AD101 - Week 4 Chapter 2

Which of the following are examples of titrating the effects of a drug?

#1. A cigarette smoker regulating his blood-nicotine level with the frequency of smoking and how often and how deeply he inhales tobacco smoke. #2. A cannabis (marijuana, hash) user who regulates the effects of the drug by how frequently and deeply she inhales cannabis smoke or vapors. #3. A polydrug user who mixes or stacks psychoactive compounds to maximize the effect and the amount of drugs in his system. #4. A person who is addicted to caffeine who regulates the amount of caffeine in her bloodstream by the frequency and the amount of caffeinated beverages she consumes (e.g., coffee, tea, and energy drinks). examples 1, 2, and 4 only Page 2.3

Which of the following are signs of addiction?

. There is continued use despite experiencing physical or psychological problems and consequences. Page 2.35

When drugs are taken orally, the effects are delayed for approximately how long?

20 to 30 minutes Page 2.4

When the human body is continually challenged by the use of drugs that alter the body's natural balance, a "new normal" is created, known as:

Allostasis pages 2.17, 2.26, 2.37

The most rapid route of administering a drug to reach the brain is intravenously.

False Page 2.3-2.4

Which statement is true regarding intravenous drug use?

Intravenous drug use is the most dangerous method because it bypasses the body's natural defenses. Page 2.4

Using drugs to replace, supplement, or counterbalance the effects of a person's drug of choice is known as:

Polydrug use. Pages 2.32

Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of alcohol and other drugs by a woman who is pregnant?

The placenta is not an effective barrier, so if the mother uses, the baby uses. Page 2.5

The progression from abuse to addiction is most influenced by:

compulsion. Page 2.36, 2.40

Down regulation of a brain cell's receptors occurs when a person uses drugs and:

the cell retracts receptor sites to slow down message transmission because there are too many neurotransmitters Page 2.24

Cross-tolerance is defined as:

when a person develops tolerance to other, similar drugs in the same category (e.g., two or more depressants such as heroin and morphine) Pages 2.28

Which of the following methods are used to absorb drugs through the mucosal membrane?

#1. rectal and vaginal suppositories #2. buccal (between the gums and cheek) #3. sublingual (under the tongue) #4. insufflation (snorting a drug into the nose) methods 1, 2, 3, and 4 Page 2.4

Which of the following physical and chemical changes in the body are signs that indicate addiction to alcohol or other drug?

#1. The user develops tolerance and needs more of the drug to feel an effect. #2. The user develops intolerance. #3. The user develops tissue dependence and needs to use the drug just to feel normal. #4. After not using the drug for a period of time, the person experiences withdrawal symptoms. statements 1, 3, and 4 only Pages 2.36-2.37, 2.47

Psychoactive drugs have which of the following effects on the nervous system?

#1. alter information sent to the brain from the environment #2. disrupt messages sent from the CNS to parts of the body #3. disrupt thinking #4. alter the way in which neurotransmitters normally function effects 1, 2, 3, and 4 Pages 2.41-2.42

Which of the following statements is true regarding addiction, including compulsive behaviors such as gambling?

Addiction is a disease analogous to an diabetes.

The emotional center of the brain that is activated when a person with an addiction sees a person, place, or thing that reminds him of their addiction (e.g., needle, slot machine, white powder) is called the:

Amygdala. Pages 2.12, 2.14, 2.15

The name of the primary evaluation document used in the United States to assess whether a person has a substance-related disorder is called the:

Diagnostic Statistical Manual. Page 2.35

The most crucial neurotransmitter involved in behavioral addictions, drug use, and drug abuse is:

Dopamine. Page 2.21

Active transport occurs when fat-soluble drugs pass from an area where there is a higher concentration of a drug to an area of lower concentration.

False Page 2.6, 2.23

There are several routes of administering drugs, and some reach the brain faster than others. Which of the following sequences correctly lists the routes of administration from fastest to slowest for getting drugs to the brain?

inhaling (smoke), injecting (intravenous), mucous membrane absorption (nasal passage), oral ingestion Pages 2.2-2.3

Which of the following are examples of environmental factors that can make a person more liable to abuse a psychoactive substance?

#1. Drinking and/or other drug use is common in the home and family environment. #2. Healthy ways of dealing with stress and anger are modeled and learned. #3. Physical and emotional stress are the norm in the home, work, or school environment. #4. An environment in which physical, emotional, or sexual abuse occurs. examples 1, 3, and 4 only Pages 2.40-2.41

Which of the following describes changes in the brain of a person who is addicted to alcohol or other drugs?

#1. The reward/control circuits of the addiction pathway are hijacked by changes in brain chemistry altered by substance abuse. #2. The "go" circuit becomes overactive and drives compulsive substance use. #3. The "stop" circuit does not function properly and is overridden by the "go" switch. #4. Drug cravings hijack survival mechanisms in the old brain and override rational actions of the new brain. statements 1, 2, 3, and 4 Pages 2.13-2.16, 2.44

Which of the following are functions of the old brain?

#1. basic emotions (anger, fear, hunger, lust) #2. imprinting of survival memories #3. regulating respiration, heartbeat, and body temperature #4. planning and mapping functions 1, 2, and 3 only Pages 2.9-2.10

Which of the following statements are true about alterations to the body's normal balance (homeostasis)?

#1. Homeostasis is thrown off when the human body is continually challenged by stressful events. #2. The use of psychoactive drugs disrupts homeostasis. #3. The body adapts through allostasis. #4. The body strives to adapt through synaptic plasticity and neurotransmitter alterations. statements 1, 2, 3, and 4. Page 2.8, 2.26, 2.37

Pharmacodynamic tolerance includes which of the following?

#1. Nerve cells become less sensitive to the effects of the drug. #2. Nerve cells produce an antidote or antagonist to the drug. #3. Nerve cells become more sensitive to the effects of the drug. #4. Less of the drug is needed because the body increases the number of receptor sites in the brain. effects 1 and 2 only. Page 2.27

Synaptic plasticity in response to psychoactive drugs can result in which of the following?

#1. increase in the number of available neurotransmitters #2. decrease in the number of available neurotransmitters #3. increase in the number of receptors and receptor sites #4. The ability of the synapse to change in strength and function when the pathway is overused or underused results 1, 2, 3, and 4. Pages 2.25-2.26