Adolescent psych Ch9-12

Conventional Moral Reasoning

(following societal rules and norms)

Autonomy

- 3 components emotional components (feeling separate from parents) behavioral components (the growth of independent decision making) cognitive components (developing personal beliefs and values)

37. Which of the following is not a shift that is noticed in the political thinking of adolescents as they mature? A. increased abstraction B. increased authoritarianism C. movement away from obedience D. greater use of principles

...B. increased authoritarianism

39. Compared to adolescent women who choose to have their child, adolescents who abort their pregnancy: A. are typically filled with feelings of self-doubt and insecurity. B. are more likely to have a children over the following 2 years. C. are psychologically, socially, and economically better off. D. less likely to practice contraception.

...C. are psychologically, socially, and economically better off.

20. Many individuals have argued that older adolescents should have the right to seek health care services without parental knowledge or consent because: A.the basic cognitive abilities that are most likely necessary to make these kinds of decisions are typically fully developed by the age of 16. B. have more rights than younger adolescents. C. are at an age where they could legally become emancipated. D. are more sexually active than younger adolescents.

?A.the basic cognitive abilities that are most likely necessary to make these kinds of decisions are typically fully developed by the age of 16....

Adult attachment interview

A structured interview used to se individual passt attachment

Which of the following aspects of autonomy involves the capacity to make independent decisions and follow through with them? A) behavioral autonomy B) psychosocial autonomy C) emotional autonomy D) cognitive autonomy

A) behavioral autonomy

According to the textbook, many young people find it frustrating that: A) they feel emotionally independent but have to abide by their parents' rules as long as they are being supported economically B) their parents expect them to be so autonomous and independent at such a young age C) they are economically independent, but still rely on parents for approval regarding religious and political issues D) they are working the same jobs as some adults, but have less freedom and more supervision than the adults

A) they feel emotionally independent but have to abide by their parents' rules as long as they are being supported economically

3. Which statement about autonomy in adolescence is false? A. Autonomy is closely related to adolescent rebellion. B. The growth of autonomy during adolescence is gradual and progressive. C. The growth of autonomy during adolescence is relatively un-dramatic. D. The development of adolescent autonomy is often misunderstood.

A, Autonomy is closely related to adolescent rebellion

10. Approximately what percentage of American adolescents have had sexual intercourse before the end of their sophomore year of high school? A. 40% B. 60% C. 10% D. 75%

A. 40%

18. Which of the following statements about parent-adolescent communication about sex is not true? A. Adolescents are more receptive to having one "big talk" about sex than having multiple conversations over a period of time. B. Sexually active adolescents underestimate their parents' disapproval of sexual activity. C. Parents assume that if they disapprove of sexual activity, their adolescent is not likely to be sexually active. D. There seems to be a gap between what parents say they have discussed with their adolescent child and what adolescents say they have discussed with their parents.

A. Adolescents are more receptive to having one "big talk" about sex than having multiple conversations over a period of time.

31. Compared to same-sex peers, who is likely to be less socially mature, less imaginative, less achievement-oriented, more superficial, and more likely to exhibit problem behaviors? A. Amber, who started dating seriously at age 14 B. Becky, who started dating casually at age 14 C. Karin, who started dating seriously at age 16 D. Donald, who started dating seriously at age 16

A. Amber, who started dating seriously at age 14

29. Within the United States and in Canada, adolescents of which racial/ethnic group are the least likely to date? A. Asian B. Hispanic C. American Indian D. White

A. Asian

20. According to research presented in the textbook, who is more likely to be sexually active: Ingrid, who lives in a single-parent home, or Leanne, who lives in a two-parent home? A. Ingrid B. Leanne C. Ingrid, but only immediately following her parents' divorce. D. Both girls are equally likely to be sexually active.

A. Ingrid

36. Alice, a 16-year-old, gave birth to a baby boy last year. How will this affect the likelihood that her 13-year-old sister, Marie, will have a baby? A. It will increase. B. It will increase only if Marie is already sexually active. C. It will be unaffected. D. It will decrease.

A. It will increase.

23. Consistent with the immigrant paradox discussed in another chapter of the textbook, which of the following statements is true? A. Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among relatively more acculturated Latino adolescents than their less acculturated peers. B.Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among Latino adolescents who were born abroad than Latino adolescents born in the United States. C. Research shows that more acculturated adolescents engage in lower rates of delinquency. D. Susceptibility to peer pressure is lower among relatively more acculturated Latino adolescents than their less acculturated peers.

A. Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among relatively more acculturated Latino adolescents than their less acculturated peers....

5. What is the best way to conceptualize adolescent sexual development? A. as gradual stages of increasing intimacy B. with the first event being intercourse C. as an isolated behavior D. there are no systematic patterns to adolescent sexual development

A. as gradual stages of increasing intimacy

14. The close, significant emotional bond between parent and infant is called: A. attachment. B. goodness-of-fit. C. symbiosis. D. the secure base

A. attachment

6. Jane has decided not to go along with her friends and drink after school. She realizes that this is wrong, and decides not to give in to the peer pressure. What type of autonomy is Jane exhibiting? A. behavioral B. emotional C. cognitive D. None of the above

A. behavioral

22. Cassandra and Rosemarie spend a lot of time obsessing over each other's problems. What is this called? A. co-rumination B. being intimate C. engaging in mutual self-disclosure D. co-internal working model

A. co-rumination

8. In classical psychoanalytic theories, the process of separation that occurs during early adolescence is referred to as: A. detachment. B. separation anxiety. C. distinction. D. individuation.

A. detachment

34. Professor Bertrande understands that most adolescents she talks to are not likely to engage in abstinence. Her research has demonstrated that the next best way for adolescents to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases is: A. effective condom use during sex. B. use of the withdrawal method. C. use of the rhythm method. D. taking antiviral drugs before and after having sex.

A. effective condom use during sex.

Karen's parents have noticed that throughout Karen's adolescent years, their relationship has transformed. What type of autonomy is Karen expressing? A) emotional B) cognitive C) behavioral D) none of the above

A. emotional

26. During childhood, boys and girls are: A. highly oriented toward their parents and far less oriented toward their peers. B. less oriented toward their parents and far more oriented toward their peers. C. highly oriented toward their peers and far less oriented toward their teachers. D. highly oriented toward their peers and far less oriented toward their parents.

A. highly oriented toward their parents and far less oriented toward their peers

15. For adolescent boys, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse? A. increased levels of androgens B. availability of birth control C. the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity D. receiving sex education in school

A. increased levels of androgens

10. Tyler's parents comment that his first year in college has been very good for him because he has learned to accept responsibility for his actions. Tyler's parents are describing: A. individuation. B. crystallization. C. specification. D. psychosocial moratorium.

A. individuation

22. Research on risk factors for adolescent sexual activity has found all of the following, except: A. lack of parental support is a risk factor for boys but not for girls. B. as the number of risk factors increases, the likelihood of engaging in sexual intercourse increases. C.the same risk factors that predict sexual activity for White adolescents also predict sexual activity among ethnic minority adolescents. D. efforts aimed at predicting adolescent sexual activity must focus on more than one risk factor

A. lack of parental support is a risk factor for boys but not for girls.

12. Adolescents' close friendships are distinguished from their casual friendships in the types of conflicts they have. Although conflicts between adolescents and their close friends are _______ frequent than they are between adolescents and other peers, arguments between close friends are ________ emotional. A. less; more B. more; less C. slightly more; less D. more; never

A. less; more

22. Mark is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Mark most likely to side with his friends and against his parents? A. on how to wear his hair B. on the issue of capital punishment C. on the choice of religious preference D. on the value of a college education

A. on how to wear his hair

4. According to the textbook, many young people find it frustrating that: A. they feel emotionally independent but have to abide by their parents' rules as long as they are being supported economically. B. their parents expect them to be so autonomous and independent at such a young age. C. they are economically independent, but still rely on parents for approval regarding religious and political issues. D. they are working the same jobs as some adults, but have less freedom and more supervision than the adults

A. they feel emotionally independent but have to abide by their parents' rules as long as they are being supported economically.

11. As individuals transition from adolescence into adulthood and progress through the process of individuation, they increasingly: A. view lying to their parents as unacceptable. B. improve their techniques for lying to parents without being detected. C. view lying to their parents as desirable. D. become worse liars.

A. view lying to their parents as unacceptable

17. When researchers use brain-imaging technology to investigate patterns of adolescent brain activation, what do they find? A.Researchers find that regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to rewards are more intensely activated during early and middle adolescence than adulthood. B.Researchers find that regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to rewards are less activated during early and middle adolescence than adulthood. C.Researchers find that regions of the brain that are sensitive to punishment are more intensely activated during early and middle adolescence than adulthood. D. Researchers find that regions of the brain that block the ability to perceive rewards are more intensely activated during early and middle adolescence than adulthood.

A.Researchers find that regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to rewards are more intensely activated during early

17. One study that used brain-imaging techniques to investigate adolescents' neural responses to rejection while playing an online game called "Cyberball" found that: A.adolescents high in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are more likely to develop symptoms of depression. B.adolescents low in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are more likely to develop symptoms of depression. C.adolescents high in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are less likely to develop symptoms of depression. D.there are no biological differences in how individuals respond to not being thrown the ball based on whether he or she scores high or low on rejection sensitivity.

A.adolescents high in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are more likely to develop symptoms of depression.

28. What is the most common method of birth control among sexually active adolescents? A.condoms B. birth control pills C. withdrawal D. the rhythm method

A.condoms

2. Cara hates that her mother always asks her where she is going and who she is hanging out with. Cara's attempts to keep secrets are her attempt to establish: A) autonomy. B) independence. C) maturity. D) self-reliance.

Answer: A A) autonomy.

5. The paradox of adolescent autonomy is that: A) adolescents today are more economically dependent than in previous times, yet have fewer responsibilities than their peers in previous eras. B) whereas adolescents today are expected to be increasingly autonomous psychologically and socially, they are now less autonomous economically. C) whereas adolescence extends longer today than it did in previous eras, today's adolescents are more autonomous than in previous times. D) as autonomy increases in adolescence, "storm and stress" decrease.

Answer: B B) whereas adolescents today are expected to be increasingly autonomous psychologically and socially, they are now less autonomous economically.

Ch 9 1. The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called: A) autocracy. B) autonomy. C) detachment. D) morality

B) autonomy.

All of the following are reasons stated in the text to explain why adolescent autonomy has attracted the attention of developmental psychologists, except: A) the physical changes of early adolescence trigger changes in the adolescent's emotional relationships at home. B) puberty sets up a situation of the adolescent's increasing emotional dependence on the family. C) the cognitive changes of adolescence provide the foundation for changes in the adolescent's thinking about social, moral, and ethical problems. D) changes in social roles raise concerns about independence relating to increased responsibility and self-reliance.

B) puberty sets up a situation of the adolescent's increasing emotional dependence on the family.

28. The average duration of a romantic relationship during the middle high school years is about _____ months. A. 2 B. 6 C. 12 D. 18

B. 6

11. Ann, a 17-year-old, is still a virgin. If you had to guess, what race/ethnicity is Ann likely to be? A. Black B. Asian American C. Native American D. White

B. Asian American

36. Which of the following individuals is not especially likely to be engaged in volunteerism? A. Ashley, whose parents actively volunteer in the community B. Joshua, who is a male adolescent C. Nancy, who is actively involved in neighborhood church D. Carolyn, who scores high on measures of extroversion

B. Joshua, who is a male adolescent...

35. According to the textbook, which of the following statements about moral reasoning and moral behavior is not true? A. In tests measuring moral reasoning, assessments are made in a social vacuum, but such vacuums don't exist in the real world. B. Moral behavior and moral reasoning always go hand in hand. C. Situational factors influence moral choices. D. All of the above are true.

B. Moral behavior and moral reasoning always go hand in hand

26. Which of the following statements about sexual abuse during adolescence is false? A.Histories of individuals who commit dating violence suggest the perpetrators are likely to have been exposed to physical punishment and abuse at home. B. Younger children are more likely than adolescents to be abused and neglected. C. Adolescent victims of sexual abuse are disproportionately female and poor. D. Both perpetrators and victims of sexual assaults are often reluctant to admit the assault occurred.

B. Younger children are more likely than adolescents to be abused and neglected.

2. As used in the study of adolescence, the term intimacy refers to an emotional attachment between two people that is characterized by all of the following, except: A. concern for each other's well-being. B. a sexual and/or physical relationship. C. a willingness to disclose private, sometimes sensitive, information. D. sharing common interests and activities.

B. a sexual and/or physical relationship.

3. Children's friendships are based on _____, whereas adolescents' friendships are typically based on _____. A. activities; competition B. activities; intimacy C. intimacy; competition D. competition; activities

B. activities; intimacy

15. Kristie believes that her parents are too strict and has decided not to abide by their rules. She refuses to do her chores around the house and breaks curfew every night. Kristie is probably from: A. a permissive home. B. an authoritarian home. C. an authoritative home. D. an autocratic home.

B. authoritarian home

14. Experts who accept that sex is part of life for the average American teenager believe that all of the following create difficulties for our society, except: A. providing inadequate sex education. B. beginning sex education too early. C. limiting access to effective contraception. D. not dealing with the issue directly.

B. beginning sex education too early.

18. Before Shirley fills out her course registration for fall semester, she asks her parents which courses they think she should take. Shirley also consults the guidance counselor at school as well as some of her close friends. She weighs their suggestions, then enrolls in the courses that seem best suited to her educational goals. Which type of autonomy is Shirley expressing? A. cognitive autonomy B. behavioral autonomy C. emotional autonomy D. psychosocial autonomy

B. behavioral autonomy

CHAPTER 10 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS When college students were asked to rate the most important criteria for deciding when someone is ready to get married, what was the most consistently endorsed item? A. capacity for intimacy B. being physically mature enough to have a child C. being emotionally mature enough to have a child D. being financially secure

B. being physically mature enough to have a child

32. AIDS is transmitted through: A. casual contact. B. bodily fluids. C. kissing. D. mosquito bites.

B. bodily fluids.

39. Research on religious changes during adolescence indicates that: A. adolescents believe that attending church exhibits a person's religious commitment. B. children are more strict observers of religious customs. C. college students are more religiously oriented than children. D. religion is more important to older adolescents than to children.

B. children are more strict observers of religious customs.

34. Research suggests that the majority of adolescents probably function at which of the following moral reasoning levels? A. principled B. conventional C. postconventional D. preconventional

B. conventional ( reasoning based on rules and conventions of society).

13. Which developmental period appears to be when warmth and closeness for siblings is at its lowest point? A. late childhood B. early adolescence C. middle adolescence D. late adolescence

B. early adolescence

5. Peter is noticing changes in the expression of affection and distribution of power in his relationships with his parents. He is less likely to rush to them with a problem, and is spending more time with his friends. What type of autonomy is developing with Peter? A. behavioral B. emotional C. cognitive D. None of the above.

B. emotional

30. Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a virus? A. gonorrhea B. herpes C. chlamydia D. trichomoniasis

B. herpes

30. All of the following are characteristics of the development of cognitive autonomy, except: A. increasingly abstract ways to think about moral, political, ideological, and religious issues. B. increasing emotional distance from parents. C. beliefs that are increasingly rooted in general principles that have an ideological basis. D. beliefs that are increasingly founded in the individual's own values.

B. increasing emotional distance from parents

27. As children approach adolescence, children become somewhat _____ oriented toward their parents; and _____ oriented toward their peers, and peer pressure begins to _____. A. more; less; subside B. less; more; escalate C. more; more; decline D. less; less; decrease

B. less;more;escalate

12. During late adolescence and the college years, students who live away from home report all but which of the following? A. better communication with their parents B. more strained family relationships C. higher levels of satisfaction with their family relationship D. more affection for parents

B. more strained family relationships

25. In general, which of the following relationships tends to be the closest? A. mother-son relationship B. mother-daughter relationship C. father-son relationship D. father-daughter relationship

B. mother-daughter

19. Which of the following is not a good predictor of whether adolescents will engage in sexual activity? A. the adolescent's opportunity to have sex B. parent-adolescent communication C. having sexually active friends D. use of alcohol and other drugs

B. parent-adolescent communication

21. An analysis of "virginity pledges" that encourage adolescents to promise to abstain from premarital sex has found that: A. pledging works equally well for adolescents of all ages. B. pledging has a big effect in schools in which few students take the pledge. C. pledging works well in schools in which nearly everyone takes the pledge. D. about 82% of adolescents who take a virginity pledge will deny having done so five years later.

B. pledging has a big effect in schools in which few students take the pledge.

32. According to Kohlberg, at which level of moral reasoning would someone who saw society's rules and conventions as relative and subject be at? A. preconventional B. postconventional C. current conventional D. This description does not match one of Kohlberg's levels

B. postconventional

7. According to Sullivan, the need for intimacy starts to develop during: A. childhood. B. preadolescence. C. early adolescence. D. late adolescence.

B. preadolescence.

3. Which of the following is not considered an aspect of positive sexual development that the majority of adolescents face? A. becoming comfortable with one's maturing body B. reconciling feelings of sexual arousal with one's religious beliefs C. feeling comfortable in choosing to engage or not to engage in sexual activity D. understanding and practicing safe sex

B. reconciling feelings of sexual arousal with one's religious beliefs

41. There are two components of religious development: (1) _____, which refers to the religious practices one engages in; and (2) _____, which refers to one's personal quest for answers to questions about God and the mean of life. A. spirituality; religiosity B. religiosity; spirituality C. religion practices; religion search D. religion behaviors; religion quest

B. religiosity; spirituality

9. A particular concern regarding the faster progression of sexual activity is an increased: A. push for autonomy from parents. B. risk of pregnancy. C. rate of adolescent marriages. D. risk for experimenting with alcohol and other drugs.

B. risk of pregnancy.

33. Adolescents behave in a variety of ways within dating relationships that are usually shaped by _____________. A. their partners' expectations B. scripts that are learned at home and from the mass media C. their peers' relationships D. cultural norms

B. scripts that are learned at home and from the mass media

15. Which of the following patterns of attachment is positively correlated with high sociability in childhood? A. anxious-resistant B. secure C. anxious-avoidant D. dependent

B. secure

4. It is likely that a limitation in children's ability to ____ inhibits their ability to have intimate interpersonal relationships. A. empathize B. take another person's perspective C. care deeply D. understand friendships

B. take another person's perspective...

9. In Sullivan's view, the shift in the "targets" of intimacy during early adolescence from same-sex to other-sex relationships is primarily motivated by: A. the need to transition from nonromantic to romantic relationships. B. the onset of puberty and the emergence of sexuality and a biologically based sex drive. C. resolving the homophobic conflict of childhood. D. the need to appear popular by surrounding one's self with as many peers as possible.

B. the onset of puberty and the emergence of sexuality and a biologically based sex drive.

29. Research has indicated that many young people do not use contraception regularly for all of the following reasons, except: A. using contraception would indicate that they are planfully and willingly sexually active. B. they unconsciously desire to become pregnant. C. contraceptives may be difficult for them to obtain. D.their egocentric thinking leads them to believe that they are immune from getting pregnant or contracting sexually transmitted diseases.

B. they unconsciously desire to become pregnant.

38. According to research cited in the textbook, all of the following are reasons that some sex education programs fail, except: A. when they are introduced into the curriculum too late (after adolescents are already sexually active). B. when teachers are uncomfortable talking about the subject with students. C. when they focus primarily on changing students' knowledge rather than their behavior. D. when they emphasize abstinence-only sex education

B. when teachers are uncomfortable talking about the subject with students.

21. Researchers who oppose trying juvenile offenders as adults in criminal court typically base their arguments on findings that: A. the legal age of majority is 18. B.mature decision making is the product of both cognitive abilities, which mature around 16 years of age, and psychosocial factors, which are still developing in young adulthood. C. no juvenile can think as maturely as an adult. D. there is consensus that juveniles do not have sufficiently good decision-making skills to understand right from wrong.

B.mature decision making is the product of both cognitive abilities, which mature around 16 years of age, and psychosocial factors, which are still developing in young adulthood.

As Barbara moves into adolescence, her relationship with her mother and father changes. She is becoming less dependent on them and more dependent on herself. She also realizes that her parents are not always right. Which type of autonomy is Barbara expressing? A) behavioral autonomy B) psychosocial autonomy C) emotional autonomy D) cognitive autonomy

C) emotional autonomy

33. Approximately what percent of sexually active women between the ages of 14 and 19 have at least one of the following infections: HPV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, or trichomoniasis? A. 5% B. 20% C. 40% D. 80%

C. 40%

23. Which of the following statements about boys' first sexual experience is false? A. A boy's first sexual experience is usually through masturbation. B. Boys typically view sex as recreation. C. A boy's first sexual partner is likely to be someone he's in love with. D. Boys are more likely than girls to keep sex and intimacy separate.

C. A boy's first sexual partner is likely to be someone he's in love with.

9. Which statement regarding autonomy development would not fit with Anna Freud's theory? A. The physical changes of puberty cause substantial disruption in the family system. B. Detachment in adolescence is a result of tensions between family members. C. Emotional autonomy during adolescence involves a transformation of family relationships. D.Intrapsychic conflicts that have been repressed since early childhood are reawakened at early adolescence by the resurgence of sexual impulses.

C. Emotional autonomy during adolescence involves a transformation of family relationships.

34. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is not true? A. The impact of close friends on development must take into account the characteristics of these friends. B. Being popular is less important than genuinely having friends. C. Having a huge network of many friends is more important than having a few good friendships. D. Adolescents who have intimate friendships typically have better mental health than their peers who do not

C. Having a huge network of many friends is more important than having a few good friendships.

8. Which of the following adolescents is more likely to move toward intercourse at an earlier age without as many intervening steps? A. Sotoko, an Asian American adolescent B. Miranda, a Latina adolescent C. Richard, a Black adolescent D. Torrie, a White adolescent

C. Richard, a Black adolescent

27. Fourteen-year-old Sarah began "acting out" behaviors that her teacher had never observed in her before, such as a decline in self-esteem, sexual promiscuity, and risky behavior. Sarah's teacher suspects that Sarah is: A. pregnant. B. fighting with her boyfriend. C.a victim of sexual abuse. D. questioning her sexual orientation.

C. a victim of sexual abuse.

37. Greg, a 17-year-old, has gotten his girlfriend pregnant. If he is typical of other males who impregnate adolescent women, we would expect him to experience all of the following, except: A. low self-esteem. B. school or work problems. C. an increased sense of responsibility and optimism about the future. D. problems with alcohol and other drugs.

C. an increased sense of responsibility and optimism about the future.

16. During infancy, Julia formed a secure attachment with her parents. This attachment has formed the basis for all her future approaches to interpersonal relationships. According to attachment theorists, Julia is employing: A. a Q-sort technique. B. an intimate ideology. C. an internal working model. D. a social support theory.

C. an internal working model.

27. In contrast to Sullivan's claims about adolescent friendships, more current research has found: A. cross-sex intimacy replaces intimacy with same-sex peers. B. as the number of same-sex peers increases, the number of cross-sex peers decreases. C. as the number of cross-sex peers increases, the number of same-sex peers either stays the same or increases. D. although cross-sex interactions increase, there is little cross-sex intimacy.

C. as the number of cross-sex peers increases, the number of same-sex peers either stays the same or increases.

14. Which of the following types of parenting promotes healthy emotional autonomy in adolescents? A. authoritarian B. autocratic C. authoritative D. permissive

C. authoritative

13. Healthy individuation and positive mental health are fostered by _____ family relationships. A. constraining B. authoritarian C. close D. distant

C. close

25. Which statement about conformity to peers is most true? A. Conformity is higher during later adolescence. B. Conformity is low when the behavior in question is antisocial. C.Conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence than later adolescence, especially when the behavior in question is antisocial. D. Conformity to peers is low during early and middle adolescence.

C. conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence than later adolescence especially when the behavior in question is antisocial

Which of the following type of autonomy refers to that aspect of independence related to changes in an individual's close relationships? A) behavioral autonomy B) psychosocial autonomy C) emotional autonomy D) cognitive autonomy

C. emotional autonomy

Whereas _________ refers to individuals' capacity to behave on their own, ___________ has emotional and cognitive as well as behavioral components. A. independence; self-sufficiency B. autonomy; independence C. independence; autonomy D. autonomy; self-sufficiency

C. independence; autonomy

6. According to Sullivan, development can be best understood by examining transformations in: A. psychosexual needs. B. sexual drive. C. interpersonal needs. D. self-conceptions.

C. interpersonal needs.

20. Allison says that Susan is her friend because she can tell Susan secrets and Susan won't tell anyone else. Allison's definition of friendship is based on: A. play. B. prosocial behavior. C. intimacy and trust. D. association.

C. intimacy and trust.

11. Sullivan believed the crisis of adolescence is _____. Erikson believed it is _____. A. identity; intimacy B. autonomy; intimacy C. intimacy; identity D. intimacy; autonomy

C. intimacy; identity

17. Research assessing parent-adolescent communication about sex has found all of the following, except: A.although parents may indicate that they talked to their adolescents about a topic, such as sexually transmitted diseases, their adolescents are likely to say they have not. B. parents believe that if they express their disapproval of sexual activity, their adolescents will not be sexually active. C. parent-adolescent communication about sex significantly lowers adolescents' likelihood of being sexually active. D. parent-adolescent communication about contraception lowers the rate of risky sex.

C. parent-adolescent communication about sex significantly lowers adolescents' likelihood of being sexually active.

24. Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of: A. work. B. education. C. personal taste. D. admired personal qualities

C. personal taste

16. For adolescent girls, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse? A. increased levels of androgens B. availability of birth control C. the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity D. receiving sex education in school

C. the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity

32. The most common trigger of the first episode of major depression is: A. parents' divorce. B. failing in school. C. the breakup of a romantic relationship. D. dating violence.

C. the breakup of a romantic relationship.

35. Although the rate of sexual activity among adolescents in the United States does not differ much from that reported by other industrialized countries, the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States is: A. in the top third of all industrialized countries. B. in the bottom third of all industrialized countries. C. the highest in the world among industrialized countries. D. average as compared to other industrialized countries.

C. the highest in the world among industrialized countries.

28. When asked what a guilty person should do when being interrogated by police, younger adolescents are more likely than older adolescents to say: A. the person should remain silent. B. the person should give the police misleading information. C. the person should confess. D. the person should blame someone else.

C. the person should confess

33. According to Kohlberg's theory, the most important thing is: A. whether an individual, for example, believes that Heinz should have stolen the drug. B. how long the individual took to respond to the moral dilemma. C. the reasoning behind an individual's response. D. an individual's choice of words in his or her response.

C. the reasoning behind an individual's response

4. "Sexual socialization" refers to: A. a person's sexual orientation. B. a person's social skills in sexual relationships. C. the way in which an individual is exposed to and educated about sexuality. D. the degree to which an individual is comfortable with his or her sexuality.

C. the way in which an individual is exposed to and educated about sexuality.

12. As compared with females whose first intercourse occurs after age 18, those who engage in sexual intercourse before age 13 are likely to report that: A. they were sexually curious. B. they were in love with their partner. C. their first sexual experience was involuntary. D. their sex partner was approximately the same age.

C. their first sexual experience was involuntary.

24. Which of the following statements about sexual orientation in adolescence is false? A.Thirteen percent of girls, compared to 6% of boys, report having had same-sex attractions, a non-heterosexual orientation, or engaging in same-sex activity during adolescence. B. Approximately 2 to 5% of adolescents identify themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. C.Researchers have been able to identify consistent predictors for adolescents who will later identify themselves as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender. D. The majority of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender adults engaged in heterosexual activity during adolescence

C.Researchers have been able to identify consistent predictors for adolescents who will later identify themselves as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender.

29. Feldman and her colleagues have found evidence for consistent variations in autonomy expectations as a function of: A. gender. B. birth order. C. ethnicity. D. All of the above

C.ethnicity

Issues of autonomy: A) are typically resolved during toddlerhood. B) are typically resolved during adolescence. C) are typically resolved in early adulthood. D) recur throughout the life span.

D) recur throughout the life span.

19. Between middle and late adolescence, individuals become: A. more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with a decision. B. more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices. C. more likely to control their impulses. D. All of the above are true.

D. All of the above are true....

38. According to a recent analysis of data from a sample of nationally representative high school seniors, which of the following trends in regard to adolescents' civic engagement and political participation is true? A.Since 1990, there has been a steady increase in the proportion of young people who report participating in community service activities. B . Since 1990, there has been a decrease in the proportion of young people who report participating in conventional civic activities (example: voting, contracting elected officials). C.Since 1990, the proportion of young people who engage in alternative political activities (e.g., boycotts, demonstrations) has fluctuated. D. All of the above are true.

D. All of the above are true....

6. What type of behaviors does the term noncoital activity refer to? A. kissing B. touching parts of each other's body through clothes C. touching or kissing each other's naked body D. All of the above behaviors are considered noncoital

D. All of the above behaviors are considered noncoital

10. According to Sullivan, if the interpersonal tasks of adolescence are negotiated successfully, the young adolescent enters late adolescence able to: A. be intimate. B. enjoy sex. C. experience intimacy and sex in the same relationship. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

18. Although it is difficult to separate "selection" and "socialization" effects, individuals who are securely attached in infancy are likely to: A. be socially competent in childhood. B. be securely attached to close friends in adolescence. C. have positive romantic relationships in adulthood. D. All of these statements are true.

D. All of these statements are true.

13. ______ is the peak month for adolescents in a serious relationship to have their first intercourse. A. January B. March C. September D. December

D. December

25. Bill is a very feminine man. Based on this sex-role behavior, one would predict that Bill is probably: A. homosexual. B. heterosexual. C. bisexual. D. There is no connection between sex-role behavior and sexual orientation.

D. There is no connection between sex-role behavior and sexual orientation.

23. Girls are more likely than boys to settle disagreements with friends by: A. letting things slide. B. engaging in physical aggression. C. engaging in verbal aggression. D. apologizing.

D. apologizing.

40. When is an adolescent most likely to question his or her religious beliefs? A. during junior high B. during middle school C. during high school D. during the early years of college

D. during the early years of college

26. In general, which of the following relationships tends to be the least intimate? A. mother-son relationship B. mother-daughter relationship C. father-son relationship D. father-daughter relationship

D. father-daughter relationship

5. The textbook states all of the following to explain why the development of intimacy is especially important in adolescence, except: A. truly intimate relationships do not emerge until adolescence. B. the nature of the adolescent's social world changes, with increasing importance of both same sex and other-sex peers. C. growth of social cognition reflects more sophisticated conceptions of social relationships. D. friendships transform being self-conscious to being more activity oriented.

D. friendships transform being self-conscious to being more activity oriented.

24. Carol, an eighth-grader, is facing a big dilemma and she needs advice. To whom is Carol likely to turn for this support? A. her friends B. her parents C. an adult expert outside the family D. it depends on the specific issue at hand

D. it depends on the specific issue at hand

21. Friendships based on which of the following criteria are more likely to be found among adolescents than younger children? A. play B. association C. shared activities D. loyalty

D. loyalty

16. Which of the following types of households creates adolescents who do not develop healthy autonomy, have difficulty complying with rules, and are usually dependent on their friends? A. authoritarian B. autocratic C. authoritative D. permissive

D. permissive (access freedom)

8. According to Sullivan, where does the capacity for intimacy first develop? A. early adolescent, same-sex relationships B. early adolescent, other-sex relationships C. middle adolescent, other-sex relationships D. preadolescent, same-sex relationships

D. preadolescent, same-sex relationships

31. According to Kohlberg, reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called: A. principled. B. conventional. C. postconventional. D. preconventional.

D. preconventional

7. Which of the following is not typically considered to be autoerotic behavior during adolescence? A. sexual activity experienced alone B. sexual fantasies C. masturbation D. sexual intercourse

D. sexual intercourse

31. Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a parasite? A. gonorrhea B. herpes C. chlamydia D. trichomoniasis

D. trichomoniasis

2. Sex play that is innocuous during childhood is no longer innocuous during adolescence because: A. children report erotic feelings before puberty. B. the hormonal changes of puberty result in an increased sex drive in adolescence. C. children are not capable of kissing, petting, masturbating, or sexual intercourse before puberty. D. with puberty, pregnancy becomes a serious possibility.

D. with puberty, pregnancy becomes a serious possibility.

7. Which of the following is not a characteristic of an adolescent's growing emotional autonomy? A. Adolescents become more likely to believe that their life would have been better if they had their friends' parents. B. Adolescents become less likely to hold onto idealized pictures of their parents. C.Adolescents become more likely to appreciate that their parents may act differently with their own friends than they do with their children. D.When something goes wrong, adolescents become less likely to assume that their parents will "make everything better" and become more likely to rely on themselves to straighten things out.

D.When something goes wrong, adolescents become less likely to assume that their parents will "make everything better" and become more likely to rely on themselves to straighten things out.

30. Which of the following statements concerning sexual-minority (LGBT) youth is false? A. the progression through the phases of dating and romance is as similar for them as for heterosexual adolescents B. the stigmas attached to homosexuality complicate the development of intimate relations C. these youngsters often pursue sexual activity outside the context of a dating relationship to avoid harassment by peers D.for sexual-minority youth, development of close, nonsexual friendships with same-sex peers may be hampered by their peers' homophobia

D.for sexual-minority youth, development of close, nonsexual friendships with same-sex peers may be hampered by their peers' homophobia

rejection sensitivity

Heightened vulnerability to being rejected by other

Psychoanalytic Theory:

Physical changes of puberty disrupt family system Resurgence of sexual impulses increased family tensions

internal working model

The implicit model of interpersonal relationships that an individual employs throughout life believed to be shaped by early attachment experience

Chapter 10 Intimacy

The psychosocial domain concerning the formation maintenance and termination of close relationships

secure attachment

a healthy attachment between infant and caregiver characterized by trust

7: Which age group is likely to settle for the least amount of money, when given the option to either receive a lesser amount today or wait a year for $1,000? a. 10- to 11-year-olds b. 14- to 15-year-olds c. 16- to 17-year-olds d. 18- to 22-year-olds

a. 10- to 11-year-olds

9: According to a research study presented in the textbook, when confronted and interrogated by the police, which age group is most likely to say that the best thing to do is to admit to doing the crime? a. 11- to 13-year-olds b. 14- to 15-year-olds c. C 16- to 17-year-olds d. 18+ year olds

a. 11- to 13-year-olds

12: Which age group of females is most likely to report that their first intercourse was against their will or unwanted? a. 13 and younger b. 14?16 c. 17?19 d. 20?22

a. 13 and younger

35: What percent of adolescents have experienced dating violence? a. 40% b. 60% c. 20% d. 30%

a. 40%

11: Which of the following statements about dating is not true? a. A robust finding in the literature is that those who delay dating because they are shy, unattractive, or unpopular are the most at risk for developmental problems. b. Adolescents who do not date at all show signs of retarded social development. c. Adolescents who do not date show feelings of insecurity. d. Adolescents who date have a stronger self-image.

a. A robust finding in the literature is that those who delay dating because they are shy, unattractive, or unpopular are the most at risk for developmental problems.

14: What was the main finding of Redlich and Goodman's "Alt Key" study? a. Adolescents were more likely than young adults to falsely confess to wrongdoing when presented with false evidence. b. Adolescents were less likely than young adults to falsely confess to wrongdoing when presented with false evidence. c. The proportion of adolescents who falsely confessed when presented with false evidence was the same as the proportion of young adults who falsely confessed. d. With regard to the likelihood of false confessions, there were more differences within the adolescent sample than between the adolescent and young adult sample.

a. Adolescents were more likely than young adults to falsely confess to wrongdoing when presented with false evidence.

2: Which of the following statements about the relation between parental autonomy support and adolescent life satisfaction is true? a. Although adolescents in different cultures receive different degrees of parental support for becoming emotionally autonomous, the correlation between autonomy support and adolescents ; life satisfaction is relatively high, regardless of cultural context. b. Although adolescents in different cultures generally receive the same degree of parental support for becoming emotionally autonomous, the correlation between autonomy support and adolescents; life satisfaction is very different across cultural contexts. c. Parents who engage in behaviors that are supportive of their adolescents; autonomy development are likely to have children who are low in life satisfaction. d. Parents in Korea are likely to show high levels of support for their adolescent's autonomy development; however, this support is not related to their child's life satisfaction.

a. Although adolescents in different cultures receive different degrees of parental support for becoming emotionally autonomous, the correlation between autonomy support and adolescents ; life satisfaction is relatively high, regardless of cultural context.

22: How do sex differences in friendship quality differ between 13- and 18-year-olds? a. Although there may be substantial sex differences in friendship quality at age 13, these differences are gone by age 18. b. Although there may be very few sex differences in friendship quality at age 13, there are substantial differences by age 18. c. Although boys may report higher quality in same-sex friendships at age 13, girls report higher friendship quality at age 18. d. Although boys may report slightly higher friendship quality at age 13, there are virtually no differences in same-sex friendship quality by the age of 18.

a. Although there may be substantial sex differences in friendship quality at age 13, these differences are gone by age 18.

16: Which one of the following is not consistent with the process of individuation? a. Individuation involves increased family stress and turmoil. b. Individuation involves the relinquishing(giving up) of childish dependencies on parents. c. Individuation results in adolescents' accepting responsibility for their choices. d. Individuation involves a gradual, progressive sense of the self as autonomous.

a. Individuation involves increased family stress and turmoil.

6: Why (or how) is the quality of an infant attachment style related to the quality of an individualromantic relationships in adulthood? a. Infant attachment style is likely linked to adult romantic relationship quality because of the effects that early attachment styles have on social development in childhood and adulthood. b. Infant attachment style is likely associated with adult romantic relationship quality because of a spurious relationship. c. Infant attachment style is likely linked to adult romantic relationship quality because of the fact that an individual biology determines how he or she will interact with other people. d. None of these statements are true. There are no consistently found relations between infant attachment style and romantic relationship quality in adulthood.

a. Infant attachment style is likely linked to adult romantic relationship quality because of the effects that early attachment styles have on social development in childhood and adulthood.

13: According to research presented in the textbook, which U.S. city has the highest rate of promiscuity? a. Philadelphia b. San Francisco c. Los Angeles d. The rate of promiscuity is fairly similar across the United States.

a. Philadelphia

10: Which adolescent is most likely to engage in early sexual activity? a. a Black adolescent b. a White adolescent c. a Hispanic adolescent d. an Asian-American adolescent

a. a Black adolescent

32: Sexual victimization (e.g., date rape) is most likely to be experienced by which of the following adolescents? a. a lower-class female adolescent b. a middle-class female adolescent c. a lower-class male adolescent d. a middle-class male adolescent

a. a lower-class female adolescent

3: Which of the following are related to the development of intimacy during adolescence? a. advances in social cognition b. lower levels of empathy c. lower levels of self-disclosure d. decrease in responsiveness to others' needs

a. advances in social cognition

36: Advanced levels of moral reasoning are common among children raised in: a. authoritative families. b. authoritarian families. c. indulgent families. d. indifferent families.

a. authoritative families.

21: The parenting style that is least likely to result in an adolescents' involvement in high-risk sexual activity is the: a. authoritative style. b. authoritarian style. c. indulgent style. d. indifferent style.

a. authoritative style.

24: Adolescents are more likely to conform to their peers' than their parents' opinions regarding which of the following? a. choices among leisure activities b. educational plans c. religious beliefs d. occupational plans

a. choices among leisure activities

6: Independence that is specifically related to changes in close relationships, especially with parents, is known as: a. emotional autonomy. b. physical autonomy. c. behavioral autonomy. d. value autonomy.

a. emotional autonomy.

7: The developmental progression of sexual behaviors, from less intimate to more intimate: a. has not changed much over the past half-century. b. has changed dramatically over the past half-century. c. is substantially different for male and female adolescents. d. is very similar for Black and White adolescents.

a. has not changed much over the past half-century.

40: When does suicide ideation peak? a. in middle adolescence b. in young adulthood c. in childhood d. in middle adulthood

a. in middle adolescence

9: An anxious-avoidant attachment is characterized by: a. indifference on the part of the infant toward the caregiver. b. trust on the part of the infant toward the caregiver. c. excessive neediness on the part of the infant toward the caregiver. d. anger on the part of the infant toward the caregiver.

a. indifference on the part of the infant toward the caregiver.

13: Unlike psychoanalytic theories that emphasized detachment, emotional autonomy during adolescence is currently thought to: a. involve a transformation in family relationships rather than a breaking off of family ties. b. include psychic and interpersonal tension that arises at puberty. c. include the severance of emotional bonds between children and parents. d. involve the replacement of familial bonds with romantic bonds outside the family.

a. involve a transformation in family relationships rather than a breaking off of family ties.

32: The infatuation phase of dating is characterized by: a. learning about oneself. b. maintaining peer group status. c. establishing meaningful attachments. d. nurturing commitment and caring.

a. learning about oneself.

32: According to research from Fuligni, Eccles, and colleagues, adolescents who are more peer-oriented than other adolescents are most likely to have what type of relationships with their parents? a. less positive b. more positive c. indifferent d. indulgent

a. less positive

29: Studies of adolescents changing schools have found that support from ________ is most predictive of low psychological distress. a. peers and parents b. parents c. peers d. school counselors

a. peers and parents

4: The stage of moral reasoning in Kohlberg;s theory oriented toward the potential rewards and punishments that may follow a behavior or decision in question is called: a. preconventional reasoning. b. conventional reasoning. c. postconventional reasoning. d. prosocial reasoning.

a. preconventional reasoning.

20: Whereas older adolescents conflicts are typically over _____, younger adolescents' conflicts are often over _______. a. private matters; perceived public disrespect b. B perceived public disrespect; private matters c. day-to-day issues; rules of the game d. moral issues; rules of the game

a. private matters; perceived public disrespect

15: For most American adolescents, sexual involvement does not involve: a. promiscuity. b. affection. c. emotional involvement. d. commitment.

a. promiscuity.(casual sex)

21: Rebellion, negativism, and excessive involvement in the peer group are more common among: a. psychologically immature adolescents than among mature ones. b. autonomous adolescents. c. individuated adolescents. d. adolescents who have deidealized their parents.

a. psychologically immature adolescents than among mature ones.

24: Negotiation is most common in the context of which type of relationship? a. romantic partners b. close friends c. friends d. acquaintances

a. romantic partners

4: According to Sullivans theory of interpersonal development, different interpersonal needs surface that lead either to: a. security or anxiety. b. industry or inferiority. c. trust or mistrust. d. intimacy or isolation.

a. security or anxiety.

28: The extent to which someone is oriented toward heterosexual activity, homosexual activity, or both is known as their: a. sexual orientation. b. sexual socialization. c. sex-role behavior. d. gender identity.

a. sexual orientation.

8: As a result of the emergence of _____, a change in the preferred "target" of the adolescent;s need for intimacy takes place. a. sexuality b. cognitive advances c. impulse control d. a peer group

a. sexuality

40: Which one of the following factors is not one of the main reasons that children born to adolescent mothers are at greater risk for developing a variety of psychological and social problems? a. teen mom youthful immaturity b. teen moms likelihood of having poor school achievement c. teen moms likelihood of having low SES or living in poverty d. teen mom likelihood of being an unmarried, single mom

a. teen mom's youthful immaturity

37: Which of the following countries has the highest teen pregnancy rate in the industrialized world? a. the United States b. Germany c. England d. Japan

a. the United States

34: The most popular form of contraceptive used by close to 60 percent of sexually active teenage couples is: a. the condom. b. the birth control pill. c. the IUD. d. the diaphragm.

a. the condom.

19: Which of the following did both Sullivan and Erikson's theories have in common? a. the idea that interpersonal development is cumulative over time b. the idea of an internal working model c. the idea that the development of self-identity precedes the development of intimacy d. the idea that the development of intimacy precedes (comes before)the development of self-identity

a. the idea that interpersonal development is cumulative over time

anxious-resistant attachment

an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver characterized by distress

26: Susceptibility to peer pressure, especially for illegal and antisocial behaviors, is likely to peak around the age of: a. 12. b. 14. c. 16. d. 18.

b. 14.

24: Which one of the following is representative of the early sexual experiences of adolescent males? a. Boys are more likely to describe them in terms of intimacy and emotional involvement. b. Boys are more likely than girls to mention sexual arousal as a reason for having sex. c. Boys are more likely to have their first experience in a steady relationship. d. Boys are more likely than girls to be the one to initiate the sexual activity.

b. Boys are more likely than girls to mention sexual arousal as a reason for having sex.

25: Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in close relationships and intimacy is false? a. Females are more likely than males to report engaging in self-disclosure. b. Females have more intimate knowledge about their friends than males. c. Females are more empathic than males. d. The development of close relationships among males most likely starts at a later age than it does among females.

b. Females have more intimate knowledge about their friends than males.

5: Which developmental theorist postulated that throughout childhood and adolescence the human being strives to meet various interpersonal needs? a. Anna Freud b. Harry Stack Sullivan c. Erik Erikson d. Sigmund Freud

b. Harry Stack Sullivan

19: Difficulties in the process of individuation would most likely arise when: a. parents and their adolescent both agree that autonomy should be granted. b. adolescents push for independence before parents are willing to grant it. c. the process of deidealization leaves the adolescent feeling more secure. d. the process of deidealization leaves the adolescent feeling more liberated.

b. adolescents push for independence before parents are willing to grant it.

22: Parents who see their child's increasing emotional independence as rebellious or disrespectful most likely use the parenting style known as: a. authoritative. b. authoritarian. c. permissive. d. indifferent.

b. authoritarian.

8: The type of autonomy that involves making one's; own decisions and following through with them is known as: a. emotional autonomy. b. behavioral autonomy. c. value autonomy. d. physical autonomy.

b. behavioral autonomy.

35: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are not caused by: a. viruses. b. condoms. c. bacteria. d. parasites.

b. condoms.

10: According to psychoanalytic thinkers such as Anna Freud, each of the following accurately describes the process of detachment, except: a. detachment and the accompanying storm and stress inside the family are inevitable. b. conflict between an adolescent and his or her parents is a sign of immaturity. c. adolescence is an inherently tumultuous time. d. adolescents; pubertal changes cause substantial disruption inside the family system.

b. conflict between an adolescent and his or her parents is a sign of immaturity.

28: Intimacy between parents and adolescents tends to: a. increase throughout the course of adolescence. b. experience a slight decrease until mid-adolescence and then increases as young people move toward young adulthood. c. decrease throughout the course of adolescence. d. increase until mid-adolescence and then decrease.

b. experience a slight decrease until mid-adolescence and then increases as young people move toward young adulthood.

27: What is the context in which a typical adolescent female is likely to experience her first sexual liaison? a. masturbation b. in an effort to enhance an emotional connection within a romantic relationship c. as a means of satisfying feelings of intense sexual arousal d. with a friend or casual acquaintance as a means of exploring sexual feelings

b. in an effort to enhance an emotional connection within a romantic relationship

30: Political thinking in adolescence changes in all of the following ways, except: a. it becomes more abstract. b. it becomes more conservative. c. it becomes more principled. d. It becomes less rigid.

b. it becomes more conservative.

23: As individuals move from childhood to adolescence, and from adolescence into young adulthood, they become: a. less likely to end their disagreements by disengagement. b. more likely to end their disagreements by negotiation. c. more likely to end their disagreements by coercion. d. more likely to end their disagreements by overpowering the other.

b. more likely to end their disagreements by negotiation.

25: The early sexual experiences of males are often interpreted in terms of: a. intimacy. b. recreation. c. commitment. d. romance.

b. recreation.

1: By definition, intimate relationships involve all of the following except: a. emotional attachment. b. sexual involvement. c. common interests. d. self-disclosure.

b. sexual involvement.

CHAPTER 11 ONLINE QUIZ 1: The process by which adolescents and children are exposed to and educated about sexuality is known as: a. sexual promiscuity. b. sexual socialization. c. autoerotic sexuality. d. sexual exploitation.

b. sexual socialization.

4: In addition to adolescence, autonomy is particularly salient(important of seen) to which developmental period? a. infancy b. toddlerhood c. childhood d. adulthood

b. toddlerhood

11: According to Allen and colleague; study, whether an adolescent who is highly susceptible to peer influence will engage in high levels of substance use depends largely on: a. whether he or she comes from a single-parent family. b. whether his or her friends are substance users. c. whether he or she is genetically preprogrammed to abuse substances. d. whether the adolescent is White, Black, or Hispanic.

b. whether his or her friends are substance users.

individuation

becoming and individual

26: Which of the following descriptions about boy friendships is inaccurate? a. Boys friendships are more oriented toward shared activities. b. Boy friendships are less oriented toward the explicit satisfaction of emotional needs. c. Boy conflicts with their friends are typically resolved when one friend apologizes. d. Boy conflicts are more likely than girls conflicts to escalate into physical aggression.

c. Boy conflicts with their friends are typically resolved when one friend apologizes.

9: When are adolescents most likely to have intercourse for the first time? a. February b. October c. June d. March

c. June

37: Which of the following statements regarding the sex differences in moral reasoning is true? a. It is a well-known fact that men are more moral in some contexts and women are more moral in other contexts. b. Many popular books have been based on scientific research that demonstrates that men and women think differently about ethical issues. c. Studies have not supported the notion that men and women approach moral problems differently. d. In general, women are more moral than men.

c. Studies have not supported the notion that men and women approach moral problems differently.

31: According to the textbook, which of the following political views is true for adolescents? a. With age, individuals are more likely to say that everyone deserves certain rights. b. With age, individuals are more likely to judge the appropriateness of having certain rights in light of characteristics of the individual. c. With age, individuals are less likely to judge the appropriateness of having certain rights as dependent on characteristics of the individual. d. With age, individuals are less likely to say that certain rights should be limited to some individuals in some context.

c. With age, individuals are less likely to judge the appropriateness of having certain rights as dependent on characteristics of the individual.

33: The term sexual-minority youth refers to: a. adolescents who are not yet sexually active. b. adolescents who are sexually active. c. adolescents who are not exclusively heterosexual. d. adolescents who belong to a minority group and are sexually active.

c. adolescents who are not exclusively heterosexual.

18: Infants with which type of attachment are thought by some to be more likely to develop psychological and social problems during childhood and adolescence, including poor peer relationships? a. secure attachment b. mixed-style attachment c. anxious attachment d. disorganized attachment

c. anxious attachment

16: Which type of attachment is characterized by ambivalence? a. secure attachment b. anxious-avoidant attachment c. anxious-resistant attachment d. disorganized attachment

c. anxious-resistant attachment

20: Autonomous adolescents tend to report that they: a. do not want to be like their parents. b. feel uncomfortable seeking advice from their parents. c. are close to their parents. d. have many conflicts with their parents.

c. are close to their parents.

21: Over the course of adolescence, individuals: a. show less empathy. b. show less social understanding. c. are more likely to understand how their friends feel. d. become less interpersonally sensitive.

c. are more likely to understand how their friends feel.

17: Which theoretical perspective looks at individuals; internal working models about human relationships? a. psychosocial perspective b. interpersonal perspective c. attachment perspective d. psychoanalytic perspective

c. attachment perspective

14: A strong and enduring emotional bond is indicative of: a. intimacy. b. insecurity. c. attachment. d. trust.

c. attachment.

4: Most adolescents' first experience with sex falls into the category of: a. sexual promiscuity. b. serial monogamy. c. autoerotic sexuality. d. sexual exploitation.

c. autoerotic sexuality

18: What is the pathway by which positive parenting leads to prosocial behavior in their adolescent children? a. by increasing adolescents; abilities to regulate their emotions b. by increasing adolescents; abilities to empathize with others c. both A and B are true d. neither A nor B is true

c. both A and B are true

27: The case of the Central Park jogger mugging in which it was subsequently discovered that the juveniles accused of the crime gave false confessions to police is an example of: a. individuation. b. deidealization. c. conformity to outside social pressures. d. enabling behavior.

c. conformity to outside social pressures.

17: The process of individuation, in part, involves the realization that parents sometimes make mistakes, which is known as: a. transformation. b. detachment. c. de-idealization. d. seeing parents as people.

c. de-idealization.

14: The age of first intercourse for females has _____ over the last few decades. a. remained the same b. increased c. decreased d. been difficult to measure Your Answer: decreased CORRECT

c. decreased

5: According to psychoanalytic theorists such as Anna Freud, the process by which the adolescent achieves emotional autonomy by severing emotional ties with parents is known as: a. individuation. b. self-reliance. c. detachment. d. rebellion.

c. detachment.

7: When does the need for intimacy with other-sex peers first emerge, in Sullivan's theoretical perspective? a. middle childhood b. preadolescence c. early adolescence d. late adolescence

c. early adolescence

17: Sexual activity that occurs before age 16 has been found to be associated with a: a. lower orientation toward independence. b. higher interest in academic achievement. c. greater risk of experimentation with drugs and alcohol. d. greater level of religious involvement.

c. greater risk of experimentation with drugs and alcohol.

23: According to the textbook, studies that contrast the influence of parents and peers indicate that: a. parents usually are more influential than peers. b. peers usually are more influential than parents. c. in some situations, parents; opinions are more influential, and in other situations, peers are more influential. d. parents are more influential for day-to-day decisions; peers are more influential for decisions regarding politics.

c. in some situations, parents; opinions are more influential, and in other situations, peers are more influential.

29: In general, studies show that susceptibility to peer pressure: a. decreases throughout the course of adolescence. b. increases throughout the course of adolescence. c. increases between early and middle adolescence and then decreases between middle adolescence and early adulthood. d. is difficult to measure and has never been successfully graphed.

c. increases between early and middle adolescence and then decreases between middle adolescence and early adulthood.

15: The gradual, progressive sharpening of one's sense of self as autonomous, competent, and separate from one's parents is known as: a. idealization. b. dependency. c. individuation. d. transformation.

c. individuation.

22: With which family member(s) are teenagers most likely to talk about sex? a. grandparent b. uncle or aunt c. mother d. father

c. mother

5: About ___ of American ninth-graders have had sexual intercourse; compared to about ____ of American twelve-graders. a. 50%; 90% b. 10%; 85% c. one-third; two-thirds d. one-fifth; three-fifths

c. one-third; two-thirds

35: Research has found that the most rare form of moral reasoning in Kohlberg framework, in which society rules and conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather than as absolute and definitive, is known as: a. preconventional reasoning. b. conventional reasoning. c. postconventional reasoning. d. prosocial reasoning.

c. postconventional reasoning.

28: The most consistent finding with regard to the development of prosocial behavior during adolescence is that: a. almost all individuals become more empathic, sympathetic, and helpful during adolescence. b. the number of prosocial behaviors that individuals engage in on a daily basis decreases drastically between childhood and adolescence. c. prosocial behavior is a fairly stable trait. d. the likelihood of engaging in prosocial behavior fluctuates greatly between early and late adolescence.

c. prosocial behavior is a fairly stable trait.

20: Numerous studies show that ________ are far more important in influencing girls' involvement in sexual intercourse than boys'. a. biological factors b. age factors c. social factors d. academic factors

c. social factors

34: Adolescent girls who begin dating seriously at an earlier age than their peers have been found to be characterized by each of the following except ________ than their peers. a. they are less socially mature b. they are less imaginative c. they are more attractive d. they are more superficial

c. they are more attractive

37: Which one of the following is not characteristic of adolescent girls who do not date at all? a. they show signs of social retardation b. they show excessive dependency on their parents c. they are more popular than their dating peers d. they are more insecure than their peers

c. they are more popular than their dating peers

33: Which one of the following is clearly the least effective method of contraception used by American adolescents? a. condoms b. birth control pill c. withdrawal method d. abstinence

c. withdrawal method

39: Which of the following is not a characteristic of young women who have unplanned pregnancies that are likely to be terminated by abortion? a. young women who are academically successful and ambitious b. young women who seek psychological counseling c. young women who are from lower-class families d. young women who have parents that are well educated

c. young women who are from lower-class families

38: Although rates vary considerably by ethnicity, what percentage of American female adolescents experience pregnancy by the age of 20? a. less than 1% b. 5% c. 10% d. 33%

d. 33%

8: By the end of tenth grade, more than ___ of American adolescents have had heterosexual vaginal intercourse. a. 1% b. 5% c. 15% d. 40%

d. 40%

31: A nationally representative sample of middle and high school youngsters found that over ____ of the female students, and ____ of the male students had received unwanted sexual attention while in school. a. 20%; 40% b. 40%; 80% c. 60%; 60% d. 80%; 60%

d. 80%; 60%

2: Which of the following is not one of the stages of positive sexual development? a. Adolescents need to feel comfortable with their maturing bodies. b. Adolescents need to understand that sex is voluntary. c. Adolescents must understand that feelings of sexual arousal are normal and appropriate. d. Adolescents need to experiment with different types of sexual behaviors and orientations to understand what they do and do not like.

d. Adolescents need to experiment with different types of sexual behaviors and orientations to understand what they do and do not like.

36: The most important risk factor for contracting HIV among adolescents is whether they: a. use drugs. b. have multiple sexual partners. c. have been sexually abused. d. All of the above are important risk factors for contracting HIV.

d. All of the above are important risk factors for contracting HIV.

38: Compared to dating violence, parents are more likely to talk to their adolescent about: a. drugs and alcohol. b. family finances. c. the economy. d. All of the above are true.

d. All of the above are true.

3: How do the physical and hormonal changes of puberty affect the development of sexuality? a. The physical and hormonal changes of puberty increase sex drive. b. The physical and hormonal changes of puberty change the adolescent's appearance. c. The physical and hormonal changes of puberty permit reproduction. d. All of the above are true.

d. All of the above are true.

10: Pseudomaturity is associated with: a. early puberty. b. a range of psychological problems. c. poor parenting/family instability. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

31: Though sexuality is strongly influenced by biological development, dating begins earlier among adolescents who: a. are reared by single mothers. b. have older siblings. c. are not monitored closely by their parents. d. All of these statements are true.

d. All of these statements are true.

29: Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between sexual orientation and sex-role behavior? a. Heterosexual men behave in masculine ways, whereas gay men typically behave in feminine ways. b. Heterosexual men behave in masculine ways, whereas gay men behave in either masculine or feminine ways. c. Heterosexual men behave in feminine or masculine ways, whereas gay men behave exclusively in feminine ways. d. Both heterosexual and gay men may behave in masculine, feminine, or both masculine and feminine ways because sexual orientation is unrelated to sex-role behavior.

d. Both heterosexual and gay men may behave in masculine, feminine, or both masculine and feminine ways because sexual orientation is unrelated to sex-role behavior.

36: Dating violence has only been reported among: a. ethnic minority adolescents. b. heterosexual couples. c. female adolescents. d. Dating violence occurs in all of these groups.

d. Dating violence occurs in all of these groups.

30: How is homosexuality regarded by mental health experts? a. It is a form of psychopathology. b. It is an indicator of an underlying psychological disturbance. c. It is a condition warranting psychological treatment. d. It is one of several types of sexual orientations, such as heterosexual or bisexual.

d. It is one of several types of sexual orientations, such as heterosexual or bisexual.

30: With the onset of other-sex intimacy in adolescence, what typically happens to same-sex friendships? a. Same-sex friendships decline in number and are replaced by other-sex friendships. b. Same-sex friendships increase in number and replace other-sex friendships. c. The number of both same-sex and other-sex friendships declines during adolescence. d. Other-sex friendships do not replace existing same-sex friendships; they are added to existing same-sex friendships.

d. Other-sex friendships do not replace existing same-sex friendships; they are added to existing same-sex friendships.

12: Today, the dominant psychological framework within which researchers study adolescent romance is: a. ecological perspectives on development. b. attachment theory. c. Sullivantheory of interpersonal development. d. Researchers draw on all of the perspectives mentioned above.

d. Researchers draw on all of the perspectives mentioned above.

11: Which of the following is not true with regard to having sexual intercourse before age 16? a. Early sexual activity (sex before 16) is more common among teenagers growing up in single-parent households. b. Early sexual activity (sex before 16) is associated with lower interest in academic achievement. c. Early sexual activity (sex before 16) is associated with higher rates of delinquency and drug and alcohol use. d. There is no evidence that early sexual activity is associated with other problems.

d. There is no evidence that early sexual activity is associated with other problems.

39: Which of the following statements about age-appropriate dating and social development is true? a. Age-appropriate dating leads to better social development. b. More socially advanced adolescents are more likely to date. c. Less socially advanced adolescents are more likely to date. d. We cannot conclusively determine whether age-appropriate dating leads to better social development or whether more socially advanced adolescents are simply more likely to date.

d. We cannot conclusively determine whether age-appropriate dating leads to better social development or whether more socially advanced adolescents are simply more likely to date.

online extra credit questions 1: Which psychosocial term refers to individuals' capacity to govern their own behavior? a. identity b. independence c. rebellion d. autonomy

d. autonomy

33: Changes in the adolescents conceptions of moral, political, and religious issues is primarily a result of the development of: a. emotional autonomy. b. physical autonomy. c. behavioral autonomy. d. cognitive autonomy.

d. cognitive autonomy.

19: Which countries have the highest teen birthrates? a. countries characterized by greater income inequality and more school enrollment b. countries characterized by less income inequality and less school enrollment c. countries characterized by less income inequality and more school enrollment d. countries characterized by greater income inequality and lower school enrollment

d. countries characterized by greater income inequality and lower school enrollment

3: In which area of functioning are adolescents likely to be the least independent? a. psychological b. social c. emotional d. economic

d. economic

23: The weakest predictor of adolescent sexual involvement is whether the adolescent: a. is involved in a steady relationship. b. uses alcohol or drugs. c. has sexually active friends. d. has had communications about sex with his or her parents.

d. has had communications about sex with his or her parents.

26: What is the most common sexually transmitted infection among young women between the ages of 14 and 19? a. herpes b. gonorrhea c. chlamydia d. human papillomavirus

d. human papillomavirus

12: Examination of Anna Freud;s theories by researchers has led to the conclusion that: a. high levels of adolescent-parent tension is the norm. b. adolescents detach themselves from relationships with their parents. c. adolescents are driven out of the household by unbearable levels of family conflict. d. in contrast to Freud;s ideas, most families get along well during the adolescent years.

d. in contrast to Freud's ideas, most families get along well during the adolescent years.

15: What is the implicit model of interpersonal relationships that an individual employs throughout life? a. co-rumination model b. platonic relationship model c. rejection sensitivity model d. internal working model

d. internal working model

6: Autoerotic behavior refers to sexual activity that: a. takes place in an automobile. b. involves oral stimulation. c. is repeated more than once. d. is experienced alone.

d. is experienced alone.

18: An adolescent who is at greatest risk for sexual activity with multiple sexual partners and sexually transmitted disease is one who has: a. greater involvement in extracurricular activities after school. b. parental monitoring after school. c. both involvement in extracurricular activities and parental monitoring after school. d. neither extracurricular involvement nor parental monitoring after school.

d. neither extracurricular involvement nor parental monitoring after school.

25: Adolescents are more likely to be influenced by their parents&; opinions regarding which of the following? a. choices among leisure activities b. styles of dress c. tastes in music d. occupational plans

d. occupational plans

27: According to the textbook, adolescent conflicts among girls are typically resolved when: a. moms get involved. b. teachers get involved. c. both parties just "let it go." d. one friend apologizes.

d. one friend apologizes.

2: Young children's conceptions of friendship are more focused on ____ than the conceptions of friendship of older children and adolescents. a. shared values b. loyalty c. trust d. shared activity

d. shared activity

13: According to research presented in the textbook, what is the number-one reason that adolescents use social networking sites? a. to voice their opinion on various political and moral issues b. to explore interests (music, TV shows) c. to meet new people d. to stay in touch with existing friends

d. to stay in touch with existing friends

16: Which of the following is not an antecedent of risky sexual behavior? a. having low parental monitoring and warmth b. having risk-taking peers c. being disengaged from school d. viewing pornography

d. viewing pornography

religosity

degree to which one engages in church

spirituality

degree to which one searches answers about God

Cognitive Autonomy

developing an independent set of beliefs and principles, resisting peer and parental pressures

Emotional Autonomy

gaining emotional independence in relationships with others, especially parents

Prosocial behavior

helping others

Detachment:

in psychanlytic theory the process through adolescents are driven to separate emotionally from parents; turn to peers relationships with parents severed

anxious- avoidant attachment

insecure attachment between infant and caregiver characterized indifference

Behavioral Autonomy

making independent decisions and following through on them

Postconventional Moral Reasoning

most abstract and advanced

platonic relationships

nonsexual relationships w/ individuals who might otherwise be romantic partner

KOHLBERG'S THREE LEVELS OF MORAL REASONING

preconventional conventional postconventional

social support

the extent to which an individual receives emotional or instrumental from his or her social network

attachment

the strong affectional bond that develops between an infant and a caregiver

preconventional moral reasoning

worrying about punishment/reward