Abnormal Psychology test 3
7.2 1. List three reasons to consider OCD, BDD, and hoarding as related conditions
- all share symptoms of uncontrollable repetitive thougts and behavior -all three respond to anitdepressants -respond to exposure and response prevention -people with BDD and hoarding disoreder often have a family history of OCD
criticisims of somatic symptom and related disorder diagnostic criteria
- these condition are remarkable varied -These are very subjective criteria. What is threshold for too much concern or too much expenditure? -Patients often find the diagnosis of somatic symptom and related disorders to be stigmatizing
unexplained blindness is explained with psychodynamic theory suggesting this type of conversion disorder might involve two process:
1 unconscious processing of perceptual stimuli and 2 motivation to be symptomatic
Fear that a bodily sensation signifies illness is likely to have two behavioral consequences:
1. the person may assume the role of being sick and avoid work, exercise, and social tasks, and these avoidant behaviors in turn can intensify symptoms by limiting other healthy behaviors 2. the person may seek reassurance from doctors and from family members, and this help-seeking behavior may be reinforced if it results in the person getting attention or sympathy
posttraumatic model 2 important tenets
1. there is evidence that children who are abused are at risk for developing dissociative symptoms 2. there is evidence that children who dissociate are more likely to develop psychological symptoms after trauma
somatic symptom disorder is expected to be ____ times as common as illness anxiety disorder
3 times
It is estimated that genuinely physical problems are misdiagnosed as conversion disorder about ___% of the time
4%
With OCD, hoarding, and BDD, heritability is estimated to account for __to___ % of the variance in whether each of the conditions develops
40 to 50
About _____% of people with depersonalization/derealizaiton disorder will experience ______ disorders and ________
90%, anxiety disorders and depression
PTSD diagnostic criteria
A. Exposure to Traumatic event B. Presence of Intrusion symptoms- recurrent distressing memories, recurrent distressing dreams, flashbacks, etc. C. Persistent avoidance of related events/reminders D. Alterations of thought and mood
8.1 1. The key feature of the fugue subtype of dissociative amnesia is:
Assumption of a new identity or bewildered wandering
Dissociative identity disorder description
At least two distinct personalities that act independently of each other
Treatment for OCD meds
Bensodiazapines (valium, librium) Antidepressants (imipramine, clomipramine, SSRIs like prozac)
treatment for somatic symptom-related disorder with pain
CBT fared well, hypnosis appears to reduce pain levels and shown to influence brain regions involved in experiencing and interpreting pain
Experimental treatment for OCD...
Deep brain stimulation
DSM-5 includes 3 major dissociative disorders:
Depersonalization/derealization disorder, dissociative amnesia, and dissociative identity disorder (formerly multiple personality disorder)
3. Somatic symptom disorder involves hyperactivation of the cerebellum T/F?
False
8.4 1. Conversion disorder is highly heritable T/F?
False
Malingering description
Intentionally faking psychological or somatic symptoms to gain from those symptoms
Dissociative amnesia description-
Lack of conscious access to memory, typically of a stressful experiences. The "fugue" subtype-involves traveling or wandering couples with loss of memory for one's identity or past
2. What is the chief difference between obsessions and compulsions?
Obsessions are repetitive and intrusive thought, urge, image; and compulsions are actions that a person feels the need to engage in to ward off threats
3 regions of the brain that are unusually active in people with OCD
Orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleas, and anterior cingulate
2 major theories for etiology of DID
Posttraumatic model and the sociocognitive model
Why isn't PTSD considered an anxiety disorder?
Predominant symptom is re-experiencing the past, not present or anticipation of future. Also fear isn't necessary to development of disorder other emotions play predominant role Anxiety=internalizing PTSD=externalized(impulse control, antisociality, substance abuse)
DSM-5 includes 3 major somatic symptom-related disorders:
Somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, and conversion disorder
2. The two-stage psychodynamic model of conversion disorder emphasized unconscious perceptions and motivation for having symptoms T/F?
True
8.2 1. DID was rarely diagnosed before the publication of Sybil?
True
2. In the context of dissociative identity disorder, alter refers to:
a distinct personality
Dissociation in dissociative amnesia and identity disorder
a person cannot access important aspects of memory.
Malingering
a person intentionally fakes a symptom to avoid a responsibility, such as work or military duty, or to achieve some reward, such as an insurance settlement
Main feature of illness anxiety disorder-
a preoccupation with fears of having a serious disease despite having no significant somatic symptoms
Depersonalization is defined as
a sense of being detached from one's self (being observer outside of one's body)
Derealization is defined by
a sense of detachment from one's surroundings, such that the surroundings seem unreal
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
a variant of cognitive behavioral treatment, the therapist encourages the client to adopt a more accepting attitude toward pain, suffering, and moments of depression and anxiety, and to view these as a natural part of life
Regions of brain implicated in OCD
abnormal metabolic activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate/caudal medial prefrontal cortex, and caudate nucleus
Symptoms of conversion disorder usually develop in...
adolescence or early adulthood, typically after a major life stressor
Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is rarely diagnosed until ____
adulthood, but often after their diagnosis, patients will recall symptoms dating back to their childhood
Depersonalization/derealization disorder-
alteration in the experience of self and reality. A disruptive sense of detachment from one's self or surroundings
people are likely to overreact physiological symptoms in panic disorders, but with somatic symptom disorder the person believes the symptoms are a sign of
an underlying long-term disease
Areas of the brain involved in evaluating unpleasantness of somatic sensations include:
anterior cingulate and anterior insula
2. What class of medications has been most carefully tested for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders?
antidepressants
______ are the most supported medication treatment for Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
antidepressants
when pain is a dominant symptom of somatic symptom disorder __________ can be helpful
antidepressants
about 2/3 of people who develop PTSD have a history of an _____ ____
anxiety disorder
somatic symptoms can be increased by..
anxiety, depression, and stress hormones
After trauma, those who rely on dissociative coping strategies (avoid thinking about trauma)...
are more likely to develop PTSD than people who rely on other strategies
3. List the major sources of evidence for the sociocognitive model of DID
base rates of the disorder increased with media attention to disorder; only a small proportion of therapists have ever seen DID cases, and the therapists who see the most DID cases rely on techniques like hypnosis that could produce alters; most clients are unaware of alters until after they recieve psychotherapy; DID can be role-played; most people with DID share memories among alters when tests are used
Somatic symptom-related disorders the person complains of ...
bodily symptoms that suggest a physical defect or dysfunctions, sometimes dramatic in nature
Biological etiology of OCD
brain systems involved in planning and control, error detection, prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus
No other major DSM diagnosis places emphasis squarely on the ____
cause
7.1 1. describe the most typical course of the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
chronic
Hypochondriasis
chronic worries about developing a serious medical illness
Social influences on conversion disorder are important given that sometimes cases...
cluster within small groups of co-workers or schoolmates
Dissociative disorders are defined on the basis of disruptions in...
consciousness, in which memories, self-awareness, or other aspects of cognition become inaccessible to the conscious mind
In dissociative disorders, the person experiences disruptions of the ..
consciousness-loses track of self-awareness, memory, identity
the idea that the prevalence of conversion disorder has fluctuated substantially over time is _________
controversial
Hysteria was the term originally used to describe _________ disorder
conversion
The psychodynamic models of conversion disorder focus on the idea that people..
could be unconscious of certain perceptions and could be motivated to have certain symptoms
iatrogenic
created with treatment. (sociocognitive model suggests of DID)
Emotion Stroop task shows how people with excessive distress about their somatic symptoms may automatically focus on...
cues of physical health problems
OCD,BDD, and hoarding all tend to co-ocurr with..
depression and anxiety disorders
Cognitive processing therapy
designed to help victims of rape and childhood sexual abuse dispute tendencies toward self-blame. -received empirical support and helpful in reducing guilt and dissociation
Depersonalization/derealization involves dissociation called
detachment
Proponents of the sociocognitive model note the dramatic shifts in ..
diagnosis over time, the small proportion of clinicians who apply the diagnosis, the increases in number of alters recognized after treatment begins, and evidence that people can role-play symptoms of DID and that alters share more info than they acknowledge
Alters
different modes of being, thinking, feeling, and acting that exist independently of one another and that emerge at different times
Amnesia usually...
disappeasrs as suddenly as it began, with complete recovery and only a small chance of recurrence
Behavioral responses to health concerns can include
disengagement and isolation, as well as excessive help-seeking behavior
The posttraumatic model suggest that DID is the result of using
dissociation as a coping strategy to deal with the abuse
Neurobiological models suggest some people may have a propensity toward hyperactivity in regions of the brain involved in..
evaluating the unpleasantness of somatic sensations
Key feature of somatic symptom disorder-
excessive anxiety, energy, or behavior focused on somatic symptoms for at least 6 months
Somatic symptom disorder defined by
excessive anxiety, worry, or behavior focused on somatic symptoms
Somatic symptom and related disorders are defined by
excessive concerns about physical symptoms or health
The common feature of somatic symptom-related disorders is the..
excessive focus on physical symptoms
Somatic symptom disorder decription
excessive thought, distress, and behavior related to somatic symptoms
implicit memory tests
experimenters determine if the word lists have subtler effects on performance. ex: shown word list then on second task they identify the same word that is not all the way filled in
Factitious disorder description
falsification of psychological or physical symptoms, without evidence of gains from those symptoms
Illness anxiety disorder is defined by
fears of a severe disease in the absence of somatic symptoms
Psychodynamic treatment for DID and other dissociative disorders
goal is to overcome repressions, as DID is believed to arise from traumatic events that the person is trying to block from consciousness
Heightened activity in Somatosensory cortex, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex are related to...
greater propensity for somatic symptoms and more intense pain ratings in response to a standardized stimulus
Patients with conversion disorder are highly likely to meet criteria for another somatic symptom disorder, and about ____ meet criteria for a _________ disorder
half meet criteria for a dissociative disorder
DID is commonly accompanied by other symptoms such as..
headaches, hallucinations, suicide attempts, and self-injurious behavior, as well as other dissociative symptoms such as amnesia and depersonalization
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for somatic symptom-related disorders
help people 1. identify and change the emotions that trigger their somatic concerns 2. change their cognitions regarding their somatic symptoms and 3. change their behaviors to stop playing the role of a sick person to gain more reinforcement
Somatic symptom-related disorders or conversion disorder do not appear to be _______
heritable
Persons with dissociative amnesia are unable to recall...
important personal imformation, usually information about some traumatic experience. Not permanently lost but could be hours or years
Difference between Somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder
in somatic symptom disorder the distress revolves around a somatic symptom that EXISTS. In illness anxiety, the distress is about the potential for a medical illness in the absence of significant somatic symptoms
mass hysteria (social influence on conversion disorder)
in which a group of people with close contact, such as schoolmates or coworkers, develop inexplicable medical symptoms that would likely warrant a diagnosis of conversion disorder
Dissociation
involves some aspect of emotion, memory, or experience being inaccessible consciously
Behavioral etiology of OCD
learned behaviors reinforced by their consequences
psychoeducation programs can help patients recognize..
links between their negative moods and somatic symptoms. techniques such as relaxation training and various forms of cognitive behavioral treatment proven useful in reducing depression and anxiety leading to reductions in somatic symptoms
aphonia
loss of the voice other than whispered speech
Tending to be comorbid, but those with somatic symptom-related disorders are more likely than those in the general population to ....
meet the diagnostic criteria for dissociative disorders
Anterior cingulate and anterior insula connected to
negative emotions and depression
Symptoms of illness for conversion disorder suggest an illness is related to..
neurological damage, but medical tests indicate that the bodily organs and nervous system are fine
Conversion disorder involves
neurological symptoms that are medically unexplained
Conversion disorder description
neurological symptoms(s) that cannot be explained by medical disease or culturally sanctioned behavior
In conversion disorder, a person suddenly develops..
neurological symptoms, such as blindness, seizures, or paralysis.
______ and _____ _____ predict the onset of PTSD
neuroticism and negative affectivity(neg emotions and poor self-concept)
Unlike the other dissociative disorders, depersonalization/derealization involves ...
no disturbance of memory
OCD is defined by
obsessions and/or compulsions
Psychodynamic theories of conversion disorder focused on the idea that
people can be unaware of their perceptions and may be motivated to have symptoms
Factitious disorder
people intentionally produce physical symptoms (or psychological ones) to adopt the patient role
Sociocognitive model
people who have been abused seek explanations for their symptoms and distress, and alters appear in response to suggestions by therapists, exposure to media reports of DID, or other cultural influences
detachment
person feels removed from the sense of self and surroundings. May feel "spaced out", numb, or like in a dream
complex regional pain syndrome
previously believed to be caused by psychological factors, but animal and human research indicate these symptoms result from inflammation secondary to autoimmune disorder
complex PTSD
prolonged exposure to trauma, might lead to a broader range of symptoms than those covered by DSM criteria for PTSD
Posttraumatic model
proposes some people are likely to use dissociation to cope with trauma,and this is seen as a key factor in causing people to develop alters after trauma
ERP with BDD
provide exposure to most feared activities, clients interact with people who could be critical of their looks. For response prevention, clients are asked to avoid activities that reassure themselves (checking mirrors) -cognitive features make this stronger such as technique and strategies to address features like how self-worth depends on appearance
somatosensory cortex
region of the brain involved with processing bodily sensations (has strong connections with the anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex)
Body dysmorphic and hoarding disorder share symptoms of..
repetitive thoughts and behaviors
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are defined by..
repetitive thoughts and behaviors that are so extreme that they interfere with everyday life
OCD is defined by..
repetitive thoughts and urges (obsessions), as well as an irresistible need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions)
Compulsions are..
repetitive, clearly excessive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessive thoughts or to prevent some calamity from occuring
explicit memory test
researchers might ask a person to remember words
DID symptoms can be _____-______
role-played
The sociocognitive model suggests that DID is caused by
role-playing of symptoms among patients with a history of abuse
Conversion disorder is more common among people from ______ areas and people of ________ socioeconomic status
rural areas and lower socioeconomic status
Conversion disorder is defined by
sensory and motor dysfunctions that cannot be explained by medical tests
Both theories suggest
severe physical or sexual abuse during childhood sets the stage for DID
Fugue
severe subtype of amnesia. Person disappears from home and work, some may wander away from home in a bewildered manner. Others take a new name, home, job, even personality characteristics.
what causes dissociation?
sleep deprivation, or as an avoidance response to protect themselves from stressful events
7.3 1 LIst two major risk factors that contribute specifically to PTSD
small volume of the hippocampus; avoidant coping strategies that prevent processing the trauma, such as dissociation; low IQ
Brain-imaging studies show that the volume of the hippocampus is _____ among people with PTSD than those without the condition
smaller
Cognitive behavioral models focus on attention and interpretation of
somatic symptoms as a way of understanding why some people experience such intense anxiety about their health
Symptoms of depersonalization and derealization are usually triggered by ______
stress, and in adolescence
dissociative disorders and somatic symptom-related disorders both are hypothesized to be associated with
stressful experiences, yet do not involve direct expressions of anxiety
Coping
studies suggest people who cope with a trauma by trying to avoid thinking about it are more likely than others to develop PTSD
OCD and BDD tend to co-occur with..
substance use disorders
Other resources that might promote adaptive coping,
such as higher IQ and strong social support, can protect against development of PTSD
Somatic symptom-related disorders may arise..
suddenly in stressful situations
Interventions in Primary care
teach primary care teams to tailor care for people with somatic symptom-related disorders. Goal is to establish a strong doctor-patient relationship that bolsters the patient's sense of trust and comfort, so they feel reassured about their health
Pain and uncomfortable physical sensations, such as heat, increase activity in regions of the brain called the ________ ___ and the __________ ________
the anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex
To meet the DSM criteria for illness anxiety disorder..
the fears must lead to excessive care seeking or maladaptive avoidance behaviors that persist for at least 6 months
imaginal exposure
the person deliberately remembers the event
During the period of amnesia, Procedural memory remains intact-
the person remembers how to answer the phone, ride a bike, and execute other complex actions, even though he or she is unable to remember specific events
in conversion disorder Psychodynamic theory suggests that
the physical symptom is a response to an unconscious psychological conflict
THe likelihood that a person will develop PTSD depends on..
the severity of the trauma
yedasentience
the subjective feeling of knowing that you have thought enough, cleaned enough, or in other ways done what you should to prevent chaos and danger from low-level threats in the environment
PTSD and ASD compared
the symptoms are similar, but ASD can only be diagnosed if symptoms have lasted less then 1 month
what is the difference between somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder
there are no somatic symptoms found in illness anxiety disorder
etiology of BDD
they are very focused on details, small flaws, consider attractiveness more important than other people, believe self-worth is exclusively dependent on their appearance
Somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder overlap in some degree with hypochondriasis in that..
they involve distress and energy expenditure about a health concern
Goal of treatment of DID
to convince the person that splitting into different personalities is no longer necessary to deal with traumas. Should teach emotion regulation strategies to cope with stress
Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD)
treatment to trauma victims withing 72hrs of event. One long session to express feelings and remember details of trauma even if symptoms have not occurred yet. Controversial
2. Most patients with DID report childhood abuse
true
Illness anxiety disorder description
unwarranted fears about a serious illness in the absence of any significant somatic symptoms
Therapists who diagnose more people with DID tend to ..
use hypnosis, to urge clients to try to unbury unremembered abuse experiences, or to name different alters
caudate nucleus
vital role in how the brain learns, specifically the storing and processing of memories. Feedback processor(uses info from past exper. to influence future actions/decisions)
DID is more common in ______ than ______
women than men
Using hypnosis to promote age regression and recovered memories can actually..
worsen DID symptoms
Psychologically, OCD is characterized by a deficit in ________
yedasentience (point where you believe you did compulsion enough..)
Body dysmorphic disorder key features:
-Preoccupation with imagined flaw in one's appearance -Excessive repetitive behaviors or acts regarding appearance (checking appearance, seeking reassurance)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder key features:
-Repetitive, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or urges(obsessions) -Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels compelled to perform (compulsions)
Hippocampal deficits could contribute to psychological vulnerability to PTSD in 2 ways:
1. the deficits could increase the risk that a person will respond to reminders of the trauma even when they occur in safe contexts 2. the hippocampal deficits may interfere with organizing coherent narratives about the trauma
2 major concerns about acute stress disorder diagnosis
1. the diagnosis could stigmatize short-term reactions to serious traumas, even though these are quite common 2. most people go on to meet criteria for PTSD do not experience diagnoses of ASD in the first month after the trauma
about ___ of people with BDD endorse some history of suicidal ideation, and about __% have attempted suicide
1/3, 20%
those who experience ASD are at elevated risk of developing PTSD within ___ years
2
lifetime prevalence estimates about __ % or OCD, BDD and hoarding disorder
2% for OCD and BDD and 1.5% for hoarding
about __ percent of american fighters wounded in Vietnam war developed PTSD, while ___ percent of those who were prisoners of war did
20, 50
those exposed to trauma, women are ____x as likely to develop PTSD than men
2X
People with BDD think about their appearance for __ to __ hours per day
3 to 8
_____% of people experience brief intrusive thoughts from time to time
80
Hoarding disorder key features:
Acquisition of an excessive number of objects
Hoarding disorder is defined by
Acquisition of objects and sever difficulties in discarding objects, even when they have to value
3. What is the most commonly used psychological treatment for obssessive-compulsive and related disorders?
ERP
Psychological treatment for PTSD
Exposure is primary approach. Help them realize they can deal with their anxiety and fear generated by those stimuli.
In conducting exposure treatment for PTSD, ____ exposure is sometimes used because ____ exposure cannot be conducted for experiences as horrific as war and rape
Imaginal, in vivo
ERP is ___ effective than clomipramine for treatment of OCD
MORE
People with BDD and hoarding disorder often have a history of..
OCD
People with BDD and hoarding disorder often report a family history of_____
OCD
antidepressants show support for
OCD and BDD
Posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder are diagnosed only when...
a person develops symptoms after a traumatic event
BDD is defined by
a preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance and by intensive behavioral attempts to cope with the imagined defect
how many people with body dysmorphic disorders meet the criteria for OCD during their lifetime?
about one third
ERP with hoarding disorder
an adaption of ERP. exposure-getting rid of their objects. Response prevention- centers on halting the rituals they engage in to reduce their anxiety(counting or sorting possessions)
treatment of PTSD
an antidepressant- selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), have received support. Relapse is common is discontinued
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-
an extreme response to a severe stressor, including recurrent memories of the trauma, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, negative emotions and thoughts, and symptoms of increased arousal
Cognitive approaches to OCD focus on
challenging people's beliefs about what will happen if they do not engage in rituals or challenging their often inflated sense of responsibility. Eventually to test beliefs they use exposure. Perform as well as ERP
Also like people with OCD, people with BDD have compulsive behaviors like..
checking their appearance in the mirror, comparing their appearance to others, asking others for reassurance about their appearance, or using strategies to change or camouflage their appearance or body areas they do not like
PTSD has been related to Mowrer's two-factor model of conditioning
classical conditioning- assaulted(UCS) in neighborhood(CS) operant conditioning- reinforce the avoidance
CBT and hoarding disorder
client needs to develop insight first. In vivo exercises on de-clutering, in-home visits. -Self-help groups, supplemented with structured reading have been found helpful and less expensive than individual therapy -early CBinterventions focused on discarding objects quick as possible, many dropped out though
What antidepressant is most commonly used for OCD
clomipramine (Anafranil)
Antidepressants that help with BDD
clomipramine and fluoxetine
Obsessions often involve fear of..
contamination from germs or disease
Cognitive model of BDD focuses on a ...
detail-oriented analytic style, tendencies to overvalue the meaning of appearance for self-worth, and excessive attention to cues related to appearance
treatments for OCD, BDD, and hoarding
each responds to antidepressant medications, exposure, and response preventions
OCD tend to begin
either before age 10 or else in late adolescence/early adulthood
Deep brain simulation
electrodes implanted into either the nucleus accumbens or a region at the margin of the ventral striatum. -about half attain relief with months of treatment -remains experimental because of complications that can arise
the diagnostic criteria define serious trauma as an..
event that involved actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation
In vivo
ex: returning directly to the scene of the event
The major psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders is.....
exposure and response prevention (ERP)
In addition to obsessions and compulsions, people with OCD are prone to..
extreme doubts, procrastination, and indecision
Dissociation
feeling removed from one's body or emotions or being unable to remember the even. May keep a person from confronting memories of trauma
General risk factors for anxiety disorders appear to be involved in the development of PTSD:
genetic vulnerability, amygdala hyperactivity, neuroticism, childhood trauma exposure, and tendencies to attend to cues of threat in the environment
3. Cognitive therapy when added to exposure for PTSD is particularly helpful in addressing...
guilt
PTSD appears to be related to genetic risk for anxiety disorders...
high levels of activity in areas of the fear circuit such as the amygdala, childhood exposure to trauma, and tendencies to attend selectively to cues of threat
PTSD appears to be uniquely related to the function of the _________
hippocampus
cognitive behavioral model on hoarding suggests
hoarding is related to poor organizational abilities, unusual beliefs about possessions, and avoidance behaviors
ataque de nervios
identified in Puerto Rico, involves physical symptoms and fears of going crazy in the aftermath of severe stress (similar to ptsd)
Although many find their compulsions to be..
illogical, it is extremely difficult to stop- and feel as though something dire will happen if they do not perform the act
deep brain simulation: a treatment for OCD
implanting electrodes into the brain, for those with chronic OCD that fails to respond after many pharmacological treatments
Cognitive strategies to supplement exposure treatment for PTSD
interventions to help increase the belief in ability to cope.
Obsessions-
intrusive, recurring thoughts, images, or impulses that are persistent and uncontrollable and that often appear irrational to the person experiencing them
OCD, BDD, and hoarding disorder are ____ heritable
moderately
exposure treatment appears to be _____ effective than cognitive restructuring in preventing the development of PTSD
more
prolonged trauma
most about negative emotions relationship disturbances, and negative self-concept. May lead to more severe PTSD symptoms
ERP for hoarding disorder often involves..
motivational strategies to enhance insight and willingness to consider change
Hoarding disorder
need to acquire is excessive, but the bigger problem is that they abhor parting with their objects, even when others see there isn't potential value in them
People with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are preoccupied with..
one or more imagined or exaggerated defects in their appearance
Hoarding disorder is related to heightened activity in the _____ _____, and the _____ _______
orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate
Body dysmorphic disorder involves heightened activity of the ______ _______, and the _____ _______
orbitofrontal cortex, and the caudate nucleus
OCD is characterized by high activity in the ______ ______, the _____ _____, and the ______ ______
orbitofrontal cortex, the caudate nucleus, and the anterior cingulate
Exposure and response prevention (ERP)
people expose themselves to situations that elicit the compulsive act and then refrain from performing the compulsive ritual
A behavior model of OCD suggests that..
people sustain conditioned responses long after the contingencies that conditioned the initial responses have shifted
thought suppression cognitive model
people with OCD may try harder to suppress their obsessions than other people, and doing so, make the situation worse
Cognitive behavioral models of hoarding disorder focus on ..
poor organizational abilities (difficulties in attention, categorization, and decision making), unusual beliefs about possessions, and avoidance behaviors
the central goal of cognitive behavioral theory is to
understand why person with OCD continues to show the behaviors or thoughts used to ward off an initial threat well after that threat is gone
Acute stress disorder (ASD)
when symptoms occur after a trauma. Symptoms similar to those of PTSD but duration is shorter; diagnosis is only applicable when the symptoms last for 3 days to 1 month