AJS123 Chapter 1 and 2

supererogatory

action performed beyond what is expected or required

duties

Responsibilities attached to a specific role

Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. Bad behavior led to mean you are ignorant.

Five steps in using ethical systems to resolve dilemmas (IIIDR)

1. Identify the facts 2. Identify relevant values and concepts 3. Identify all possible moral dilemmas for each party involved 4. Decide what's the most immediate moral facing the individual 5. Resolve the ethical or moral dilemma

Ethical system

Also considered the absolutist system, if something is wrong it's wrong all the time.

Principle of the Golden Mean

Aristotle's concept of moderation, in which one should not err toward excess or deficiency; this principle is associated with the ethics of virtue

egoism

By Adam Smith and Ayn Rand. what is good for an individuals survival and personal happiness is moral.

Ethics of Care

By Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Emphasizes the importance of understanding relationships, especially as they are revealed in personal narratives.

Utilitarianism

By Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mills and the idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.

Natural Law

By St. Augustine, God's or nature's law that defines right from wrong and is higher than human law.

Who is Scott Waddle?

Commanding officer at USS Greenville

Judaism

Defines goodness as virtues and religious faith.

Deontological ethical system

Duty based, the individuals intent determines morality.

Psychological Egoism

Every act is motivated by self-interest.

Hinduism

Firm believers of karma.

Teleological Ethical System

Focuses on outcomes to determine whether an act is moral or not.

Buddhism

Goal is enlightenment and to teach mental discipline, and wisdom.

What did Scott Waddle choose to do?

He took responsibility of the Japanese students lives.

Values

Judgement of desirability, worth, or importance

Stoics

Perceived life as a battle against passions. Rational/ virtuous and irrational/ evil people.

Religion

Philosophers are St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas. Religion provides moral guidelines on how to live ones life.

Islam

Recognizes one God, Allah. Five pillars of Islam are repetition of the creed, daily prayers, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage.

Plato

Self completion and self virtualization. Rulers- wisdom, soldiers- courage, everyone else- moderation (balance).

Scott Waddle Ethical Dilemma?

Should he take responsibility of hitting ship with Japanese teachers and students.

Aristotle

Student of Plato. Believed people had weak wills. Golden mean.

Utilitarian Principle

Take the action that achieves the higher or greater value

enlightened egoism

The concept that egoism may appear to be altruistic because it is in one's long-term best interest to help others in order to receive help in return.

Ethical Formalism

The ethical system espoused by Kant that focuses on duty; holds that the only thing truly good is a good will, and that what is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative.

6 pillars of virtue

Trustworthiness, Respect, Responsibility, Caring, Citizenship, and Fairness

Act Utilitarianism

an act is right if and only if it results in as much good as any available alternative

imperative principle

do what is right

Wholesight

exploring issues with one's heart as well as one's mind

Eudaimonia

happiness

imperfect duties

moral duties that are not fully explicated or detailed

Situational Ethics

moral principles that vary with circumstances

Morals

principles of right and wrong

Rule Utilitarianism

supports rules that on balance produce the greatest pleasure for society

discretion

the authority to make a decision between two or more choices

Ethics

the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation

Ethics of Virtue

the ethical system that bases ethics largely upon character and possession of virtues

Generalization principle

the principle that all decisions should be made assuming that the decision would be applied to everyone else in similar circumstances