Abnormal Psychology test 3

7.2 1. List three reasons to consider OCD, BDD, and hoarding as related conditions

- all share symptoms of uncontrollable repetitive thougts and behavior -all three respond to anitdepressants -respond to exposure and response prevention -people with BDD and hoarding disoreder often have a family history of OCD

criticisims of somatic symptom and related disorder diagnostic criteria

- these condition are remarkable varied -These are very subjective criteria. What is threshold for too much concern or too much expenditure? -Patients often find the diagnosis of somatic symptom and related disorders to be stigmatizing

unexplained blindness is explained with psychodynamic theory suggesting this type of conversion disorder might involve two process:

1 unconscious processing of perceptual stimuli and 2 motivation to be symptomatic

Fear that a bodily sensation signifies illness is likely to have two behavioral consequences:

1. the person may assume the role of being sick and avoid work, exercise, and social tasks, and these avoidant behaviors in turn can intensify symptoms by limiting other healthy behaviors 2. the person may seek reassurance from doctors and from family members, and this help-seeking behavior may be reinforced if it results in the person getting attention or sympathy

posttraumatic model 2 important tenets

1. there is evidence that children who are abused are at risk for developing dissociative symptoms 2. there is evidence that children who dissociate are more likely to develop psychological symptoms after trauma

somatic symptom disorder is expected to be ____ times as common as illness anxiety disorder

3 times

It is estimated that genuinely physical problems are misdiagnosed as conversion disorder about ___% of the time

4%

With OCD, hoarding, and BDD, heritability is estimated to account for __to___ % of the variance in whether each of the conditions develops

40 to 50

About _____% of people with depersonalization/derealizaiton disorder will experience ______ disorders and ________

90%, anxiety disorders and depression

PTSD diagnostic criteria

A. Exposure to Traumatic event B. Presence of Intrusion symptoms- recurrent distressing memories, recurrent distressing dreams, flashbacks, etc. C. Persistent avoidance of related events/reminders D. Alterations of thought and mood

8.1 1. The key feature of the fugue subtype of dissociative amnesia is:

Assumption of a new identity or bewildered wandering

Dissociative identity disorder description

At least two distinct personalities that act independently of each other

Treatment for OCD meds

Bensodiazapines (valium, librium) Antidepressants (imipramine, clomipramine, SSRIs like prozac)

treatment for somatic symptom-related disorder with pain

CBT fared well, hypnosis appears to reduce pain levels and shown to influence brain regions involved in experiencing and interpreting pain

Experimental treatment for OCD...

Deep brain stimulation

DSM-5 includes 3 major dissociative disorders:

Depersonalization/derealization disorder, dissociative amnesia, and dissociative identity disorder (formerly multiple personality disorder)

3. Somatic symptom disorder involves hyperactivation of the cerebellum T/F?

False

8.4 1. Conversion disorder is highly heritable T/F?

False

Malingering description

Intentionally faking psychological or somatic symptoms to gain from those symptoms

Dissociative amnesia description-

Lack of conscious access to memory, typically of a stressful experiences. The "fugue" subtype-involves traveling or wandering couples with loss of memory for one's identity or past

2. What is the chief difference between obsessions and compulsions?

Obsessions are repetitive and intrusive thought, urge, image; and compulsions are actions that a person feels the need to engage in to ward off threats

3 regions of the brain that are unusually active in people with OCD

Orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleas, and anterior cingulate

2 major theories for etiology of DID

Posttraumatic model and the sociocognitive model

Why isn't PTSD considered an anxiety disorder?

Predominant symptom is re-experiencing the past, not present or anticipation of future. Also fear isn't necessary to development of disorder other emotions play predominant role Anxiety=internalizing PTSD=externalized(impulse control, antisociality, substance abuse)

DSM-5 includes 3 major somatic symptom-related disorders:

Somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, and conversion disorder

2. The two-stage psychodynamic model of conversion disorder emphasized unconscious perceptions and motivation for having symptoms T/F?

True

8.2 1. DID was rarely diagnosed before the publication of Sybil?

True

2. In the context of dissociative identity disorder, alter refers to:

a distinct personality

Dissociation in dissociative amnesia and identity disorder

a person cannot access important aspects of memory.

Malingering

a person intentionally fakes a symptom to avoid a responsibility, such as work or military duty, or to achieve some reward, such as an insurance settlement

Main feature of illness anxiety disorder-

a preoccupation with fears of having a serious disease despite having no significant somatic symptoms

Depersonalization is defined as

a sense of being detached from one's self (being observer outside of one's body)

Derealization is defined by

a sense of detachment from one's surroundings, such that the surroundings seem unreal

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

a variant of cognitive behavioral treatment, the therapist encourages the client to adopt a more accepting attitude toward pain, suffering, and moments of depression and anxiety, and to view these as a natural part of life

Regions of brain implicated in OCD

abnormal metabolic activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate/caudal medial prefrontal cortex, and caudate nucleus

Symptoms of conversion disorder usually develop in...

adolescence or early adulthood, typically after a major life stressor

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is rarely diagnosed until ____

adulthood, but often after their diagnosis, patients will recall symptoms dating back to their childhood

Depersonalization/derealization disorder-

alteration in the experience of self and reality. A disruptive sense of detachment from one's self or surroundings

people are likely to overreact physiological symptoms in panic disorders, but with somatic symptom disorder the person believes the symptoms are a sign of

an underlying long-term disease

Areas of the brain involved in evaluating unpleasantness of somatic sensations include:

anterior cingulate and anterior insula

2. What class of medications has been most carefully tested for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders?

antidepressants

______ are the most supported medication treatment for Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

antidepressants

when pain is a dominant symptom of somatic symptom disorder __________ can be helpful

antidepressants

about 2/3 of people who develop PTSD have a history of an _____ ____

anxiety disorder

somatic symptoms can be increased by..

anxiety, depression, and stress hormones

After trauma, those who rely on dissociative coping strategies (avoid thinking about trauma)...

are more likely to develop PTSD than people who rely on other strategies

3. List the major sources of evidence for the sociocognitive model of DID

base rates of the disorder increased with media attention to disorder; only a small proportion of therapists have ever seen DID cases, and the therapists who see the most DID cases rely on techniques like hypnosis that could produce alters; most clients are unaware of alters until after they recieve psychotherapy; DID can be role-played; most people with DID share memories among alters when tests are used

Somatic symptom-related disorders the person complains of ...

bodily symptoms that suggest a physical defect or dysfunctions, sometimes dramatic in nature

Biological etiology of OCD

brain systems involved in planning and control, error detection, prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus

No other major DSM diagnosis places emphasis squarely on the ____

cause

7.1 1. describe the most typical course of the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

chronic

Hypochondriasis

chronic worries about developing a serious medical illness

Social influences on conversion disorder are important given that sometimes cases...

cluster within small groups of co-workers or schoolmates

Dissociative disorders are defined on the basis of disruptions in...

consciousness, in which memories, self-awareness, or other aspects of cognition become inaccessible to the conscious mind

In dissociative disorders, the person experiences disruptions of the ..

consciousness-loses track of self-awareness, memory, identity

the idea that the prevalence of conversion disorder has fluctuated substantially over time is _________

controversial

Hysteria was the term originally used to describe _________ disorder

conversion

The psychodynamic models of conversion disorder focus on the idea that people..

could be unconscious of certain perceptions and could be motivated to have certain symptoms

iatrogenic

created with treatment. (sociocognitive model suggests of DID)

Emotion Stroop task shows how people with excessive distress about their somatic symptoms may automatically focus on...

cues of physical health problems

OCD,BDD, and hoarding all tend to co-ocurr with..

depression and anxiety disorders

Cognitive processing therapy

designed to help victims of rape and childhood sexual abuse dispute tendencies toward self-blame. -received empirical support and helpful in reducing guilt and dissociation

Depersonalization/derealization involves dissociation called

detachment

Proponents of the sociocognitive model note the dramatic shifts in ..

diagnosis over time, the small proportion of clinicians who apply the diagnosis, the increases in number of alters recognized after treatment begins, and evidence that people can role-play symptoms of DID and that alters share more info than they acknowledge

Alters

different modes of being, thinking, feeling, and acting that exist independently of one another and that emerge at different times

Amnesia usually...

disappeasrs as suddenly as it began, with complete recovery and only a small chance of recurrence

Behavioral responses to health concerns can include

disengagement and isolation, as well as excessive help-seeking behavior

The posttraumatic model suggest that DID is the result of using

dissociation as a coping strategy to deal with the abuse

Neurobiological models suggest some people may have a propensity toward hyperactivity in regions of the brain involved in..

evaluating the unpleasantness of somatic sensations

Key feature of somatic symptom disorder-

excessive anxiety, energy, or behavior focused on somatic symptoms for at least 6 months

Somatic symptom disorder defined by

excessive anxiety, worry, or behavior focused on somatic symptoms

Somatic symptom and related disorders are defined by

excessive concerns about physical symptoms or health

The common feature of somatic symptom-related disorders is the..

excessive focus on physical symptoms

Somatic symptom disorder decription

excessive thought, distress, and behavior related to somatic symptoms

implicit memory tests

experimenters determine if the word lists have subtler effects on performance. ex: shown word list then on second task they identify the same word that is not all the way filled in

Factitious disorder description

falsification of psychological or physical symptoms, without evidence of gains from those symptoms

Illness anxiety disorder is defined by

fears of a severe disease in the absence of somatic symptoms

Psychodynamic treatment for DID and other dissociative disorders

goal is to overcome repressions, as DID is believed to arise from traumatic events that the person is trying to block from consciousness

Heightened activity in Somatosensory cortex, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex are related to...

greater propensity for somatic symptoms and more intense pain ratings in response to a standardized stimulus

Patients with conversion disorder are highly likely to meet criteria for another somatic symptom disorder, and about ____ meet criteria for a _________ disorder

half meet criteria for a dissociative disorder

DID is commonly accompanied by other symptoms such as..

headaches, hallucinations, suicide attempts, and self-injurious behavior, as well as other dissociative symptoms such as amnesia and depersonalization

Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for somatic symptom-related disorders

help people 1. identify and change the emotions that trigger their somatic concerns 2. change their cognitions regarding their somatic symptoms and 3. change their behaviors to stop playing the role of a sick person to gain more reinforcement

Somatic symptom-related disorders or conversion disorder do not appear to be _______

heritable

Persons with dissociative amnesia are unable to recall...

important personal imformation, usually information about some traumatic experience. Not permanently lost but could be hours or years

Difference between Somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder

in somatic symptom disorder the distress revolves around a somatic symptom that EXISTS. In illness anxiety, the distress is about the potential for a medical illness in the absence of significant somatic symptoms

mass hysteria (social influence on conversion disorder)

in which a group of people with close contact, such as schoolmates or coworkers, develop inexplicable medical symptoms that would likely warrant a diagnosis of conversion disorder

Dissociation

involves some aspect of emotion, memory, or experience being inaccessible consciously

Behavioral etiology of OCD

learned behaviors reinforced by their consequences

psychoeducation programs can help patients recognize..

links between their negative moods and somatic symptoms. techniques such as relaxation training and various forms of cognitive behavioral treatment proven useful in reducing depression and anxiety leading to reductions in somatic symptoms

aphonia

loss of the voice other than whispered speech

Tending to be comorbid, but those with somatic symptom-related disorders are more likely than those in the general population to ....

meet the diagnostic criteria for dissociative disorders

Anterior cingulate and anterior insula connected to

negative emotions and depression

Symptoms of illness for conversion disorder suggest an illness is related to..

neurological damage, but medical tests indicate that the bodily organs and nervous system are fine

Conversion disorder involves

neurological symptoms that are medically unexplained

Conversion disorder description

neurological symptoms(s) that cannot be explained by medical disease or culturally sanctioned behavior

In conversion disorder, a person suddenly develops..

neurological symptoms, such as blindness, seizures, or paralysis.

______ and _____ _____ predict the onset of PTSD

neuroticism and negative affectivity(neg emotions and poor self-concept)

Unlike the other dissociative disorders, depersonalization/derealization involves ...

no disturbance of memory

OCD is defined by

obsessions and/or compulsions

Psychodynamic theories of conversion disorder focused on the idea that

people can be unaware of their perceptions and may be motivated to have symptoms

Factitious disorder

people intentionally produce physical symptoms (or psychological ones) to adopt the patient role

Sociocognitive model

people who have been abused seek explanations for their symptoms and distress, and alters appear in response to suggestions by therapists, exposure to media reports of DID, or other cultural influences

detachment

person feels removed from the sense of self and surroundings. May feel "spaced out", numb, or like in a dream

complex regional pain syndrome

previously believed to be caused by psychological factors, but animal and human research indicate these symptoms result from inflammation secondary to autoimmune disorder

complex PTSD

prolonged exposure to trauma, might lead to a broader range of symptoms than those covered by DSM criteria for PTSD

Posttraumatic model

proposes some people are likely to use dissociation to cope with trauma,and this is seen as a key factor in causing people to develop alters after trauma

ERP with BDD

provide exposure to most feared activities, clients interact with people who could be critical of their looks. For response prevention, clients are asked to avoid activities that reassure themselves (checking mirrors) -cognitive features make this stronger such as technique and strategies to address features like how self-worth depends on appearance

somatosensory cortex

region of the brain involved with processing bodily sensations (has strong connections with the anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex)

Body dysmorphic and hoarding disorder share symptoms of..

repetitive thoughts and behaviors

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are defined by..

repetitive thoughts and behaviors that are so extreme that they interfere with everyday life

OCD is defined by..

repetitive thoughts and urges (obsessions), as well as an irresistible need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions)

Compulsions are..

repetitive, clearly excessive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessive thoughts or to prevent some calamity from occuring

explicit memory test

researchers might ask a person to remember words

DID symptoms can be _____-______

role-played

The sociocognitive model suggests that DID is caused by

role-playing of symptoms among patients with a history of abuse

Conversion disorder is more common among people from ______ areas and people of ________ socioeconomic status

rural areas and lower socioeconomic status

Conversion disorder is defined by

sensory and motor dysfunctions that cannot be explained by medical tests

Both theories suggest

severe physical or sexual abuse during childhood sets the stage for DID

Fugue

severe subtype of amnesia. Person disappears from home and work, some may wander away from home in a bewildered manner. Others take a new name, home, job, even personality characteristics.

what causes dissociation?

sleep deprivation, or as an avoidance response to protect themselves from stressful events

7.3 1 LIst two major risk factors that contribute specifically to PTSD

small volume of the hippocampus; avoidant coping strategies that prevent processing the trauma, such as dissociation; low IQ

Brain-imaging studies show that the volume of the hippocampus is _____ among people with PTSD than those without the condition

smaller

Cognitive behavioral models focus on attention and interpretation of

somatic symptoms as a way of understanding why some people experience such intense anxiety about their health

Symptoms of depersonalization and derealization are usually triggered by ______

stress, and in adolescence

dissociative disorders and somatic symptom-related disorders both are hypothesized to be associated with

stressful experiences, yet do not involve direct expressions of anxiety

Coping

studies suggest people who cope with a trauma by trying to avoid thinking about it are more likely than others to develop PTSD

OCD and BDD tend to co-occur with..

substance use disorders

Other resources that might promote adaptive coping,

such as higher IQ and strong social support, can protect against development of PTSD

Somatic symptom-related disorders may arise..

suddenly in stressful situations

Interventions in Primary care

teach primary care teams to tailor care for people with somatic symptom-related disorders. Goal is to establish a strong doctor-patient relationship that bolsters the patient's sense of trust and comfort, so they feel reassured about their health

Pain and uncomfortable physical sensations, such as heat, increase activity in regions of the brain called the ________ ___ and the __________ ________

the anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex

To meet the DSM criteria for illness anxiety disorder..

the fears must lead to excessive care seeking or maladaptive avoidance behaviors that persist for at least 6 months

imaginal exposure

the person deliberately remembers the event

During the period of amnesia, Procedural memory remains intact-

the person remembers how to answer the phone, ride a bike, and execute other complex actions, even though he or she is unable to remember specific events

in conversion disorder Psychodynamic theory suggests that

the physical symptom is a response to an unconscious psychological conflict

THe likelihood that a person will develop PTSD depends on..

the severity of the trauma

yedasentience

the subjective feeling of knowing that you have thought enough, cleaned enough, or in other ways done what you should to prevent chaos and danger from low-level threats in the environment

PTSD and ASD compared

the symptoms are similar, but ASD can only be diagnosed if symptoms have lasted less then 1 month

what is the difference between somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder

there are no somatic symptoms found in illness anxiety disorder

etiology of BDD

they are very focused on details, small flaws, consider attractiveness more important than other people, believe self-worth is exclusively dependent on their appearance

Somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder overlap in some degree with hypochondriasis in that..

they involve distress and energy expenditure about a health concern

Goal of treatment of DID

to convince the person that splitting into different personalities is no longer necessary to deal with traumas. Should teach emotion regulation strategies to cope with stress

Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD)

treatment to trauma victims withing 72hrs of event. One long session to express feelings and remember details of trauma even if symptoms have not occurred yet. Controversial

2. Most patients with DID report childhood abuse

true

Illness anxiety disorder description

unwarranted fears about a serious illness in the absence of any significant somatic symptoms

Therapists who diagnose more people with DID tend to ..

use hypnosis, to urge clients to try to unbury unremembered abuse experiences, or to name different alters

caudate nucleus

vital role in how the brain learns, specifically the storing and processing of memories. Feedback processor(uses info from past exper. to influence future actions/decisions)

DID is more common in ______ than ______

women than men

Using hypnosis to promote age regression and recovered memories can actually..

worsen DID symptoms

Psychologically, OCD is characterized by a deficit in ________

yedasentience (point where you believe you did compulsion enough..)

Body dysmorphic disorder key features:

-Preoccupation with imagined flaw in one's appearance -Excessive repetitive behaviors or acts regarding appearance (checking appearance, seeking reassurance)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder key features:

-Repetitive, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or urges(obsessions) -Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels compelled to perform (compulsions)

Hippocampal deficits could contribute to psychological vulnerability to PTSD in 2 ways:

1. the deficits could increase the risk that a person will respond to reminders of the trauma even when they occur in safe contexts 2. the hippocampal deficits may interfere with organizing coherent narratives about the trauma

2 major concerns about acute stress disorder diagnosis

1. the diagnosis could stigmatize short-term reactions to serious traumas, even though these are quite common 2. most people go on to meet criteria for PTSD do not experience diagnoses of ASD in the first month after the trauma

about ___ of people with BDD endorse some history of suicidal ideation, and about __% have attempted suicide

1/3, 20%

those who experience ASD are at elevated risk of developing PTSD within ___ years

2

lifetime prevalence estimates about __ % or OCD, BDD and hoarding disorder

2% for OCD and BDD and 1.5% for hoarding

about __ percent of american fighters wounded in Vietnam war developed PTSD, while ___ percent of those who were prisoners of war did

20, 50

those exposed to trauma, women are ____x as likely to develop PTSD than men

2X

People with BDD think about their appearance for __ to __ hours per day

3 to 8

_____% of people experience brief intrusive thoughts from time to time

80

Hoarding disorder key features:

Acquisition of an excessive number of objects

Hoarding disorder is defined by

Acquisition of objects and sever difficulties in discarding objects, even when they have to value

3. What is the most commonly used psychological treatment for obssessive-compulsive and related disorders?

ERP

Psychological treatment for PTSD

Exposure is primary approach. Help them realize they can deal with their anxiety and fear generated by those stimuli.

In conducting exposure treatment for PTSD, ____ exposure is sometimes used because ____ exposure cannot be conducted for experiences as horrific as war and rape

Imaginal, in vivo

ERP is ___ effective than clomipramine for treatment of OCD

MORE

People with BDD and hoarding disorder often have a history of..

OCD

People with BDD and hoarding disorder often report a family history of_____

OCD

antidepressants show support for

OCD and BDD

Posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder are diagnosed only when...

a person develops symptoms after a traumatic event

BDD is defined by

a preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance and by intensive behavioral attempts to cope with the imagined defect

how many people with body dysmorphic disorders meet the criteria for OCD during their lifetime?

about one third

ERP with hoarding disorder

an adaption of ERP. exposure-getting rid of their objects. Response prevention- centers on halting the rituals they engage in to reduce their anxiety(counting or sorting possessions)

treatment of PTSD

an antidepressant- selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), have received support. Relapse is common is discontinued

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-

an extreme response to a severe stressor, including recurrent memories of the trauma, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, negative emotions and thoughts, and symptoms of increased arousal

Cognitive approaches to OCD focus on

challenging people's beliefs about what will happen if they do not engage in rituals or challenging their often inflated sense of responsibility. Eventually to test beliefs they use exposure. Perform as well as ERP

Also like people with OCD, people with BDD have compulsive behaviors like..

checking their appearance in the mirror, comparing their appearance to others, asking others for reassurance about their appearance, or using strategies to change or camouflage their appearance or body areas they do not like

PTSD has been related to Mowrer's two-factor model of conditioning

classical conditioning- assaulted(UCS) in neighborhood(CS) operant conditioning- reinforce the avoidance

CBT and hoarding disorder

client needs to develop insight first. In vivo exercises on de-clutering, in-home visits. -Self-help groups, supplemented with structured reading have been found helpful and less expensive than individual therapy -early CBinterventions focused on discarding objects quick as possible, many dropped out though

What antidepressant is most commonly used for OCD

clomipramine (Anafranil)

Antidepressants that help with BDD

clomipramine and fluoxetine

Obsessions often involve fear of..

contamination from germs or disease

Cognitive model of BDD focuses on a ...

detail-oriented analytic style, tendencies to overvalue the meaning of appearance for self-worth, and excessive attention to cues related to appearance

treatments for OCD, BDD, and hoarding

each responds to antidepressant medications, exposure, and response preventions

OCD tend to begin

either before age 10 or else in late adolescence/early adulthood

Deep brain simulation

electrodes implanted into either the nucleus accumbens or a region at the margin of the ventral striatum. -about half attain relief with months of treatment -remains experimental because of complications that can arise

the diagnostic criteria define serious trauma as an..

event that involved actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation

In vivo

ex: returning directly to the scene of the event

The major psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders is.....

exposure and response prevention (ERP)

In addition to obsessions and compulsions, people with OCD are prone to..

extreme doubts, procrastination, and indecision

Dissociation

feeling removed from one's body or emotions or being unable to remember the even. May keep a person from confronting memories of trauma

General risk factors for anxiety disorders appear to be involved in the development of PTSD:

genetic vulnerability, amygdala hyperactivity, neuroticism, childhood trauma exposure, and tendencies to attend to cues of threat in the environment

3. Cognitive therapy when added to exposure for PTSD is particularly helpful in addressing...

guilt

PTSD appears to be related to genetic risk for anxiety disorders...

high levels of activity in areas of the fear circuit such as the amygdala, childhood exposure to trauma, and tendencies to attend selectively to cues of threat

PTSD appears to be uniquely related to the function of the _________

hippocampus

cognitive behavioral model on hoarding suggests

hoarding is related to poor organizational abilities, unusual beliefs about possessions, and avoidance behaviors

ataque de nervios

identified in Puerto Rico, involves physical symptoms and fears of going crazy in the aftermath of severe stress (similar to ptsd)

Although many find their compulsions to be..

illogical, it is extremely difficult to stop- and feel as though something dire will happen if they do not perform the act

deep brain simulation: a treatment for OCD

implanting electrodes into the brain, for those with chronic OCD that fails to respond after many pharmacological treatments

Cognitive strategies to supplement exposure treatment for PTSD

interventions to help increase the belief in ability to cope.

Obsessions-

intrusive, recurring thoughts, images, or impulses that are persistent and uncontrollable and that often appear irrational to the person experiencing them

OCD, BDD, and hoarding disorder are ____ heritable

moderately

exposure treatment appears to be _____ effective than cognitive restructuring in preventing the development of PTSD

more

prolonged trauma

most about negative emotions relationship disturbances, and negative self-concept. May lead to more severe PTSD symptoms

ERP for hoarding disorder often involves..

motivational strategies to enhance insight and willingness to consider change

Hoarding disorder

need to acquire is excessive, but the bigger problem is that they abhor parting with their objects, even when others see there isn't potential value in them

People with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are preoccupied with..

one or more imagined or exaggerated defects in their appearance

Hoarding disorder is related to heightened activity in the _____ _____, and the _____ _______

orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate

Body dysmorphic disorder involves heightened activity of the ______ _______, and the _____ _______

orbitofrontal cortex, and the caudate nucleus

OCD is characterized by high activity in the ______ ______, the _____ _____, and the ______ ______

orbitofrontal cortex, the caudate nucleus, and the anterior cingulate

Exposure and response prevention (ERP)

people expose themselves to situations that elicit the compulsive act and then refrain from performing the compulsive ritual

A behavior model of OCD suggests that..

people sustain conditioned responses long after the contingencies that conditioned the initial responses have shifted

thought suppression cognitive model

people with OCD may try harder to suppress their obsessions than other people, and doing so, make the situation worse

Cognitive behavioral models of hoarding disorder focus on ..

poor organizational abilities (difficulties in attention, categorization, and decision making), unusual beliefs about possessions, and avoidance behaviors

the central goal of cognitive behavioral theory is to

understand why person with OCD continues to show the behaviors or thoughts used to ward off an initial threat well after that threat is gone

Acute stress disorder (ASD)

when symptoms occur after a trauma. Symptoms similar to those of PTSD but duration is shorter; diagnosis is only applicable when the symptoms last for 3 days to 1 month