Adv Nutrition Chp 1 study set
Allosteric regulation of enzymes is carried out by modulators, other proteins that bind to the enzyme to inhibit its activity.
FALSE.
Different cells express different proteins because they contain different sequences of DNA in the nucleus.
FALSE.
Most cellular reactions are irreversible because the same enzyme that catalyzes the conversion cannot catalyze the reverse reaction.
FALSE.
TRUE OR FALSE: Transcription of DNA cannot be altered.
FALSE.
The lipid bilayer determines the function of the plasma membrane, while the proteins are primarily responsible for the structure of the membrane.
FALSE.
TRUE OR FALSE: Males have two X chromosomes and females have an X and a Y.
FALSE. Females have two X chromosomes.
TRUE OR FALSE: Transfer RNA is transcribed from DNA within the nucleus of the cell.
FALSE. Messenger RNA is transcribed from DNA.
TRUE OR FALSE: The intron is the coding portion of a gene and the exon is non-coding area.
FALSE. This is backwards the exon is the coding area and the intron in the non-coding area.
TRUE OR FALSE: All 23 chromosomes are the same size and have the same number of base pairs.
FALSE. This is false as they vary in size and numbers of base pairs.
Nutrigenomics is defined as detecting gene variants within an individual and the effect on nutrient status.
FALSE. This is nutrigenetics.
Signals generated at one part of a cell are transmitted quickly to other parts of the cell due to the interconnection of the cytosol and ____.
Filaments.
The site within a cell where RNA transcription and processing occur is the:
Nucleolus.
The communication that tells the nucleus to make a protein is known as:
Cell signaling.
Membrane proteins do not serve as ____
Detoxifiers.
The plasma membrane is a sheet-like structure composed solely of lipids.
FALSE
Phosphorylation of a molecule is generally accomplished by transferring the terminal phosphate group from which substance?
ATP.
_____________________ genes are ones that that induce ("turn on") protein synthesis based on changes in the environment or need.
Adaptive.
The ______________________________ is found on the transfer RNA and codes for the amino acid needed to make the protein.
Anticodon.
In the cell structure, the ____ provides support and controls the movement of cell organelles.
Cytoskeleton.
Which enzyme is responsible for linking together the incoming nucleotides during DNA replication?
DNA polymerase.
What lifestyle change would be most important to individuals with a common variant in the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene that impairs protection against toxins?
Eating more cruciferous vegetables.
The ____________________________ is what cells use to translate information encoded in DNA/RNA. The code is in triplet sets of nucleotide bases called codons, each specific for an amino acids.
Genetic code.
Translation is the process by which ____.
Genetic information in an mRNA molecule specifies the sequence of amino acids in the protein product.
Enzymes of metabolic pathways within the cytoplasmic matrix are often oriented so that the product of one enzyme is released in close proximity to the next enzyme for which it is a substrate, to facilitate the velocity of the overall pathway. This arrangement includes enzymes of ____.
Glycolysis.
Digestive enzymes delivered to the small intestine from cells in the pancreas are able to leave those cells because of the functioning of the ____.
Golgi apparatus.
Most receptor proteins are most likely which type?
Integral proteins.
Proteins attached to cell membrane and embedded through the membrane are called ____.
Integral proteins.
The primary mechanism by which gene expression is modified by bioactive factors in food appears to be ____.
Interactions with transcription factors.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is associated with ____.
Lipid synthesis.
Which class of bioactive food components has the ability to get into the nucleus of cells and bind to DNA to influence gene expression?
Lipophilic, small-molecular-weight molecules.
With in the human body, chromosomes:
Located in the nucleus, are found in 23 pairs and contain DNA.
The organelle that serves as the digestive system for cells is known as the _____________.
Lysosome.
The organelle in which most of the metabolic energy (ATP) is produced is the ____.
Mitochondria.
Which organelle is capable of performing both fission and fusion?
Mitochondria.
The parts involved in the electron transport chain are embedded in the ____.
Mitochondrial inner membrane
In which organelle do the TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation occur?
Mitochondrion.
Substances that bind with the allosteric site of an enzyme and alter the activity of the enzyme are known as _____________.
Modulators.
The organelle that detoxifies by oxidizing molecules such as hydrogen peroxide and ethanol is the ____.
Peroxisome.
Cell membrane bilayers consist primarily of ____.
Phospholipids.
A common mutation in the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase enzyme (MTHFR) ____.
Prevents the individual from activating the B vitamin folate.
DNA in the nucleus is wrapped around ____.
Proteins called HISTONES.
Transcription is the process by which ____.
The genetic information in a single strand of DNA makes a specific sequence of bases in a messenger RNA (mRNA) chain.
MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that ____.
Silence gene expression by binding to mRNA to inhibit translation.
Peripheral proteins are involved in cell-cell recognition, whereas integral proteins function primarily as receptors/transporters.
TRUE.
TRUE OR FALSE: Genes are as segment of DNA and DNA is found in a chromosome.
TRUE.
An increase in the concentration of a substrate will typically increase the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
TRUE.
If two enzymes (e.g., pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase) compete for the same substrate (pyruvate), the one with the higher Km has less affinity and will be more active when pyruvate concentrations are high.
TRUE.
A researcher in the field of nutritional genomics is LEAST likely to study ____.
The interaction between genetically engineered foods and health.
DNA contains:
The pentose deoxyribose and base pairs made from -adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
What is the role of cholesterol in plasma membrane structure?
To regulate fluidity and permeability.
Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA?
Uracil.
The fluid portion of the cytoplasmic matrix does not contain ____.
Urea.
What is released when glucose is completely oxidized?
Water and carbon dioxide.
Elongation is the process by which ____.
tRNAs bring amino acids one by one to add to the new protein.
Diagnostic enzymology focuses on ____.
Intracellular enzymes that express their activity in the blood abnormally due to a disease process.
The carbohydrate portion of the plasma membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids are oriented ____
Outwardly, away from the cytoplasmic matrix.
In which organelle does protein synthesis from polypeptides occur?
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Encoded within the nuclear DNA of each cell is ____.
The entire genome for that organism.