AIC

declaration to the 7

" june 1918 promised the following: in Arab territories independent before the war or liberated by Arab forces, Great Britain recognized the "complete and sovereign independence of the Arabs. In regards to areas freed from turkish rule by the allied powers - the future government of such lands should be based on the consent of the governed. This condition presumably applied to the southern half of Palestine, including Jerusalem and Jaffa, and Iraq from Baghdad south. . As for regions still under Turkish domination, namely, northern Palestine, Syria, and northern Iraq, the British promised to work for the "freedom and independence" of their inhabitants

suez canal

1875 britain bought the suez canal shares of the Egyptian ruler, security of the canal became vital to their imperial interests, an association that created greater interest in Egypt's financial and internal stability. As part of this concern, Britain acquired the island of Cyprus from the Ottomans at the Congress of Berlin, viewing it as a potential naval base able to protect the Suez Canal if the Ottomans crumbled

balfour declaration

1917 promised the Jews a national home in Palestine. Did not meet all Zionist requirements, but went a long way toward recognition of a future Jewish state in Palestine and was recognized as such by those in London who supported its proclamation - was the product of intense activity and lobbying by several leading Zionists (most important = chaim weizmann)

bund

: Leftist/international perspective through which Jews opposed zionism in 1920s/30s. Leftists focus on class conflict and are anti-nationalist (Believe people who push the idea of nationalism do so to divide the working class so they can prevent eventual class conflict and that nationalism is reactionary and unnecessarily divisive). Leftists want to downplay nationalist tendencies as much as possible Leftists tend to be internationalist, and want to downplay national divisions and focus on class conflict as key division in society instead of ethnic or religious conflict. During 1920s and 30s most of european jews were leftist - many of european jews didn't really identify as being jewish and really opposed jewish nationalism. Preferred to focus on fighting for the rights of workers and peasants in europe. They viewed europe as their home and wanted to focus on bettering it. They saw fact that their ancestors lived in israel 2000 years ago as not really relevant. Instead wanted to focus struggle on what's was going on around them (not on distant dreams of emigrating to palestine). Holocaust largely wiped out the secular jewish lefitst anti-zionist movement.

religious zionism

: emerged in 20s and 30s, idea of going to palestine because we're fulfilling gd's commandment, reversal of the diaspora (precursor to emergence of jewish religious political parties). 15% of vote usually goes to jewish religious parties. Religious parties are zionsit but formulate it all in religious terms and have a religious agenda (like shitting down transport on shabbat, exempting religious students from idf, etc)

british response to arab revolt

Arab revolt became widespread 1938 - Hagana and British forces cooperated. The Hagana was permitted to arm itself legally and special Jewish units, formed under the direction of a British officer, Orde Wingate, carried out night attacks on "guerrilla" bases. In addition, in 1937 a Revisionist splinter group known as the Irgun Zvai Leumi began its own operations The Irgun advocated terrorist tactics in response to those used by Arabs who attacked individual Jews. In three weeks in 1937, Irgun bombs planted in Arab marketplaces killed seventy-seven Arabs British forces were hella harsh in treatment of arabs - hanged 100 of them in 2 years The houses of families suspected of harboring guerrillas were dynamited, a practice adopted by the Hagana and after 1948 by the Israeli government British tried to curb irgun acts by hanging a member of betar for an attack on an arab bus - Jews viewed it as discriminatory - which encouraged the Irgun to undertake more intensive actions against Arabs and to prepare for resistance to the British (so baically thsi made jews ramp up terrorist acts)

T.E. Lawrence

British advisor sent to help husayn and sons pull off arab revolt

palestine british amdnate

British mandate of palestine established at San Remo Conference (1920-1948) included special provisions to benefit Zionist community (Small but started growing rapidly in 1920s and 30s) mandate originally also included area that is now jordan (aftersplitting transjordan from the palestine mandate, british put Abdullah Hussein (other son of Sharif) in power

peel commission 1937

Commission of british officials to come up with solution of what was emerging as arab israeli conflict. concluded palestine mandate was not viable - terms were impossible to sustain especially in the face of unyielding hostility in conflicting demands for statehood made by arabs and jews Arab objections to Jewish immigration and land purchases were unwarranted, but since Jewish statehood could come about only by imposing it on a hostile Arab population, it too was contrary to the mandate, which was supposed to guard Arab as well as Jewish interests Peel believed issue could only be resolved by partition of palestine into separate independent arab and jewish states Great Britain would remain as a mandatory power in a zone including the holy places Recommended that Palestine be partitioned along certain lines. Recommendation was immediately rejected by arabs - they said it was their land and had been british had no right to partition the land and Jews had no right to try to make it theirs. Also opposed this partition because it gave the Jews the majority of Palestine's fertile land (north/coastal strip). Recommendation partially accepted by Zionists. Lots of arab opposition to peel plan - arab state would get 80% of palestine BUT jews would get most of the fertile land

david ben gurion

David Ben-Gurion was the first Prime Minister of Israel and widely hailed as the State's main founder. Came to israel in second aliyah. Ben-Gurion was a founder of the trade unions, and, in particular, the national federation, the Histadrut, which he dominated from the early 1920's. When forming the state needed support from orthodox jews and created status quo agreement with the Orthodox Agudat Yisrael party. Ben-Gurion became Prime Minister and Defense Minister at different times. Mapai and labor party

new yishuv

Dedicated to aim of building self-reliant and prosperous jewish society and culture, one of its triumphs = rebirth of hebrew as a spoken language after 2,000 years of it only being liturgical/read. Jews living in israel (post WWI, but before independence) evolved into an autonomous society; "a state in the making," ready for independence. The Jewish community in Palestine prior to the declaration of the state of Israel, including the pre-Zionist era (Old Yishuv) as well as the Zionists of the late Ottoman Turkish rule and British mandate eras (New Yishuv). Zionist immigration transformed the Yishuv from a passive aggregate into an organized political body. The Yishuv, primarily the Zionist Yishuv, elected a national assembly ("The Asefat Hanivharim") which elected an executive - the Vaad Leumi

Hajj Amin al-Husseini:

Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, was not a islamist, not a religious political figure, was a secularist, wasn't advocating an islamic state, dispite his religious title - he was a palestinan nationalist - first major palestinian nationalist leader, was a key figure in 30s, during ww2 and after -Emerged as the unquestioned leader of the Palestinian Arab movement. -established himself in Egypt and took over effective, if absentee, control of the Arab Higher Committee; -absence from Palestine had enshrined him in the memory of the peasants as the leader of resistance to Zionism and the British. Was seen as symbolizing Arab nationalist goals generally, a status of which Arab heads of state were well aware. Embodied uncompromising nationalist resistance to Zionism. -1947 determined to control the Palestinian Arab resistance and any aid offered by the Arab states (arab league wouldnt give him the money he wanted, confirmed his suspicion that Arab leaders wished to decide the fate of Palestine.)

landless arab

Jewish Agency's definition of what constituted a "landless Arab," referred to tenant cultivators only. A much larger category of persons who were actually landless as a result of Jewish land purchases was automatically excluded, especially "owners who habitually let their lands, ploughmen and persons who, from debt or bad seasons or other causes, had ceased to be cultivators and had become laborers, etc" As a result Landless Arab Inquiry of 1931-1933 accepted fewer than 900 claims of displacement out of a total of nearly 4,000, a major propaganda victory for the Jewish Agency

1st arab revolt

Lavishly funded by Britain, the Arab tribal armies were commanded by Husayn's sons, but military plans and supplies were organized by a select group of British advisers, notably T. E. Lawrence. Arab revolt declared by sharif husayn in june 1916. Initially arab revolt showed little military promise. Mecca and the coastal Hijaz had been quickly secured, but Medina would hold out under Turkish control until the war's end. The Arab conquest of Aqaba would not occur until July 1917. Arab revolt made important contributions during campaigns into Palestine (1917) and Syria (1918), when the army led by Faysal played an important role in cutting supply lines and in threatening the Ottoman / German eastern flanks

british interest in palestine

Linking support of the Jews to Britain's interests was a means of furthering Britain's immediate wartime needs while ensuring its long-range imperial goals

1919 paris peace conference

Main focus = what to do with territories that the defeated powers had controlled before the war but would now be taken away (reallocating the losers territories abroad). Plan that emerged was that areas former territories of defeated powers outside of europe would become Mandates -wouldn't become colonies and wouldn't automatically become free (because they thought they were too backwards to have self rule). Major powers would be put in charge of these areas temporarily with the mandate of helping these areas make transition to successful independence - was mainly going to be british and french doing the mandates. Key parts of ME would be divided up as mandates amongst europeans to promote independence for local populations under this mandate

may day riots 1921

May day 1921 riots erupted in TLV between jewish communits (parading in support of a soviet palestine) and socialists who opposed the. Fighting spread into arab jaffa -> led to arab attacks on jews and jewish reprisals. Jaffa immigrants hotel = main target of arab attacks - where many incoming zionists stayed. Further violence occurred almost immediately as the Nebi Musa celebrations began. Arabs attacked Jewish settlements, which were armed, and the British responded with air attacks on the Arab rioters.

arab executive

Palestinian nationalist umbrella group founded in 1920. It was formed at the third Arab Congress in Haifa. Primarily a conservative organization of the middle and landowning classes, led by member of al-husyani family. Through direct appeals to the British government and the League of Nations, the Arab Executive opposed the imposition of British rule, whose formal mandate (written by the British themselves) was founded on the provisions of the Balfour Declaration. Its position as Palestinian nationalist umbrella group was filled in 1936 by the Arab Higher Committee.

anti zionists

Plenty of european jews who disagreed with zionist project throught there was no good reason to emigrate and work towards builidng a jewish state -didn't really identify with those living in palestine and had different agenda for where they thought focus of jews should be. Two factions - religious and bund

1939 white paper

Recognition that partitioning palestine would not work. Instead proposed 10 year transition period after which they would establish a secular bi-national state (Secular meaning the state would not be defined by religion - not a jewish nor muslim nor chirstian state - not jewish or arab. Binational meaning both arabs and jews would be citizens of it with equal rights and protections conferred onto both communities. State meaning independence). During this 10 year period british would create strict limits on jewish immigration and land purchase (immigration wasn't frozen but was very limited). After 10 years would establish a confederation Balfour Declaration didn't mean Palestine should be converted into a Jewish State against the will of the Arab population of the country. Called for the creation of a Jewish National Home in an independent Palestinian stat. Jewish immigration would be permitted to continue at a maximum pace of 15,000 yearly for five years, after which it could occur only with Arab agreement. In addition, 25,000 refugees would be admitted. Unlimited land transfers to Jews would be restricted to designated coastal areas. The White Paper foresaw an independent Palestine within ten years, at which time the Jews would comprise no more than one-third of the population The British government would develop self-governing institutions incorporating both Arabs and Jews during this period, even if both sides rejected the idea. If there were no cooperation and Palestine seemed unsuitable for independence after ten years, then Great Britain would consult with Palestinian Arabs and Jews, Arab states, and the League of Nations to determine the course it should take. Both Arabs and Jews rejected the 1939 White Paper

second aliyah 1904-1914

Second aliyah and the zionist movement revived by another wave of savage persecution and another wave of embittered refugees, russian revolution of 1905 triggered massive repetition of bloody pogrums from 1903 (govt super into using jews as target to divert popular discontent) exodus from russia brought 34,000 jewish settlers to ottoman palestine in decade before WWI - second aliyah produced most of the leaders and set idological tone for the yishuv until well after israel became a state -- combined zionism with agrarian ethos and a socialist and proletariian ideology that made all manual labor an object of worship - emphasis on reforming and rebuilidng basic structure of jewish life (not just saving jewish lives) became central pillar -Many of the jewish immigrants in this wave were socialists nurtured in the revolutionary atmosphere prevalent in Russian intellectual circles. But they were also Zionists who were determined to achieve their socialist ideals within a separate Jewish environment rather than as part of a world movement. -Their vision of a new Jewish society entailed a commitment to the land and to the creation of a socialist agricultural basis for the future Israel. In this they fused their socialist ideals with the agricultural vision of the "religion of labor" by which Jews would redeem the land of Israel. -Jewish labor alone would be the basis of this new society - this idea caused people in second aliya to ook down on the earlier generation of Jewish settlers whose farms employed Palestinian Arabs. -Zionists in second aliya believed Jewish socialism meant an egalitarian Jewish society that excluded Arabs -The second aliyah was very sociaist in addition to being very zionist Much more nationalist than first 35,000 jews emigrated -Kibbutzim were a pretty important/prominent thing in early zinoist movement -> wanted to employ other jews, not arabs on kibbutzim -Denounced first aliyah settlers for employing arabs in their villages - arguing this undercut the aim of self reliance and wouldnt contribute to rehabilitation of jewish life/jewish occupational structure

5th aliyah 1929-1939

Similar characteristics to 4th aliyah, but everything was greatly magnified by great depression (started 1929) and ofc the rise of nazism in germany which scared the hell out of jews in europe. Consisted mainly of people going to palestine not for ideological zinoist reasons but to escape the rapidly deteriorating conditions they were facing in central and eastern europe

why arab general strike?

Strike was staged in response to several events: the killing of the resistance leader Izz al-Din al-Qassam by the British; the discovery of clandestine arms shipments to Zionist groups; and a British proposal for a limited legislature in which the minority Zionist community would have been overrepresented. The strike led to an armed revolt, which was met with a military response by the Mandatory authorities.

mandate system

a formula whereby former German or Ottoman territories could be taken over temporarily by the victors. The country awarded a mandate over a given area accepted it with the understanding that it would encourage the development of political, economic, and social institutions to the point that self-government would result and that the mandatory power would withdraw. It was thus a system of tutelage (British and French officials viewed it principally as a means of legitimizing their control of desired territories while satisfying Wilson's concerns for the application of the principle of self-determination)

white paper

a proposal - usually fairly elaborate proposal on issue x - more tentative than a 100% definite plan, but is more than just a memo - is a substantial govt document but not always officially adopted

Hussein-McMahon Correspondence

a series of letters exchanged in 1915-16, during World War I, between Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, emir of Mecca, and Sir Henry McMahon, the British high commissioner in Egypt. In general terms, the correspondence effectively traded British support of an independent Arab state in exchange for Arab assistance in opposing the Ottoman Empire. It was later contradicted by the incompatible terms of the Sykes-Picot Agreement, secretly concluded between Britain and France in May McMahon stated that except for the areas where britain could act without f--king up french interests - GB pledged "to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all the regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca" and to protect the holy places against external aggression These areas appeared to include, at the least, central Syria including Damascus, Homs, Hama, and Aleppo, northern Iraq, and Arabia. **McMahon's letters seemed to promise independence, subject to an Arab rebellion. Such independence, when applied in light of the proclamation sent to Abdullah in December 1914, included Palestine, Syria, and Iraq. McMahon's declaration was intended to promise more than it would fulfill McMahon was purposefully evasive when referring to french interests - was careful not to use precise language regarding areas french might want Brits didn't feel bound by the promises McMahon made to Sharif - thought terms like independence and statehood were meaningless to arabs

arab general strike 1936 (revolt stage 1)

after attacks by quassam's people on some jewish civilians, revisionist leader retaliated with his militias killing some palestinians -> Then some back and forth violence -> Arab Higher committee called for general strike by all Arab workers and government employees, a boycott of Jewish goods and sales to Jews, and attacks on Jews, Jewish settlements, and British forces = phase 1 of arab revolt Stage was pretty unsuccessful - ie arab workers in jewish enterprises couldn't strike because then they'd be replaced with jewish workers, arab govt employees couldn't strike because then they wouldn't be able to influence govt policies. Strike simply encouraged further Zionist self-reliance and labor Zionist goals.

1858 land law

aimed at regularizing land ownership through system of registration and taxation - impact was to transfer much communal land (that had been farmed by peasants for generations) to private ownership. New class of wealthy and often absentee landowners emerged - pushed aside traditional clan-based leadership. Large number of landless tenants also emerged - due to their lack of legal claim to the land they became vulnerable to displacement if land was sold to new owners. This situation was a key factor in many large land purchaes by zionist movement

Herzl

an assimilated viennese jewish journalist, put zionism on the map, representative of jews in western europe who first put confidence in assimilation into modernizing european society only to be stunned by new nationalist and racial antisemitism of 1890s, herzl covered the dreyfus affair for a newspaper and was appalled by rising tide of antisemitism in vienna, in his pamphlet he argued for the integration of jews into world history as a nation - not individuals - jews would achieve normal existence only when they enjoyed equality with other nations that had achieved independent statehood. Efforts produced the formation of the World Zionist Organization in 1897 - he did not instigate idea of zionism, but his contributions to development of zionism were seminal - was inspired to commit himself to the cause by the dreyfus affair -Herzl was not committed to Palestine as the prospective Jewish homeland, although he did not discount it as the ideal solution. He preferred to accept empty territory that might be offered, like sections of argentina -Herzl wanted a "charter" from ottoman sultan that would permit jewish settlement in palestine -> efforts were fruitless -> turned to european govts with influence in constantinople -Herzl conducted diplomacy with german, british, french, russian govts and the pope to get them to support his project and use their influence in constantinople - all to no avail -Herzl died in 1904 without getting the charter or having significantly advanced actual jewish settlement in palestine - but did leave behind a mass movement that had galvanized hopes and dreams of jews everywhere (esp eastern europe) and left behind organizational framework ready to respond -Herzl preferred to pursue zionist objectives via diplomacy - He continued to seek Ottoman approval for Jewish settlement and the idea of a Jewish state in return for Jewish repayment of the substantial Ottoman national debt -Herzl opposed the efforts of Eastern European Zionists to create a de facto Jewish presence in the area because he feared they would undermine his diplomatic endeavors.

zionist commission

arrived in April 1918 to act as the representative of the Zionist movement and was granted status as a semi-independent body by the Foreign Office Members of the zionist commission asked military officials to grant the Hebrew language equal status with Arabic in all official proclamations, to appoint Jews as government officials, to appoint a Jew as mayor of Jerusalem, and to move to ensure that half of the municipal council of Jerusalem would be Jewish. British officials complied with the first two demands and acceded to the Zionist Commission's request that Jewish government employees be granted higher pay than Arabs because, the commission argued, as Europeans they needed higher salaries to live on . Zionists were also permitted to fly the Zionist flag, the symbol of their aspiration to sovereignty, but Arabs were prohibited by government order from flying theirs. These actions had a devastating effect on the Palestinian Arabs still recovering from the war

a hidden question

article published by yizhak epstein, acknowledged the importance of question regarding relationship with arabs of palestine. argued for negotiated soultuion that would make arabs partners and beneficiaries in the zionist enterpreise (jews remain senior partners) - helped to frame debate within zionist mvmt that developedin following years

faysal husayn

as initially installed as king of syria (even though british had agreement with french, they didn't want them ****ing with their interests in the region, hady had husayns army libterate syria so they could use it as pretext to give arabs syria.) French believed Faysal's presence symbolized Arab nationalist aspirations - wanted to oust him - they presented him with a series of ultimatums and then marched on Damascus even though Faysal had accepted them. Damascus fell to the French on July 24, and Faysal was escorted to British Palestine. Faysal's brief rule in syria left a memory of arab independence and the potential for Arab unity that resonates to the present day. Brits decided to install Faysal in Baghdad, "the best and cheapest solution," and to grant to his brother Abdullah eastern Palestine, which became Transjordan.

dreyfus affair

assimilated French (jewish) army officer was wrongly accused (and convicted) of treason. This case was really important to Western Jews because it was symbolic of people turning against the Jews (previously western jews had been trying to assimilate into western culture, this trial indicated there was only so far they could assimilate. This event occurred as Pogroms were occurring in the east. Combination of these events made Jews question their status in Europe, many assuming things would only get worse going forward, led to creation of zionist movement. this event shocked and disillusioned the jewish world, those who had been the most eager to assimilate now became the most disillusioned

palestinism

belief that the arab population originating in the arab of the palestine mandate is distinct from other arab groups with a right to its own nation state in that territory - sense of palestine as a distinct area derived from its religious importance and past use of the term in a geographic/political sense and bc of the fact that it seemed to be a particular target for foreign penetration - these elements were present before appearance of zionism

aaron david gordon

came to palestine 1904, argued doctrine of manual labor as a form of secular redemption - his writings on self realization through physical labor were a strong influence on the emergence of the kibbutz

kibbutz

communal settlement - second aliyah started the kibbutzim part of the mvmt, jewish social agricultural operation

syria + lebanon french mandate

controlled by French (after fighting pro independence forces in syria). Originally split it into 5 different 'statelets' but in 1930 combined 4 of the statelets to form Syria (syria also = patchwork of ethno linguistic groups) and the 5th statelet became Lebanon (had very narrow balance between christian and muslims, Lebanon is hella complex patchwork of different religions making it very hard to govern)

herut

core faction of right parties, emerged out of the Revisionist Zionist movement during the Yishuv period, held a maximalist interpretation of the Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate, rejecting any division of the biblical Land of Israel, precursour to Likud. Begin was member of Herut. Focused more on issues of identity and foreign policy and held to maximal demands for the borders of the Jewish state, emphasized an aggressive security policy.

pale of settlement

created as a result of laws passed in 1790 and 1791 - decree that jews couldn't live in major russian cities of the interior - They were confined to the former Polish territories and certain other areas of southwest Russia, where they were supposed to live in the larger cities (but not kiev and sevastopol)

histadrut

created december 1920 - single worker's organization created by agdut ha'avodah and hapoel hatzair - became dominant force in jewish affairs in palestine - both parties retained individual identities within the group and competed for power (ben-gurion eventually won). the General Federation of Labor in Israel; founded in 1920, the largest labor union and the largest voluntary organization in Israel and largest Jewish labor organization in the world. Since 1960, Arab workers and their wives have been admitted with full membership rights."unites and organizes all workers, without distinction of creed, race, nationality or outlook, etc" By opening its employment office to Arabs, the Histadrut provided fellaheen with easier access to the labor market and a degree of wage protection. Histadrut's emphasis on socialism and collectivity threatened rather than contributed to the likelihood of Zionist success - Passfield white paper of october 1930 criticized Jewish colonization policies and the immigration practices of the Histadrut that focused on Jewish labor One of the most powerful institutions in the Yishuv (the body of Jewish residents in the region prior to the establishment of the state). The Histadrut became one of the most powerful institutions in the state of Israel, a mainstay of the Labour Zionist movement and, aside from being a trade union, its state-building role made it the owner of a number of businesses and factories and, for a time, the largest employer in the country.

the jewish agency

created in 1929 as new governing body of zionist movement in palestine, suplanted the palestine zionist executive.formal representative of jewish community vis-a-vis british mandatory government. Gradually aquired attributes of proto-government for jewish community, HQ in jerusalem with london office directed by its president Chaim Weizmann. Agency's partnership with Weizmann and the WZO would help coordinate the pursuit of Zionist objectives in Palestine and the representation of their interests before the British government in London and the League of Nations, which supervised the mandate.

Arab Higher Committee

created on 25 April 1936 in Mandatory Palestine by six leading Palestinian political parties to coordinate the general strike that had begun on 15 April. It was led by Hajj Amin al-Husayni. became the chief Palestinian nationalist organization. Its goals were to boycott Jewish businesses, to end Zionist land purchases and Jewish immigration, and to replace British rule with an independent elected national legislature and government. Rejected peel commission recommendation. Outlawed after guerilla attacks on brittish, reinstated 1945 under the auspices of the Arab League and was recognized by Britain as representing the Arabs of Palestine. Factional disputes, however, made it politically ineffective, and it broke into two competing groups With the outbreak of Arab attacks on Jews in April 1936, the feuding Arab factions joined forces in a temporary display of unity to form the Arab Higher Committee. The committee called for a general strike by all Arab workers and government employees, a boycott of Jewish goods and sales to Jews, and attacks on Jews, Jewish settlements, and British forces. Collapsed at the conclusion of the Arab Revolt in early 1939. Many of its leaders were in exile, having fled Palestine to avoid capture by the British, was reconstituted after WWII

passfield white paper 1930

criticized Jewish colonization policies and the immigration practices of the Histadrut that focused on Jewish labor, arguing that consideration must be given to all the unemployed in Palestine. The White Paper called on Jewish leaders to make "concessions ... in regard to the independent and separatist ideas which have developed in some quarters in respect of the Jewish National Home." It asked the Arabs to recognize "the facts of the situation," which presumably meant accepting the Jews then living in Palestine Passfield White Paper aroused a furor that seemed to threaten the stability of the MacDonald government. Weizmann resigned as head of the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency. MacDonald eventually repudiated the Passfield White Paper

socialist zionists

david ben gurion = leader - under ben gurion (who was head of jewish agency at the time - main organization facilitating zionist emigration from europe to palestine) ben gurion and others had an ambivalent attitude twoards british during ww2 - they understood importance of war in europe (even more so for the jews bc once us got involved gemrna threat was much much more dire for european jews than it was for brits) zinoists took the war effort very very seriously and didn't want to do anything to undermine british war effort and in many ways cooperated with british officals in palestine, but still wanted to accomplish their goals of jewish state - zionst leadership was very involved in smuggling jews into palestine, brought in as many eruopean jews as possibel 0 in confrontatino to british policy

mizrahim

eastern Jews (living east of the holy land) some went to Iran, big jewish community in yemen, ethiopia, babylon = big center of jewish life at this time. Mizrahi jews were very spread out from/didn't have contact with, their practice of judaism evolved in different ways

WZO

established by Theodor Herzl 1897 (to exploit momentum created by publication of the jew's state) brought together most of the disparate groups loosely organized into hovevei zion - aim of mvmt was to create for the jewish people a home in palestine secured by public law (herzl insisted on working openly within existing state system) (palestine because most of herzl's clientele was eastern european and unlike herzl couldn't conceive of a jewish state anywhere but the ancestral homeland)

JNF

established by Theodor Herzl 1901. Meant to be kind of like a bank to get money from wealthy european jews to help finance by european jews and help give money for purchase of land. established for the express purpose of purchasing and developing land for Jewish settlements in Palestine. The fund played a major role in the acquisition of land that became inalienably Jewish, never to be sold to or worked by non-Jews, as part of the program to establish a dominant Jewish presence in the area.

truth from eretz yisrael

first serious zionist recognition of a arab problem, written by ahad ha'am who condemns jewish conduct towards arabs, but shares in general view that success of zionist enterprise would itself resolve any conflict by bringing blessings of euriopean civilization to local population

vladimir jabotinsky

founder of revisionist party, believed Zionism should focus solely on the creation of a Jewish state, ideally in conjunction with Great Britain. But if Britain were unwilling to act decisively, Jewish forces should be mobilized to attain statehood by military action against the British - immediate achievement of statehood was most important thing and outweighed all else. Demanded union of palestine east and west of the jordan - incorporating region of transjordan into palestine

baron de rothschile

french jew who was the benefactor of many of the early settlements built in israel. BILU kibbutzim survived early on not because of of funds from Russian Jews but primarily because of the philanthropy of wealthy Western Jews such as Sir Moses Montefiore and particularly Baron Edmond de Rothschild

capitulations

gave european powers standing to intervene on behalf of designated groups within ottoman territory - process that allowed dhimmis escape Ottoman control by gaining the protection of a European power. Extraterritorial judicial powers to protect own citizens and ottoman citizens who shared their faith (these were helpful in that under ottoman rule jews couldn't emigrate to palestine, but jews who snuck in were able to stay because of their country's use of capitulations

socialism

goal of reducing socioeconomic inequality in society - opposite of individualism

nationalism

group of people with common (sense of) identity based on ethnicity, sometimes language

aliyah

immigrating to eretz yisrael (as described in the torah)

zionism

jewish nationalism.Jewish national movement, strove to est jewish presence in palestine as the forerunner to an ultimate jewish state. The modern Zionist movement dates from the second half of the nineteenth century, inspired by secular nationalism and anti-Jewish prejudice in Western and especially Eastern Europe

first aliyah 1882-1903

jews emigrating to israel for religious reasons, not for jew state idea - going for idea of one day in the diaspora we will return to holy land (protozionist) motivated by religious concerns 20-30,000 people and many didn't stay permanently because things didn't work out. Founded 17 new settlements during this period, many also settled in cities - strong agrarian thrust to this settlement effort - reflecting yearning for a return to the soil as part of the return to life as a normal nation. First aliyah wasn't successful at being a big thing the world noticed, jews = less than 10% of population, little noted presence, and only a few thousand of them were in new zionist settlements

sephardim

jews historically associated with spain, over 1,000 yrs spain displaced babylon as major jewish center (until 14000s) -> jews kicked out/forced to convert in late 1400s as part of spanish inquisition -> jews fled to morocco, greece, turkey, and other countries around eastern mediterannean (most went to countries ruled by ottomans) divergences in religious practices

ashkenazi

jews who went to central europe post diaspora, Ashkenazi jews were isolated from sephardic and eastern jews, so their practices evolved in another direction - jews of europe were persecuted pretty extensively by the christians/kings in western europe-> coalesced into central europe. In 900 years ashkenazi branch went from miniscule to majority of jews -

menachem begin

joined Ze'ev Jabotinsky's Betar youth movement in his teens, rising quickly to important administrative and leadership positions. In charge of betar in czechoslovakia then poland. engaged in weapons training to defend Polish Jewry, preparation and transport of "illegal" immigrants to Israel, agricultural training, and communications. Worked with irgun to plan Jewish uprising against the British authorities. Begin disbanded the Irgun after establishment of israel

Izzat al-Din al-Qassem

key figure (but not as much as husseini) was a proto islamist leader (in the vein of islamists but not as developed as it is today) was a sunni cleric, talking about islamic state - organized a milita in mid 1930s that clashed with zionists and british mandate forces, he was killed in 1935 - hamas has taken him as a key figure named the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades (military wing of Hamas) after him

chaim weizmann

leading zionist who lobbied british govt for balfour declaration, later became firt president of state of israel. deeply involved in WZO activities in europe since turn of century - was prominent inside and outside jewish circles in england, was a persuasive public speaker and convinced several prominent people in manchester to the cause. Post WWI Zionist leadership headed by chaim weizmann - focused on getting great powers to recognize zionist right to palestine. During the war he established ties with important personalities within the British government, including Mark Sykes, who supported Zionism. British willingness to issue the Balfour Declaration was largely due to Weizmann's efforts. Balfour declaration result of blending of Weizmann's arguments regarding the value of Zionism to British interests with wartime developments that led British officials to decide that they should control Palestine rather than permit it to be internationalized. First president of israel

BILU

made up of jewish university students - believed jews needed to be awakened from the false dream of assimilation, goal of the movement was "a home in our country" and if not wanted at least a state within a larger state that would govern itself domestically but govern itself within the turkish empire in foreign affairs - were insignificant numerically - only 60 ever settled in israel and many didn't remain - their significance was that of an intellectual vanguard that first declared the explicit goal of statehood - only a few jewish intellectuals were ready to support this goal. First seeds of zionist movement - founded by students from Kharkov who decided to establish agricultural settlements in Palestine. BILU ideals left a lasting impression on later Zionists because the group envisaged a Jewish state in Palestine founded on the principles of Jewish agriculture and Jewish labor - All these factors would later be part of Zionist labor ideology. Were quite specific about the need to return to Palestine, the ancient home of the Jews, rather than to seek a haven elsewhere. BILU vision of agricultural communes led ultimately to the forming of kibbutzim

Hagannah

main paramilitary organization of the Jewish Yishuv in Mandatory Palestine between 1920 and 1948, which later became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). The Arab riots in 1920 and 1921 strengthened the view that it was impossible to depend upon the British authorities and that the yishuv needed to create an independent defense force completely free of foreign authority. In June 1920, the Haganah was founded, during arab revolt counseled self-restraint, but from 1936 onward this meant selective retaliation rather than purely defensive measure

diaspora

means "scattered", the movement of jews out of their traditional lands to locations throughout the world, in 135 AD the Romans drove all Jews out of the holy land, Jews spread very widely, goal of zionism to reverse the diaspora. Out of the diaspora 3 distinct populations emerged (sephardim, mizrahim, and ashkenazi)

YL pinkser

member of Hibbat Zion, wrote book book Autoemancipation which was published in 1881. believed that Jews had to acquire territory somewhere in order to escape the persecution they experienced in Europe, but he was not committed to a Jewish return to Palestine. had little faith in the assimilation process under way in the West. believed Jewish security in Europe was a mirage. Said that Jews had to emancipate themselves rather than rely on non-Jews, became leader of hibat xion at some point and was leader until his death in 1891

religious anti zionists

members of ultra-orthodox community who think there should not be a jewish state because they believe only G-d (and the messiah?) can lead the jews back to the promised land, believe that zionism is a perversion of the torah. Disagree with religious zionists and really disagree with secular zionists). This is not a big movement, especially today, but its not insignificant. Religious anti-zionists are not represented politically in israel, and are unable to contest elections (because they are against the state of israel and thus don't live there/participate in elections. About 15 years ago a bunch of the leaders of this movement met with the leader of iran. Holocaust largely wiped out the orthodox anti-zionist movement

revisionists

militant-leaning zionist party (thought zinoists had to be in militias, had a very expansionsit vew of end game boreders of israel wanted both sides of jordan river) and was anti socialist - very much in contrast to main approach prior to this time. Founded by Vladimir (Ze'ev) Jabotinsky. Precursor to Likud

old yishuv

more traditional jewish community that had existed before zionism and was largely hostile to newcomers. passive aggregate of all Jews who had lived in Palestine, some continuously since Roman times, others for hundreds years

non zionist

not in favor and not against the zionist project

allenby's jerusalem declaration

once british captured jerusalem in december 1917 british general Allenby issued a proclamation securing the city (proclamation of martial law) announcement in English, but it was read in Arabic, Hebrew, and French also. Allenby assured residents that Britain would maintain the status quo regarding the established religious rights and practices of all groups represented in the city. Jewish attempts to alter such practices with respect to men and women praying together at the Western Wall would result in major Arab-Jewish clashes in 1929. French strongly suspected the British of exploiting such proclamations to justify excluding them from Syria

ronald storrs

oriental secretary at the british agency in cairo informed sharif ab commitment to arabs - told husayan that in return for any assistance the "Arab nation" might give to the British, they would defend the Arabs against external aggression, protect Husayn against internal threats, and support the principle that an "Arab of true race" might become caliph in Mecca. promised Sharif British protection and the installation of the caliphate in Mecca, with Husayn presumably as caliph

palestine zionist executive

oversaw the activities of the major organizations that had been created to secure a Zionist presence, such as the Keren Hayesod and the Jewish National Fund

der judenstat

pamphlet written by herzl = new solution to the "jewish problem" published 1896 - quickly published in numerous languages, had explosive impact on jewish and non jewish worlds - was breakthrough that brought zionism to the world's attention. Called for the creation of a Jewish state that would absorb European Jewry and thus end the anti-Semitism that still prevailed even in Western Europe and proved that assimilation was impossible - directed his appeal to European statesmen and wealthy Jews in the West (hoping they would provide financial assistance for the formation of an organization that would arrange the transference of Jews to their new home). Argued that: 1). Antisemitism is inevitable even in "enlightened" countries 2). Assimilation is therefore doomed to failure and jewish life will remain deforemd 3). Only logical solution is a jewish state - even anti-semites should support the idea 4). For this to happen there must be broad international support 5). The present possessors of territory set aside as a jewish state would benefit from its development into a modern society

arab revolt stage 2

peel commission) September 1937 to January 1939 (happened after british officials became targets of arab violence. violence continued even though the Arab Higher Committee had disbanded after Hajj Amin al-Husayni fled. With the Arab Higher Committee in disarray, leadership of the revolt devolved to individual commanders in the field. Peasant despair at their lot and hatred of the great landowners caused the revolt to last a year and a half and to include retaliatory attacks on leading Arab families, not just on Jews and British troops Once the Arab Revolt became widespread, in 1938 the Hagana and British forces cooperated. British forces were harsh in their treatment of the Arabs. Between 1937 and 1939 over one hundred were hanged, and many more were killed by British troops in acts of unofficial retribution

maskilim

people who were previously eager to assimilate but became disillusioned post dreyfus trial, proponents of the haskalah (jewish enlightenment) and of integration into modern western liberal society - who felt betrayed and began to look for new, radical answers they had thought was on its way to resolution

confederation

political system in which considerable power is devolved to more a local level of political units. Individual states voluntary unite (like the EU - EU is essentially a confederation). Confederation has extensive self rule by separate units (usually separate ethnic groups) along ethnolinguistic and ethnic divides. Method of trying to cement together a society that is deeply divided -- as palestine was by 1939. Other examples of confederations include switzerland and belgium

shaw report

published march 1930 - identified Zionist immigration and land practices as the reasons for the 1929 riots. The report declared that "a landless and discontented class is being created" and it called for limitations on the transfer of land to non-Arabs. Called for more explicit British policy regulating land transfers and immigration, one that would, if implemented, sharply curtail the Jews' ability to pursue their national goals. Concluded fundamental cause of outbreak was Arab feeling of animosity and hostility towards the Jews consequent on the disappointment of their political and national aspirations and fear for their economic future -- fear of the Arabs that by Jewish immigration and land purchases they may be deprived of their livelihood and placed under the economic domination of the Jews Recommendations challenged the economic underpinnings of the mandate and thereby posed a domestic political threat to the British government, the minority cabinet of Ramsay MacDonald

Sykes-Picot Agreement

ratified in May 1916, defined areas of direct and indirect British and French control in Arab lands and southeast Turkey.In the areas of direct authority, both countries would have the right "to establish such direct or indirect administration or control as they desire and as they may think fit to arrange with the Arab State or Confederation of Arab States. In the spheres of indirect influence, each would "have priority of right of enterprise and local loans. Palestine was internationalized, the type of administration to be determined after discussions with Russia, other allies, and Sharif Husayn.

tsar alexander II

reign was a period of great reforms in russia - included vast changes in status of jews, residence restrictions loosened, opportunities in higher ed and govt service were expanded, integration into russian society encouraged, jews made great strides during his rule - was assassinated in march 1881.

tsar alexander III

rolled back liberalization that occurred under alexander II, within weeks of him coming to power there was a violent wave of pogroms - 250 pogroms in russia in 1881 alone (little to no police interference occurred). New russian regime saw anti-semitisim as a useful tool for diverting popular discontent, blamed the jews for having roused the anger of the people and used the situation to justify reimposition of extensive restrictions on jews. 4 million jews fled russia over the next 4 decades (2% of whom decided to go to palestine). was concerned with peasant unrest - to divert peasant hostility away from the govt, the government encouraged/tolerated attacks on jewish communities

pogrom

russian word for devastation - violent attacks on jewish communities - were a catalyst for jews to seek a haven in palestine. To many Jews pogroms were proof that Russia would never grant legal emancipation. Pogroms -> vast emigration movement 1.5 million jews left russia between 1900 and 1914 (most went to US but some directed attention towards palestine)

third aliyah 1919-1923

similar to 2nd aliyah in its socialist zionist character, people emigrating for ideological reasons. Belief in collective work, egalitarianism and commitment to collective ownership and building a jewish state in palestine (2 ideological strains- socialist and jewish nationalist - were brought together in this period). New immigrants were "young, enthusiastic, penniless workers," socialists for the most part, who were eager to contribute to the building of a Zionist society. - were antithesis of norms of arab culture - many arabs saw them as signifying the introduction of communism into palestine 10,000 jews entered palestine 1919-1920, 8,294 entered 1921 -most of them part of worker influx - rivalries among factions of these workers led to renewed outbreaks of Arab-Jewish strife

socialist jewish nationalism

socialist - jewish nationalism that believes in collective work and collective -- and egalitarianism and commitment to collective ownership most prominently featured in kibbutz movement and labor union acitivity that was very strong in this period - zionist part was commitment to work toward builidng evetnually a jewish state in palestine and these were 2 ideolgocal strainst hat were brought together in this period believes in collective work, egalitarianism and commitment to collective ownership (most prominently featured in kibbutz movement and labor union activity that was very strong in this period)

mesopotamia british amndate

soon morphed into iraq under the british mandate. The mandate (country) made up of a patchwork of people (ethnic Kurds, Arab Sunnis in northwest, Arab Shia in southeast) heterogeneous population of 3 different groups who distrusted and disliked each other. These groups have been fighting each other ever since. Initially, the British put Faysal Hussein (shaif's son) in charge of Damascus as king, but this upset the French who saw it as a breech of the Sykes-Picot agreement, thus the british withdrew their troops and made Faysal new king of Iraq in Baghdad

hibbat zion

soon to be known simply as zionism) focused on settlement in eretz yisrael and the rebuilding of jewish life there - sent several thousand settlers during 1880s - a total of 20,000-30,000 by 1903. emerged 1881-8882, Viewing themselves as the custodians of the Hebrew language and Jewish culture, they found life in Russia intolerable and saw emigration to Palestine as the only answer.

de bunsen committee

special committee appointed in april 1915 (chaired by maurice de bunsen) to explore a range of options defining potential areas of interest to Great Britain in the Middle East. In its report it identified four possible dispositions of Ottoman territory. The Committee's alternative recommendations were intended to clarify future discussions on the subject of partition. Its suggestions formed the basis of British policy for the rest of the war, especially with respect to French claims.

1929 western wall riots

started when jews brought a screen to divide male and female worshippers at wall, arabs scared that any alteration of status quo could be used later to argue further changes. Police had to forcibly take screen down jews protested to british govt. Wanting to do what they wanted at the wall, Jews tried to buy the wall. Mufti reacted by forming an arab committee to defend the wall, July 1929, the mufti resumed building activities around the wall, apparently hoping to pressure the British government to issue a statement supporting Muslim ownership of the property -> zionists freaked. Jabotinsky's Revisionist Party, formed a committee for a defense of the wall to match the Muslims. Betar marched to wall with zionist flag, then arabs marched to wall and burned the prayer papers jews put in the wall. Rumors then swirled that jews were planning attack on al-aqsa mosque. Arab militants poured in, attacked jewish quarters, rampage lasted 1 week. Struggle for control of the Western Wall evolved from a purely religious matter of long standing into a political confrontation in which both the hopes and the fears of the respective populations were fused. Result of the outbreak was to entrench Hajj Amin al-Husayni as leader of the Palestinian Arabs while at the same time weakening Arab ability to influence British policy

nation state

state that is dominated by and sees itself for a particular national group

dhimmi

status of protected people in the ottoman empire, given to other "people of the book" aka jews and christians. Ottomans viewed them as inferiors but accepted responsibility for their protection and usually acted swiftly when mobs threatened their safety

white paper of 1922

tated that Britain did "not contemplate that Palestine as a whole should be converted into a Jewish National Home, but that such a home should be founded in Palestine" - this departed from the spirit of the balfour declaration

pan arabism

the call for Arab unity. Was particularly strong in the central Arab lands lately under Ottoman rule, which had not experienced autonomy and a separate state administration Arab politicians focused on Damascus and control of Syria as the key to leadership of the Arab cause.

haskalah

the jewish enlightenment - sought to preserve the Jews as a separate, unique collective and worked for a cultural and moral renewal, especially a revival of Hebrew for secular purposes, pioneering the modern press and literature in the language. Concurrently, it strove for an optimal integration of the Jews in surrounding societies, including the study of native vernacular and adoption of modern values, culture and appearance, all combined with economic productivization. russian jewish movement, arose in 1850s, members attracted to western european literacy models and idea of legal equality with non-jews going on in western europe

social democracy

trying to implement socialism through democratic means

communism

trying to implement socialism through force - have to force socialism into society, through violence - can't get it done though the ballot box

arab revolt 1936-39

uprising of arabs in british palestine against both zionists and against the british leadership - arabs calling for independence, end to british mandate, majority rule, different arabs calling for different postures towards zionists (some wanting them to return to europe, some being more tolerant). 5,000 arabs killed in this revolt, mostly killed by the british were mostly fighting the british soldiers, several hundred jews also killed. General uprising of arabs against the status quo that had emerged. Can date official start of arab-israeli conflict to this revolt. Conisisted of 2 stages

fourth aliyah 1924-1928

was different in character to prior aliyot. By this time the US had increased immigration restrictions making it very difficult for European jews to immigrate to the US. As a result, a larger portion of European Jews emigrating out of Europe went to palestine. 4th aliyah consisted much more of european jewish immigrants who weren't particularly ideologically motivated - they were looking to escape persecution and tensions in europe and escape the precarious economic conditions that existed. Jews leaving europe for political not ideological reasons. Additionally, the jewish immigrants in this aliyah were generally more middle class (not going there as a result of ideological commitment to zionism and socialism)

sharif hussein of mecca

was the main ottoman official in Mecca, cut a deal with the british via Hussein-McMahon correspondence. Hussein organized tribal forces to drive the ottoman forces out of Arabia and ME -> played big role in british strategy to defeat ottomans in WWI. a member of the Hashim clan to which the Prophet Muhammad had belonged, was the official guardian of the holy places of Mecca and Medina. As an Ottoman official, he held his post subject to Istanbul's approval, but he sought to retain the greatest autonomy possible. British interested in sharif because they thought he could inspire an Arab revolt that at the least could divert the Ottoman troops from positions threatening the Suez Canal - or that a revolt might entail a massive uprising throughout the Arab Middle East that would completely undermine Ottoman security in the area

san remo conference 1920

worked out mandate system established at paris peace conference, the outcome of this conference was the current borders in the middle east. Created 3 mandates that later became 5 countries. Mesopotamia -> iraq; French mandate -> syria and lebanon; Palestine -> palestine and trans jordan (israel and occupied territories and jordan -> split jordan off because wanted to see zionist vision come true but didn't think zionists had any claim to jordan region) The obligations for the mandatory power in Palestine included the Balfour Declaration, thus binding Great Britain to establish conditions to assist the incoming Jewish population in their path toward ultimate dominance in Palestine

betar

youth group of revisionist party, founded in 1920s. Focused on militancy ( (this kind of this was common in europe of interwar period elsewhere in europe there was lots of militant, militia oriented right wing parties). youth group founded by jabotinsky in europe practices, patterned after the tactics and symbols of fascism, included wearing brown shirts and using special salutes. Intended to emphasize the idea of strength and unity in contrast to the weakness and factionalism of the Zionist leadership and labor Zionism

western wall

•all that remained of the second temple after the romans razed jerusalem post jewish rebellion in 70 CE = the remnant of their central place of worship. •To jews = last remnant of the outer wall that had surrounded Herod's temple, which had been built on the presumed site of Solomon's temple. It was thus a relic of the sanctuary of ancient Israel, the most holy place in Judaism and a focal point of religious and national pride. •To muslims =the outer perimeter of the Haram al-Sharif, the third-holiest site in Islam, the Temple Mount on which they had built the al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock, The wall was itself holy to the Muslims because Muhammad had tethered his horse, al-Buraq, to it before his ascension; Wall was administered by part of a religious foundation, the Maghrebi waqf, named after the Moroccans who inhabited the area.