powerless over alcohol d) Utilizing an empathic, supportive approach

C...

neurobiological theory of cravings aka Incentive-sensitization theory

Considers the craving 'wanting' for drugs and the pleasure that comes with taking the drug 'liking' According to this theory, the dopamine system linked to pleasure, or liking, becomes super sensitive not just to the direct effects of drugs, but also to the cues associated with drugs.. This sensitivity cues craving/wanting and people go to extreme lengths to seek out and obtain drugs. Over time, liking for drugs decreases, but the wanting remains very intense.

Alcoholics Anonymous - AA

Each AA chapter runs regular and frequent meetings at which newcomers rise to announce that they are alcoholics and give testimonials, relating the stories of their problems with alcohol and indicating how their lives are better now. The group provides emotional support, understanding, and close counseling as well as a social network. Members are urged to call on one another around the clock when they need companionship and encouragement not to relapse. The AA program tries to instill in each member the belief that alcohol dependence is a disease that can never be cured and that continuing vigilance is necessary to resist taking even a single drink, lest uncontrollable drinking begin all over again.

which culture is most likely to have binge and heavy use drinking? Which are likely to have the lowest rates?

European American and Hispanic adults are most likely to binge drink. Alcohol use is also prevalent among Native Americans. African Americans and Asian Americans are least likely.

which culture's youth are more likely to smoke? Which are less likely?

European Americans and Hispanic youth are more likely to smoke. African Americans and Asian Americans are less likely to smoke. More prevalent among low SES

oxycodone

Found in medicines such as percodan, tylox, and oxyContin.

predictors of nicotine relapse

Frequent slips, intense cravings and withdrawal symptoms, low tolerance for distress, younger age, physiological dependence on nicotine, low self-efficacy, stressful life events, observations of other smokers, weight concerns, and previous quitting attempts are all predictors of relapse. So is a negative mood about quitting prior to their target quit day.

psychological treatments to quit smoking

Having a physician tell a person to stop smoking can help them to stop smoking at least for a little while. Getting someone to adhere to scheduled smoking - reduce nicotine gradually over a period of a few weeks by getting smokers to agree to increase the time between cigarettes. In this way, the smoking behavior is controlled by the passage of time rather than by urges, moods, or situations.

What does opiate antagonist treat?

Heroin

What does suboxone treat?

Heroin

cultural attitudes/patterns of drinking affect us how?

High consumption rates have typically been found in wine-drinking societies such as France, Spain, and Italy, where drinking is widely accepted. Cultural attitudes and patters of drinking thus influence the likelihood of drinking heavily and abusing alcohol.

relapse prevention

In this approach, people dependent on alcohol are encouraged to believe a lapse will not precipitate total relapse and should be regarded as a learning experience rather than the end of the world. This treatment appears to be more effective for alcohol and drug use disorders and less effective for nicotine use disorder.

Alcohol produces its effects through its interactions with several neural systems in the brain. Describe these systems.

It stimulates GABA receptors which may account for its ability to reduce tension. Alcohol also increases serotonin and dopamine, which may be the source of its ability to produce pleasurable effects. Alcohol inhibits glutamate receptors, which may cause the cognitive effects of alcohol intoxication, such as slowed thinking and memory loss.

Of the current illegal drugs, which is most frequently used? Which of the legal drugs?

Marijuana. Alcohol

gender and drinking across cultures

Men consume more alcohol than women.

What does Matrix treat?

Methamphetamine

Alcohol and nicotine are cross - tolerant. Explain what this means.

Nicotine can induce tolerance for the rewarding effects of alcohol and vice versa. Thus, consumption of both drugs may be increased to maintain their rewarding effects.

expectancies about alcohol and drug effects

People drink after stress not because it actually reduces tension but because they believe it will. The greater the perceived risk of a drug, the less likely it will be used. (why so many do marijuana)

which personality traits most predict the onset of substance use disorder in adolescents?

People with a substance use disorder often value the immediate, even impulsive, pleasure and reward that comes form taking a drug more than delayed reward, such as a monthly paycheck from work. low constraint, high negative emotionality, neuroticism, low levels of agreeableness

DSM-5 definition of substance abuse disorder

Problematic pattern of use that impairs functioning. Two or more symptoms within a 1-year period: ●Failure to meet obligations ●Repeated use in situations where it is physically dangerous ●Repeated relationship problems ●Continued use despite problems caused by the substance ●Tolerance ●Withdrawal ●Substance taken for a longer time or in greater amounts than intended ●Efforts to reduce or control use do not work ●Much time spent trying to obtain the substance ●Social, hobbies, or work activities given up or reduced ●Craving to use the substance is strong

Nicotine Replacement Treatments and Medications

Reducing a smoker's craving for nicotine by providing it in a different way is the goal. via gum, patches, inhalers, or e-cigarettes

cognitive and behavioral treatments

Teach people and those close to them to reinforce behaviors inconsistent with drinking, for example taking the drug Antabuse, and avoiding situations associated with drinking in the past. They use a token system of reward. This therapy also teaches job hunting and social skills as well as assertiveness training for refusing drinks. For socially isolated people, assistance and encouragement are provided to establish contacts with other people who are not associated with drinking

controlled drinking

The encouragement of 'a pattern of alcohol consumption that is moderate, avoiding the extremes of total abstinence and inebriation'. people have more potential control over their immoderate drinking than they think and heightened awareness of the costs of drinking to excess as well as benefits of abstaining or cutting down can help. EX: Getting the person to delay 20 minutes before taking a 2nd or 3rd drink can help him or her reflect on the costs vs the benefits of drinking to excess.

methamphetamine

The most commonly abused stimulant drug and an amphetamine deritvative. Users get an immediate high, this includes feelings of euphoria as well as increased blood flow to the heart and other organs and an increase in body temperature. The high levels then crashed leaving the person agitated.

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

There is no evidence of withdrawal symptoms during abstinence. Can alter a person's sense of time (it seems to go too slowly). A person using LSD may have sharp mood swings but can also experience an expanded consciousness such as that he or she seems to appreciate sights and sounds like never before. Many users experience intense anxiety after taking LSD because they fear they are going crazy, sometimes causing fullblown panic attacks.

Drug replacement treatments and medications

Two widely used programs for heroin use disorder involve the administration of heroin substitutes, drugs chemically similar to heroin that can replace the body's craving for it, or opiate antagonists, drugs that prevent the user from experiencing the heroin high.

nitrous oxide

a colorless gas that induces lightheadedness and a state of euphoria in most people. For some, important insights seem to flood the mind. Many find mundane events irresistibly funny. Someone can return to their normal state within minutes of breathing enriched oxygen or normal air.

Antabuse/Disulfiram

a drug that discourages drinking by causing violent vomiting if alcohol is ingested.

Buprenorphine (Suboxone)

a medication that does not produce an intense high, only mildly addictive, and lasts for as long as 3 days. Heroin users do not need to go to a clinic to receive this medication since it can be prescribed to individuals. Thus, the treatment avoids the stigma associated with visiting clinics. Effective at relieving withdrawal symptoms,

naltrexone

a synthetic drug, similar to morphine, that blocks opiate receptors in the nervous system and is used chiefly in the treatment of heroin addiction. First, people are gradually weaned from heroin. hen they receive increasing dosages of naltrexone, which prevents them from experiencing any high should they take heroin later on. This drug works because it has great affinity for the receptors to which opiates usually bind; their molecules occupy the receptors without stimulating them. This leaves heroin molecules with no place to go, and so heroin does not have its usual effect on the user.

Changing beliefs about the prevalence of smoking in young people Question 15 options: a) appears to be an effective strategy in delaying the onset of smoking. b) has shown little promise in delaying the onset of smoking. c) actually increases smoking in young people. d) is less effective than resistance training, such as DARE. Save

a) appears to be an effective strategy in delaying the onset of smoking.

3. Genetic research on substance dependence indicates that: a. Genetic factors may be the same for many drugs. b. Additional studies need to be done to determine heritability. c. The dopamine receptor DRD1 may be faulty. d. Twin studies show that the environment is just as important as genes.

a. Genetic factors may be the same for many drugs.

What does AA treat?

alcohol

acamprosate

another drug used to treat alcohol use. Researchers believe that it impacts the glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter systems and thereby reduces the cravings associated with withdrawal.

psychological treatments of drug use disorders

antidepressant medication Despramine - trade name Norpramine and cognitive behavioral therapy were both found to be somewhat effective in reducing cocaine use as well as improving a person's family, social, and general psychological functioning. CBT is better for people with a high degree of dependence and despramine is better for those with a low degree of dependence. motivational enhancement therapy - a combination of CBT techniques and techniques that help clients generate solutions that work for themselves are found effective for both alcohol and drug use disorders. Self-help residential homes are another psychological approach to treating heroin and other types of drug use disorders. They separate people from previous social contacts. Its a comprehensive environment in which drugs are not available and continuing support is offered. Charismatic role models of people who used to be dependent on drugs but are no longer. A setting in which the person is respected as a human being rather than stigmatized as failures or criminals.

1. Which of the following is not one of the sociocultural factors implicated in the etiology of substance use disorders? a. the media b. gender c. availability of a substance d. social networks

b. gender

Prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorder

because its a new diagnosis we do not have prevalence estimates just yet. Research indicates ~ 8.5% of the US population has met the criteria for DSM-4 categories of alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse in 2012.

couples therapy

behaviorally oriented marital or couples therapy has been found to achieve some reductions in problem drinking, even a year after treatment has stopped, as well as some improvement in couple's distress generally. Treatment combines skills covered in individual cognitive behavior therapy, with a focus on the couple's relationship and dealing with alcohol related stressors together as a couple

amphetamines

benzedrine, dexedrine, and methedrine, produce their effects by causing the release of norepinephrine and dopamine and blocking the reuptake of these neurotransmitters.

2. Which of the following statements best captures the link between wanting, liking, and drinking according to a prospective study? a. Wanting, but not liking, predicted more drinking among heavy drinkers. b. Wanting predicted more drinking for heavy drinkers; liking predicted more drinking for light drinkers. c. Wanting and liking predicted more drinking among heavy drinkers. d. Sedation predicted less drinking for all types of drinking.

c. Wanting and liking predicted more drinking among heavy drinkers.

cognitive effects of marijuana

can interfere with cognitive functioning, including areas such as planning, decision making, working memory, and problem solving. Decreases IQ in chronic users.

Exposure of a nonsmoker to secondhand smoke Question 5 options: a) is less harmful than smoking because of the lower levels of nicotine and tar in secondhand smoke. b) has been shown to have far fewer negative effects than the media has suggested. c) can lead to lung damage. d) has negative effects on the fetuses of pregnant nonsmokers but not on the women themselves.

can lead to lung damage

antabuse

causes vomiting if a person consumes alcohol

PCP aka angel dust

coded as phencyclidine use disorder in DSM-5. Generally causes serious negative reactions; severe paranoia, and violence. Coma and death are also possible. PCP affects multiple neurotransmitters in the brain, and chronic use is associated with a variety of neuropsycholigcal deficits.

Which age group is alcohol use most frequent with?

college - age adults. This is also true for binge drinking. Among male and female students, heavy-use prevalence rates were 39.5% and 12.7% respectively in 2012

cocaine

comes from the leaves of the coca shrub. Acts rapidly on the brain, blocking reuptake of dopamine in mesolimbic areas. Yields pleasurable states because of the dopamine left in the synapse facilities. Can increase sexual desire and produce feelings of self-confidence, well-being, and indefatigability. An overdose may bring on chills, nausea, and insomnia, as well as paranoia, and terrifying hallucinations of insects crawling beneath the skin.

poly drug use

concurrent use of more than one drug

marijuana

consists of dried and crushed leaves and flowering tops of the hemp plant Cannabis Sativa. It is most often smoked, but it may be chewed, prepared as tea, or eaten in baked goods.

Question 11 (1 point) Question 11 Unsaved In the 1980's a new form of cocaine which comes in a rock crystal form was introduced and called Question 11 options: a) amphetamine. b) methamphetamine. c) crack. d) freebase.

crack

What happens to chronic users of meth?

damages the brain, affecting both dopamine and serotonin systems. Damages the hippocampus, the volume of the hippocampus becomes smalls and thus memory becomes more poor.

A major goal of inpatient hospital-based treatment for alcohol abuse is Question 7 options: a) to focus upon sobriety as a major criteria for discharge. b) helping the individual admit there is a problem. c) increasing nutrition and creating a behavior that inhibits alcohol consumption. d) detoxification.

detoxification

Wanda drinks frequently and requires more alcohol now than she did six months ago to achieve the same effect. She reports that she can out-drink most people. Wanda is probably Question 4 options: a) genetically predisposed to alcoholism. b) developing a physiological dependence on alcohol. c) acquiring behavioral skills in modulating her drinking. d) deluding herself. This is not physically possible.

developing a physiological dependence on alcohol

neurobiological factors of addiction

dopamine pathways in the brain are linked to pleasure and reward, and drug use typically results in rewarding or pleasurable feelings via using the dopamine system Sometimes people continue to take drugs to avoid the bad feelings associated with withdrawal

After taking a particular drug, Hal began feeling that time was passing very slowly, and he began having profound thoughts about the nature of time and the universe. While this first experience was at first deeply moving, leading to feelings of elation, the next time Hal tried this drug, he felt anxious and depressed. What drug did Hal probably take? Question 8 options: a) marijuana b) ecstasy c) heroin d) cocaine

ecstacy

long term smoking medical problems

emphysema, cancers of the larynx and esophagus, pancreas, bladder, cervix and stomach; complications during pregnancy, SIDS, periodontitis, and cardiovascular disorders

True or false? Methamphetamine is a less potent form of amphetamine and so is less likely to be associated with brain impairment

false

True or false? The use of OxyContin began in urban areas but quickly spread to rural areas.

false

true or false diagnosis of a substance use disorder requires both tolerance and withdrawal

false. it requires at least 2 symptoms, that do not HAVE to be either of those two things (though they would be acceptable)

True or false? 1. Withdrawal from heroin begins slowly, days after use has been discontinued.

false...within 8 hours?

crack

form of cocaine, comes in rock crystal form that is is then heated, melted, and smoked.

detoxification

from alcohol typically takes place in hospitals, but other treatment is more commonly done in outpatient settings. Inpatient is too expensive and thus not covered often and not very common today.

What is new to substance related and addictive disorders in the DSM -5?

gambling disorder was added.

.....

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The "stepping-stone" theory of drug use is also referred to as the Question 2 options: a) correlational theory. b) multi-determined theory. c) social facilitation theory. d) gateway theory.

gateway theory

mood alteration

generally assumed one of the main motives for drug use because it enhances positive moods or diminishes negative ones. ex: alcohol reducing anxiety.

LSD is a(n) Question 12 options: a) amphetamine. b) methamphetamine. c) stimulant. d) hallucinogen.

hallucinogen

ecstacy

hallucinogen like substance. Contains compounds from both the hallucinogen and amphetamine families, but it is currently classified as 'other hallucinogen use disorder'. Ecstasy acts primarily by contributing to both the release and subsequent reuptake of serotonin. It may have neurotoxic effects on the serotonin system. Users report E enhances intimacy and insight, improves interpersonal relationships, elevates mood and self-confidence, and promotes aesthetic awareness. It can also cause muscle tension, rapid eye movements, jaw clenching, nausea, faintness, chills or sweating, anxiety, depression, depersonalization, and confusion.

Fetal alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

heavy alcohol consumption by a woman during pregnancy is the leading known cause of ID among children. The growth of the fetus is slowed, and cranial, facial, and limb anomalies can be produced

chronic use of cocaine can cause...

heightened irritability, paranoid thinking, disturbances in eating and sleeping. Is a vasoconstrictor, causing the blood vessels to narrow. Higher doses can cause a heart attack. Also increases a person's risk of stroke and causes cognitive impairments such as difficulty paying attention and remembering.

Mark is experiencing the following symptoms after taking a drug: he feels an initial rush of ecstasy, has great self-confidence and has lost all his worries and fears. At the same time, he is feeling drowsy and relaxed. Which of the following drugs is Mark most likely to have taken? Question 6 options: a) heroin b) alcohol c) marijuana d) cocaine

heroin

prevalence of marijuana use

higher in men than women, with 12% of men and 6.6% of women 18+ reporting use in the past month in 2012.

Studies on the effects of smoking marijuana on the brain have shown that it is associated with Question 13 options: a) impaired short-term memory and increased blood flow to brain regions associated with emotion. b) impaired long-term memory and decreased blood flow to brain regions associated with emotion. c) impaired short-term memory and increased blood flow to brain regions associated with attention. d) impaired long-term memory and decreased blood flow to brain regions associated with attention.

impaired short-term memory and increased blood flow to brain regions associated with emotion.

Downside of nicotine gum

in doses that deliver an amount of nicotine equivalent to smoking one cigarette an hour, the gum causes cardiovascular changes, such as increased blood pressure, that can be dangerous to people with cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, some experts believe that even prolonged, continued use of the gum is healthier than obtaining nicotine by smoking, because the carcinogens are avoided Abstinence rates are only at about 50% at 12 month follow ups.

What are some statewide comprehensive tobacco control programs?

increasing taxes on cigarettes, restricting tobacco advertising, conducting public education campaigns, and creating smoke-free environments (these appear to be reducing teenage smoking)

tolerance

indicated by either 1. larger doses of the substance being needed to produce the desired effect or 2. the effects of the drug becoming markedly less if the usual amount is taken

list 3 of the therapeutic benefits of marijuana

it can ease nausea and appetite loss as well as pain

List 3 types of cancer caused by smoking

lung, esophageal, larynx, bladder, pancreatic

Question 10 (1 point) Question 10 Unsaved Among college students, binge drinking is more common in Question 10 options: a) men. b) women. c) the prevalence of binge drinking is equal in men and women. d) state schools versus private schools.

men

opiates

morphine, heroin, codeine. Drugs that in moderate doses, relieve pain and induce sleep. slow the activities of the body and in moderate doses, are used to relieve pain and induce sleep. Heroin has been a focus of concern because usage is up and stronger varieties have become available. Dependence on prescription pain medication has skyrocketed.

hydrocodone

most often combined with other drugs such as acetaminophen, to create prescription pain medicines such as vicodin, zydone, or lortab.

Hashish

much stronger than marijuana, is produced by removing and drying the resin exudate of the tops of cannabis plants

MATRIX

multifaceted treatment consisting of 16 CBT group sessions, 12 family education sessions, 4 individual therapy sessions, and 4 social support sessions in treatment of Methamphetamine.

withdrawal symptoms of opiates

muscle pain, sneezing, sweating, become tearful, yawns frequently. After 36 hours, may have muscle twitching, cramps, chills alternating with excessive flushing and sweating, rise in heart rate and blood pressure, unable to sleep, vomits, and has diarrhea.

What does the patch treat

nicotine

What are sociocultural factors that attribute to alcohol use?

one's culture and country's attitude towards drinking. Certain countries drink more than others Availability of alcohol to consume. Raising the price disproportionately affects the poor and doesn't work to reduce consumption. Family factors such as exposure to alcohol by parents. Unhappy marriages lead to more drinking. Poor monitoring of children's friends by parents leads to more drinking as well. Having friends who smoke predicts smoking. Advertisements can and do affect youngster's and their choices on smoking.

What is alcohol use disorder comorbid with?

personality disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders as well as other drug use.

peer group drinking behavior

positive attitude --> experimentation --> regular use --> heavy use --> dependence or abuse

psychological effects of opiates

produce euphoria, drowsiness, and sometimes a lack of coordination. The user sheds worries and fears for 4 to 6 hours. Produce their effects by stimulating neural receptors of the body's own opiod system .

The benefit of marijuana when used for chronic illnesses is primarily to Question 3 options: a) reduce nausea for patients undergoing chemotherapy. b) increase immune function. c) improve attention and maintain medication adherence. d) prevent additional infection.

reduce nausea

therapeautic effects of marijuana

reduction in nausea and loss of appetite that accompanies chemo for people with cancer, glaucoma, chronic pain, muscle spasms, seizures, and discomfort from AIDS. Use alternative delivery systems other than smoking.

hallucinogen

refers to the main effects of such drugs, hallucinations.

withdrawal

refers to the negative physical and psychological effects that develop when a person stops taking the substance or reduces the amount. Substance withdrawal symptoms can include; muscle pains, twitching, sweats, vomitting, diarrhea, and insomnia.

psychological effects of marijuana

shifts in emotion, dull attention, fragment thoughts, impair memory, give the sense that time is moving more slowly

marijuana can have ____ effects on learning and memory; it is less clear if there are _____ effects

short term long term

physical consequences of Marijuana

short term effects - bloodshot and itchy eyes, dry mouth and throat, increased appetite, reduce pressure within the eye, somewhat raised blood pressure. long term - can impaire lung structure and function. Has the same carcinogens found in tobacco, to a greater strength.

treatments for smoking

social pressure - numerous laws to prohibit smoking in almost all public spaces provides incentives to support to stop smoking. People are more likely to quit if other people around them quit.

methadone

synthetic narcotics designed to take the place of heroin. The drugs are themselves addicting, so successful treatments just converts the person to dependence from one drug to another.

nicotine

the addicting agent of tobacco.

delirium tremens (DTs)

the person becomes delirious as well as tremulous and has hallucinations that are primarily visual but may be tactile as well. Unpleasant and very active creatures- snakes, cockroaches, spiders etc may appear to be crawling up the wall or over the person's body or to be filling the room. Feverish, disoriented, and terrified, the person may claw frantically at their own skin to get rid of the sensations.

2nd hand smoke

the smoke coming from the burning end of a cigarette, or environmental tobacco smoke, contains higher concentrations of ammonia, carbon monoxide, nicotine, and tar than does smoke actually inhaled by the smoker.

Nicotine is the addicting agent in Question 1 options: a) marijuana. b) hashish. c) tobacco. d) cocaine.

tobacco

true or false even moderate drinking by pregnant women can cause learning and attention problems in their children

true

true or false research suggests that nicotine can enhance the rewarding properties of alcohol

true

True or false? Ecstasy contains compounds associated with hallucinogens and amphetamines

true.

Addiction

typically refers to a severe substance use disorder

flashbacks

visual recurrences of perceptual experiences after the physiological effects of the drug have worn off.

physical effects of amphetamines

wakefulness is heightened, intestinal functions are inhibited, and appetite is reduced (used in dieting). Heart rate quickens, blood vessels in the skin and mucous membranes constrict, the person becomes alert, euphoric, and outgoing an dis possessed of seemingly boundless energy and self-confidence. Larger doses can make them nervous, agitated, confused, headaches, dizziness, and sleeplessness. Sometimes users become suspicious or hostile

MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine)

what ecstasy is made of. Often mixed with other substances (caffeine) or drugs (LSD, katmine, talcum powder) making the effects vary dramatically.