AJS123 Chapter 1 and 2
supererogatory
action performed beyond what is expected or required
duties
Responsibilities attached to a specific role
Socrates
(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. Bad behavior led to mean you are ignorant.
Five steps in using ethical systems to resolve dilemmas (IIIDR)
1. Identify the facts 2. Identify relevant values and concepts 3. Identify all possible moral dilemmas for each party involved 4. Decide what's the most immediate moral facing the individual 5. Resolve the ethical or moral dilemma
Ethical system
Also considered the absolutist system, if something is wrong it's wrong all the time.
Principle of the Golden Mean
Aristotle's concept of moderation, in which one should not err toward excess or deficiency; this principle is associated with the ethics of virtue
egoism
By Adam Smith and Ayn Rand. what is good for an individuals survival and personal happiness is moral.
Ethics of Care
By Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Emphasizes the importance of understanding relationships, especially as they are revealed in personal narratives.
Utilitarianism
By Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mills and the idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
Natural Law
By St. Augustine, God's or nature's law that defines right from wrong and is higher than human law.
Who is Scott Waddle?
Commanding officer at USS Greenville
Judaism
Defines goodness as virtues and religious faith.
Deontological ethical system
Duty based, the individuals intent determines morality.
Psychological Egoism
Every act is motivated by self-interest.
Hinduism
Firm believers of karma.
Teleological Ethical System
Focuses on outcomes to determine whether an act is moral or not.
Buddhism
Goal is enlightenment and to teach mental discipline, and wisdom.
What did Scott Waddle choose to do?
He took responsibility of the Japanese students lives.
Values
Judgement of desirability, worth, or importance
Stoics
Perceived life as a battle against passions. Rational/ virtuous and irrational/ evil people.
Religion
Philosophers are St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas. Religion provides moral guidelines on how to live ones life.
Islam
Recognizes one God, Allah. Five pillars of Islam are repetition of the creed, daily prayers, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage.
Plato
Self completion and self virtualization. Rulers- wisdom, soldiers- courage, everyone else- moderation (balance).
Scott Waddle Ethical Dilemma?
Should he take responsibility of hitting ship with Japanese teachers and students.
Aristotle
Student of Plato. Believed people had weak wills. Golden mean.
Utilitarian Principle
Take the action that achieves the higher or greater value
enlightened egoism
The concept that egoism may appear to be altruistic because it is in one's long-term best interest to help others in order to receive help in return.
Ethical Formalism
The ethical system espoused by Kant that focuses on duty; holds that the only thing truly good is a good will, and that what is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative.
6 pillars of virtue
Trustworthiness, Respect, Responsibility, Caring, Citizenship, and Fairness
Act Utilitarianism
an act is right if and only if it results in as much good as any available alternative
imperative principle
do what is right
Wholesight
exploring issues with one's heart as well as one's mind
Eudaimonia
happiness
imperfect duties
moral duties that are not fully explicated or detailed
Situational Ethics
moral principles that vary with circumstances
Morals
principles of right and wrong
Rule Utilitarianism
supports rules that on balance produce the greatest pleasure for society
discretion
the authority to make a decision between two or more choices
Ethics
the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation
Ethics of Virtue
the ethical system that bases ethics largely upon character and possession of virtues
Generalization principle
the principle that all decisions should be made assuming that the decision would be applied to everyone else in similar circumstances