All of APUSH Enduring Vision (chapter 2-30)

Bank of the United States

(First) National bank set up in 1791 to hold government money and pay government bills.

English Bill of Rights

1689 laws protecting the rights of English citizens and Parliament

Stono Rebellion

1739 slave rebellion in South Carolina

Embargo Act

1807 - Jefferson's policy of forbidding the shipment of any goods in or out of the United States

Seminole Wars

1814-1819 - conflict that began in Florida in 1817 when the Seminoles resisted removal

Munn vs. Illinois

1877 Supreme Court decision that allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders

Pendleton Act

1883 legislation that began the federal merit system

Federal Securities Act

1933 law that required corporations to provide complete, accurate information on all stock offerings

Zoot Suit Riots

1943 riots in Los Angeles stirred by white resentments between Mexican Americans

Theodore Roosevelt

26th U.S. President. 1901-1909. Republican; Imperialist advocate, aggressive assistant navy secretary, Rough Rider

James Baker IIIl

A Texan, has been a key leader in government, under three presidents (Ford Reagan, and George H. W. Bush), serving as campaign manager, chief of staff, Treasury Secretary, and Secretary of State., Ronald Reagan's brilliant chief of staff and at one time his greatest nemesis; helps illustrate the point of keeping your enemies in front of you.

Anti-Imperialist League

A group of anti imperialists that advocated for isolationism.

Langston Hughes

A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People"

Civilian conservation corps

A major public works program in the United States during the Great Depression.

McNary-Haugen Bill

A plan to rehabilitate American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products.

The plumbers

A secret group created by Nixon that worked to stop government leaks to the press.

Panama Canal Treaties

A series of treaties that granted control of canal operations back to Panama by the year 2000

Salt I, Salt II

-Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty -SALT I: an agreement signed by the US and Soviets to stop building nuclear ballistic missiles for five years *also excluded MIRVS (Multiple Independent re-entry vehicles) -SALT II: signed by Carter and Brezhnev; it reduced and limited the number of missile launchers and bombers, (failed?) -treaties helped to reduce tension between US and USSR

Squatters and Speculators

-person who settles on land without a title or right -person who buys and resells land

Pinckney's Treaty

Agreement with Spain which opened the Mississippi river to american trade

Preservationists

Aimed to preserve natural areas from human interference.

Wagner Act

Allowed workers to join unions and outlawed union-busting tactics by management. Allowed bargaining with management.

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

Sierra Club

American environmental organization. Helped promote the protection of the environment and nature.

Turner's Thesis

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The American frontier was the line of most rapid "Americanization" and the place where democracy flourished. He also concluded that the "American frontier" had closed.

Southern code of honor

An extraordinary sensitivity to one's reputation, a belief that one's self-esteem depends on the judgement of others

USS Pueblo

An intelligence gathering ship that was seized by North Korea in January of 1968.

League of Nations

An international organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.

the Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle in 1811 where General Harrison defeated the Indian warriors Tecumseh and the Prophet

Battle of Antietam

Battle in Maryland that left 25,000 soldiers dead or wounded; ended Lee's first invasion of the North, a political victory for the Union.

Clipper Ships

Beautiful but short-lived American ships, replaced by "tramp steamers"; small, swift vessels that gave American shippers an advantage in the carrying trade.

Mercantilism

Belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

WEB Du Bois

Believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately; founded the NAACP

Albany Plan of Union

Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonies under one government to defeat France.

Booker T. Washington

Black leader who promoted economic independence and a slow transition for blacks into free society

Atlantic charter

British and American statement of goals for fighting World War II

Chesapeake Affair

British attack on a US naval ship. Increased tensions between US and Britain

Edward Braddock

British general in the French and Indian War who died at the Battle of Fort Duquesne

Samuel Slater

British man that brought ideas for the 1st factories to the U.S.; Opens first American factory in Pawtucket, RI.

Earl Warren

California governor and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who took an activist stance

Worcester v GA

Court case in which chief justice, John Marshall, ruled that laws of Georgia had no force within the Cherokee territory

Charles Manson

Cult leader whose followers committed several murders.

Shays' Rebellion

Daniel Shays led a rebellion due to heavy taxes on farmers. Caused an uprising of poor farmers led by. Farmers in debt tried to prevent courts from foreclosing farms in debt.

"Beecher's Bibles"

Deadly rifles paid for by New England abolitionists and brought to Kansas by antislavery pioneers.

Franklin Pierce

Democratic candidate for President in 1852 and the 14th president of the US. He made the Gadsden Purchase, which opened the Northwest for settlement, and passed the unpopular Kansas-Nebraska Act.

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic presidential candidate in 1896, advocated free silver

the Embargo war hawks

Democratic-Republicans that were eager for war with Britain. Led by Henry Clay and John Calhoun. Argued that war with Britain would be the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Indian resistance

Isaac M. Singer

He invented the "Singer Machine", aka The Sewing Machine.

Federal Civilian Defense Administration

Helped Americans learn that they should always keep a battery powered radio and tune to 640 or 1240 on the AM dial for emergency info when they heard air raid sirens

Battle of Trenton

Hessian defeat at Christmas 1776 is first victory for US. Victory for the Patriots.

Interchangeable Parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

trading with China

In 1844 the US secured a treat with China that gave the US the trading privileges already enjoyed by many other foreign powers

Frederick Douglas

Ex-slave abolitionist; created "North Star" abolitionist paper

Dr win the war

FDR's replacement nickname for Dr. New Deal

Half-breeds

FRACTION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY; led by James G Blaine; favored reform; against patronage

Stalwarts

FRACTION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY; led by Roscoe Conkling; favored machine politics; support patronage

James Madison

Father of the Constitution; 4th President. Prominent adviser to the Constitutional Convention; wrote the Bill of Rights

Xenophobia

Fear of foreigners

Midnight Judges

Federal justices appointed by John Adams during the last days of his presidency

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Federal law granting citizenship to former slaves; passed over Johnson's veto. Gave more rights to Blacks after Civil War

Hartford Convention

Federalists agreed to oppose the War of 1812 and send delegates to meet with Congress

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution.

John Jay

First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; Federalist

Sugar Act

First law passed by Parliament to raise revenue in colonies for England

New Netherland

First permanent Dutch colony in North America

New Deal

Franklin Roosevelt's economic reform program designed to solve the problems of the Great Depression

Hepburn Act

Gave the Interstate Commerce Committee power to limit railroad company prices (pro-farmer)

The Women's Party

Group of militant suffragists who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to convince the govt to give them the right to vote. Led by Alice Paul.

Commercial Farming

Growing large quantities of crops or livestock in order to sell them for a profit

Plantation women

Had the responsibilities including: -Raising children -Supervising house slaves -Making clothes, carpets -Looking after smokehouses & dairies -Planting gardens -Keeping accounts -Running the plantation in husband's absence Challenges: mulatto children in the house, double standard of sexual relationships, living far away from white social peers, no companionship from husbands BUT they still recognized that their husbands' social status depended on slavery, so they accepted it

National Resource Planning

Harold Icke's National Planning Board was renamed the National Resources Planning Board which promoted multi-state water resource planning in the west and facilitated state and regional management of water, soil, timber, and minerals.

Harry Hopkins

He headed the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in the 1930s

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

A tax on imports set by president Taft that went against Roosevelt's beliefs.

"Re-annexation of Texas"

To soothe injured feeling among northern Democrats over the rejection of Van Buren's defeat from the presidency, the part platform of James K. Polk called for the "reannexation" of Texas which implied that Texas had been part of the Louisiana Purchase and so it once belongs to the US

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist; civil disobedience; gov. that violates individual morality has no legit authority

Ex Parte Milligan

U.S. Supreme Court case that ruled the application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional. In this particular case the Court was unwilling to give President Lincoln's administration the power of military commission jurisdiction, part of the administration's controversial plan to deal with Union dissenters during the American Civil War. Justice David Davis, who delivered the majority opinion, stated that "martial rule can never exist when the courts are open" and confined martial law to areas of "military operations, where war really prevails," and when it was a necessity to provide a substitute for a civil authority that had been overthrown.

Hawaii Annexation

U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898

Tenure of Office Act

US federal law (in force from 1867 to 1887) that was intended to restrict the power of the President of the United States to remove certain office-holders without the approval of the Senate. The law was enacted in 1867, over the veto of President Andrew Johnson.

Containment Policy

US policy to stop expansion of Soviet Union and Communism

Stimson Doctrine

US response to 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria. US will not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force

Joseph Cannon + Insurgents

United States politician from Illinois and leader of the Republican Party. Nickname for a small group of reformist Republicans. The separation between progressive and conservative republicans was caused by this group

Court Packing

Where FDR tried to add more members to the Supreme Court to pass his programs.

Hoover Valley/hoover blankets

Where the homeless would congregate during the depression; newspapers that homeless people covered themselves with to keep warm at night

Yuppies

Young, urban professionals who wore ostentatious gear such Rolex watches or BMW cars. They came to symbolize the increased pursuit of wealth and materialism of Americans in the 1980s.

Hartford Convention

a meeting of Federalists at Hartford, Connecticut, to protest the War of 1812

Black Panthers

a militant Black political party founded in 1965 to end political dominance by Whites

The Alamo

a mission and fort in San Antonio, Texas, where Mexican forces massacred rebellious Texans in 1836

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

Timothy Leary

a political radical who preached that drugs could free the mind

New Right

a response to the liberalism of the 1960's, against affirmative action, abortion, feminism,

Second Great Awakening

a revival of religious feeling and belief from the 1800s to the 1840s

writs of assistance and James Otis

a search warrant allowing officers to enter any ship/building associated with smuggled goods; this man thought it was unconstitutional

Bacon's Rebellion

an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers against the rule of Governor William Berkeley.

Manhattan Project

code name for the project to build the first atomic bomb during WWII

Suffolk Resolves/Continental Association

declared that colonies shouldn't have to follow the coercive acts

Seneca Falls Declaration

developed by feminists in New York; states that women should be insured the same rights as men

Praying Town

developed by the Puritans of New England from 1646 to 1675 in an effort to convert the local Native American tribes to Christianity

"Swing around the Circle" (1866 Congressional Election)

disastrous speaking campaign undertaken by U.S. President Andrew Johnson in 1866, in which he tried to gain support for his mild Reconstruction policies and for his preferred candidates (mostly Democrats) in the forthcoming midterm Congressional elections

Declaration of Indian Purpose

document which said that each native had the right to choose their way of life and still have claim to their precious inheritance

Lindbergh & Spirit of St Louis

first man and his plane to fly across the Atlantic Ocean from New York to France

Lord Baltimore

founded Maryland as a safe haven for Catholics

James Byrnes

governor of South Carolina who encouraged resistance to integration

Thoreau's "Walden"

he said that material wants could be satisfied with a few weeks of work a year, and thereby leave more time for reexamining life's purpose.

Nixon-Kennedy debate

may have tipped the scales during the presidential campaign of 1960. Demonstrated the importance of image in a television age.

Employment Act of 1946

pledges the federal government to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power;gave the federal gov't responsibility for promoting full employment and price stability

Election of 1860

the democratic party split, Lincoln was elected president

hydropathy

the internal and external use of water in the treatment of disease

Kampuchea

the name the communists changed Cambodia to

Race riots of 1964-68

In the summers of 1964 - 1968 there were horrible race riots in cities all over. By the end, $200 mil. of property had been destroyed, 40,000 arrests, and 200 dead.

Robert Fulton and Clermont

Invented the steamboat; steamboat in 1807 which powered on/by a newly designed engine

Matthew Brady

Irish-American photographer who documented the American Civil War

Cherokee Nation vs Georgia

It was ruled that Indians weren't independent nations but dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by federal government. The supreme court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations

Taft-Hartley Act

Law that restricted the power of labor unions

National Bank Act

Law that set up a system of federally chartered banks

Missouri Compromise

Laws enacted in 1820 to maintain balance of power between slave and free states

Lowell System

Located in New England; it was the first women textile industry

Harper's Ferry

Location of federal arsenal that John Brown raided to get guns to arm slaves

Free southern blacks

Most were in the city, jobs included carpenters, barrel makers, barbers, and small traders. They formed their own markets, churches, literary journals, and operas. They accepted the fact that their future was black, not white. Banded together. Were the future leaders of the Union side of the Civil War. Most of these people were black mistresses or mulatto children

NRA

National Recovery Administration

Church of England

National church established by Henry VIII after he split with the Catholic Church

Anti-Saloon League

National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition.

Pueblo Revolt

Native American (Pueblo) uprising destroying Catholic Churches, priests, and Spanish settlers

Sacajawea

Native American woman who helped Lewis and Clark as a guide and interpreter

Richard Wright

Native Son,United States writer whose work is concerned with the oppression of African Americans (1908-1960)

John James Audubon

Naturalist and painter who became well-known for his attempt to document all types of American birds

Teapot Dome

Naval oil reserve in Wyoming that gave its name to one of the major Harding administration scandals

National Recovery Administration

New Deal agency that promoted economic recovery by regulating production, prices, and wages

Black Thursday

October 24, 1929; stock market crashes and almost 13 million shares are sold that day alone

Sputnik

October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Henry Kissinger, shuttle diplomacy, detente

Policy of this Secretary of State to travel around the world to various nations to discuss and encourage the policy of detente.

Roger Williams

Puritan minister who left Massachusetts and established Rhode Island

Relief

Recovery, Reform,the three goals of FDR's New Deal.

Mugwumps

Republican reformer who chose to change parties rather than accept Blaine as their candidate

Smith-Connally act

Required that unions wait thirty days before striking and it empowered the president to seize a struck war plant.

Navigation Acts

Requirement that all European goods bound for America (or other colonies) to be shipped through England first.

General Horatio Gates and Saratoga

Retired British soldier who served as an American general during the Revolutionary War. Victory at Saratoga. Described as controversial military leader.

Washington's Farewell Address

Says to remain neutral, isolationist, avoid permanent allies--choose temporary ones. Warned against dangers of political parties and foreign alliances.

James G Blaine

Secretary of State under three presidents; his only major accomplishment was "Pan-Americanism"

Benjamin Franklin

Secured French aid; advocated colonial unity

Alger Hiss and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Soviet spy's who were found guilty of supplying secret info to soviet union during cold war.

Presidios

Spanish military bases built to protect the missions

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and the best-known Confederate commander after General Robert E. Lee.

Frederick von Steuben

a French aristocrat and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War. Prussian military officer who served as Washington's drillmaster at Valley Forge

Braceros

a Mexican laborer allowed into the US for a limited time as a seasonal agricultural worker during WWII

The Second Great Awakening

a Protestant revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States.

George Dewey

a United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War

American Indian Movement

a civil rights group organized to promote the interests of Native Americans

Peace corps

a civilian organization sponsored by the United States government, a program that trains and sends volunteers to poor nations all over the world to serve as educators, health care workers, agricultural advisers, and in other jobs

Joint-Stock Company

a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders

Crittenden Plan of Compromise

The first of compromise proposals submitted in hopes to prevent a civil war. This one was first submitted by Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky. This plan was a proposal to reestablish the Missouri Compromise line and extend it westward to the Pacific coast. Slavery would be prohibited north or the line and permitted south of the line. Southerners in the Senate were willing to accept this plan, but the compromise would have required the northerners to abandon their most fundamental position-that slavery should not be allowed to expand- and so they rejected it.

John Winthrop/City on a Hill

The governor of Massachusetts Bay colony who wanted his colony to be a (___) with the eyes of all people on them

Great Depression Deportations

The second great migration took place, Native Americans received their tribal lands back; widespread deportation of Mexican Americans. Sharecroppers were kicked off of their land and migrated mostly to California during the Great Depression.

"Era of Good Feelings"

Time period when James Monroe was president; Federalist diminish and the Democratic-Republicans take over

Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass," when Nazis attacked Jews throughout Germany; 1938

American Indian Movement

(AIM) a frequently militant organization that was formed in 1968 to work for Native American rights.

Connecticut Compromise

(Great Compromise) Called for a bicameral (two house) legislature. One based on population and one based on equal representation

Rachel Carson

(Silent Spring),Environmentalist who wrote "Silent Spring" criticizing pesticides/pollution

Gabriel Prosser

(unsuccessful) slave leader of a planned revolt in Richmond, VA during 1800

Reconstruction Amendments

- 13th Amendment to US Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery to this day. - 14th Amendment to US Constitution declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are American citizens including African Americans. - 15th Amendment to US Constitution prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Panic of 1857

- Inflation from California gold - Over speculation in railroads and land - Decline in grain prices

Committee to Re-elect the President, "dirty tricks"

- created to spy on and espionage the Democrats - the committee to re-elect the president used dirty tricks such as using funds from the government to pay for and cover up the infiltrating of opposition groups and misrepresent them to undermine the effectiveness of the opposition

Macon's Bill No. 2

- president has power to cease trade with any foreign country that violated American neutrality - intended to motivate Great Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars

Checks and Balances/Separation of Powers

- to prevent one branch from dominating the other two. - equal representation in the senate offset by proportional population in the House. The giving of different functions to the 3 branches to equal power.

Ho Chi Minh, Viet Minh, Dien Bien Phu

-1950s/60s communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attack -France came back to Vietnam after WWII to continue colonial rule; fighting between the French and the Viet Minh (Vietnamese Nationalists) ended with the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu.

Carl Bernstein, Bob Woodward, and "Deep throat"

-Journalist for the Washington Post that helped uncover the Watergate scandal with Bob Woodward earning the Post the Pulitzer Prize for public service, wrote All the Presidents Men. -Reporter for Washington Post helped uncover the Watergate scandal that led to U.S. President Richard Nixon's resignation. -Bob Woodward's anonymous source to the Watergate scandal; eventually revealed himself to be Mark Felt, the Deputy Director of the FBI.

Gamal Abdel Nassar/Aswan Dam/Suez Canal

-he bought arms from Czech, recognize China -Amer. offered Egypt a loan to make a dam on Nile -British canal nationalized

James K. Polk

11th U.S. President. 1845-1849. Democratic; know for promoting Manifest Destiny

Zachary Taylor

12th President of the United States; Whig; Nearly destroyed the Compromise of 1850 before he died in office

Millard Fillmore

13th President, Whig, Compromise of 1850

perfectionism

1830s protestant movement. Attracted mostly New Englanders. Believed Christ had returned to earth already. Perfectibility of man. Embraced complex marriage. Rejected monogamy to free women from property status. Women avoid multiple pregnancies so they can partake in community more.

Nullification Crisis

1832 - argument between South Carolina and the federal government regarding the role of national government

gag rule

1835-1844 - Limits or prevents discussing an issue; stopped any anti-slavery discussion in Congress

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 - Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states.

Seneca Falls Convention

1848; 1st Women's Rights convention organized by women. Produced the Declaration of Sentiments.

JDB De Bow

1850s. Editor of DeBow's Review. Believed south needs its own industries/commerce/shipping. Slaves were the best way to aid industrialization in the south.

Gadsden Purchase

1853 purchase by the United States of southwestern lands from Mexico

Battle of Shiloh

1862 Civil War battle in Tennessee that ended in a Union victory; noted for fierce fighting

Homestead Act

1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years

Gettysburg

1863 (Meade and Lee), July 1-3, 1863, turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle

Enforcement Acts

1870 and 1871 laws that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen's right to vote. Outlawing terrorist societies and allowing the president to use the army against them. Severely punished those who attempted to deprive African Americans of their civil rights

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

1890, Benjamin Harrison; increased the amount of silver the government was required to purchase every month

McKinley Tariff

1890-Protective tariff which raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of over 48%

Spanish-American War

1898 war that began when the United States demanded Cuba's independence from Spain

Phillippines-American War (Aguinaldo)

1899-1902: fought to quell Filipino resistance to American control of the Philippine Islands. Filipino guerrilla soldiers finally gave up when their leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, was captured.

Upton Sinclair/ The Jungle

1906 novel written by the American journalist and novelist __________. ________ wrote the novel to portray the harsh conditions and exploited lives of immigrants in the United States in Chicago and similar industrialized cities.

Scopes Trial

1925 trial of a Tennessee schoolteacher for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution

Ludlow Amendment

1937 act that would make war declaration possible only by popular referendum, narrowly defeated

Great society

1964, LBJ's policies of fighting poverty and racial injustice

Woodstock

1969 music festival that signified the counterculture of the late 1960s, anti-government

Paris Accords

1973 cease-fire agreement where the US agreed to withdraw their troops from South Vietnam

Virginia

1st colony, London Company

FDR

32nd President of the United States

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

McCulloch v Maryland

A Supreme Court decision embodying the principle of implied powers of the national government

Catharine Beecher

A Treatise on Domestic Economy, told women to make their house a "glorious temple."

The Maine

A U.S. warship that blows up in Havana harbor, results in a battle between the Spanish and Americans

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe

Royal Colony

A colony under the direct control of a monarch

Telegraph

A device that used electrical signals to send messages quickly over long distances

Democratic Leadership Council

A form of leadership in which the leader solicits input from subordinates.

Rainbow Coalition

A non-profit organization formed as a merger of two non-profit organizations — Operation PUSH (People United to Save Humanity) and the National Rainbow Coalition — founded by Jesse Jackson. The organizations pursue social justice, civil rights and political activism.

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

Brotherhood of sleeping car porters

A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.

Equal Rights Amendment

A proposed amendment to eliminate all legal distinctions ''on account of sex.''

Protestant Reformation

A split in the church caused by corruption in the church

Telegraph

A wire communication system which used Morse code to send messages over long distances.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery. First of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War (1865-70)

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia; led Pottawatomie Massacre, extreme abolitionist who believed he was doing God's work

Sheppard-Towner Act

Act that funded rural prenatal and baby-care centers staffed by public-health nurses.

Florence Kelly

Active in the settlement house movement and led progressive labor reforms for women and children.

Sylvester Graham

Advocate of dietary reform; created Graham Crackers; emphasized whole wheat bread and cracker diet

Jesse Jackson

African American United States civil rights leader who led a national anti-discrimination campaign and ran for presidential nomination (born in 1941); First serious black candidate for president

Scottsboro Boys

African American boys who were wrongly accused of raping a white woman and sentenced to death.

A Philip Randolph

African American labor leader; proposed that the U.S military was racist and enacted the fair employment act

Benjamin Banneker

African American surveyor and astronomer who helped design the layout of Washington, DC

Kellog-Briand pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Rush-Bagot Treaty

Agreement that limited naval power on the Great lakes for both the United States and British Canada following the war of 1812

Missouri Compromise

Agreement that temporarily settled the issue of slavery between slave states and free states

Bretton Woods Agreement

Agreement to use the gold standard to set the exchange rates of most currencies

Job Corps, VISTA, Project head start

All created by the Economic Opportunity Act

Dos Passos/Farrell/Conroy

All part of the First American Writers Congress

Mountain Men

American adventurers and fur trappers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains

Dominion of New England

An administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America.

William Calley and My Lai

An army unit led by Lieutenant William Calley massacred several hundred S. Vietnamese in My Lai Village. Mostly killed women and children. Became a symbol of the brutality and immorality of the war.

Democratic-Republicans

An early political party headed by Thomas Jefferson; stood for less centralized government

The pill

An oral contraceptive with hormones that alters the way the body works and prevents pregnancy.

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that favored a national bank, protective tariffs and eventually the abolition of slavery

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government

William H. Seward

Anti-slavery Northern Whig who talked about the will of God against slavery

Abolitionists

Anti-slavery activists who demanded the immediate end of slavery.

Ostend Manifesto

Attempt to buy Cuba from Spain for $20 million - not carried out

18th Amendment

Ban on sale, manufacture, and transport of alcoholic beverages. Repealed by 21st amendment

Pearl harbor

Base in Hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which caused America to enter the war.

Twelfth Amendment

Beginning in 1804, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President

Charles Sumner & Preston Brooks

Both got in a major fight about slavery in Kansas, Brooks hit Sumner with a cane first

General John Burgoyne

British General who surrendered at Saratoga. He was supposed to lead to 8000 troops south of Canada to Albany; but was defeated by Patriots @ Saratoga. He led the British army down the Hudson River

Lord North

British Prime Minister under George III; persuaded Parliament to repeal Townshend Act

Charles Townshend

British Prime Minister. Influenced Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts.

Acadians

Cajuns, an ethnic group mainly living in Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles—French-speakers from Eastern Canada

John Muir

California naturalist who advocated for the creation of Yosemite National Park (and national parks in general)

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

Pet Banks

Certain state banks that Jackson moved all the federal government's funds to

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles

Jiang Jieshi vs. Mao Zedong

Chinese Nationalist leader whose corrupt and ineffective government fell to communist rebels. Leader of the Chinese Communists whose revolutionary army seized power in China. (1949)

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote b/c of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Continentals

Colonial printed paper money that depreciated greatly and became nearly worthless due to inflation

CIO

Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO)-labor organization formed by industrial unions.

Carrie Chapman

Conservative leader of the NAWSA from 1915 - 1920 and pushed the suffrage movement nation-wide.

Earl Warren

Controversial jurist who led the Supreme Court into previously off-limits social and racial issues

XYZ Affair

Controversy in 1798 over French demands for bribes from American negotiators. French attempt to bribe the U.S. to stop impressing U.S. Ships

Atlantic Charter

Declaration of principles issued by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in August 1941 as goals for fighting World War II

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic and Populist candidate for President in 1896 who advocated a policy of free silver

Freeport Doctrine

Doctrine which says that popular sovereignty will decide whether territories are slave or free

Southern Manifesto

Document by congressmen declaring their intention to ignore federal desegregation laws

Détente

Easing of Cold War tensions between the US and Soviet Union (Examples include: SALT I and Salt II)

Puritans

English Protestants who wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church of Catholic elements

William Pitt

English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778)

Stephen Wozniak & Steve Jobs

Entrepreneurs credited to leading the computer revolution; founded Apple computers in 1976 in the San Francisco Bay Area; produced small, individual computers; was the first commercial success for computers

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

James Madison

Father of the Constitution; 4th president; Federalist

James Oglethorpe

Founder of the Georgia Colony

Denmark Vesey

Free black who led an aborted slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822; raised southern fears about the future of slavery

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who served under George Washington in the American Revolution (1757-1834) Head of the French National Guard.

Bill Gates

Gates was 19 when he co-founded Microsoft with classmate Paul Allen; set a goal of putting "a personal computer on every desk and in every home"; believed that software was essential; Microsoft was founded in 1975, Windows dominating software industry; became billionaires, and had a huge company with 57,000 employees and revenues of $38 billion annually

Quebec Act

Gave Catholic french Canadians religious freedom and restored french form of civil law

George McClellan

General of the Union Army; fired by Lincoln for being too cautious

Yazoo Land Compromise

Georgia legislators bribed to sell most of the land to land companies far below its market value. The dealing aroused anger throughout the state and resulted in a turnover of legislators. New legislatures rescinded the act and returned the money. But much of the land had been resold to third parties, who refused the state's money and maintained their claim to the territory. The issue was reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court, and John Marshall ruled that the rescinding law was an unconstitutional infringement on a legal contract.

Battle of the atlantic

German attempt through use of submarines to cripple England

Iron Curtain Speech

Given by Winston Churchill - speech about the spread of communism in Europe

Specie

Gold and silver used as money

Internal Migrants

Human migration within a nation

Staple Crops: Rice

Indigo, Sugar, Tobacco, Routinely cultivated crops that require fertile soil on level or rolling land, cheap labor, social and economic management

The Enlightenment

Intellectual and philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 1700s

Red Scare

Intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas

Sacco & Vanzetti

Italian immigrants, anarchists, executed during the Red Scare, 1927

Old Time Revival Hours, PTL, and the 700 Club

Jerry Falwell's Old Time Gospel Hour, Pat Robertson's 700 Club, and Jim and Tammy Bakker's PTL (Praise the Lord) Club were the leading pioneers in this televised race for American souls (christian broadcasting)

Abigail Adams

John Adam's wife, she appealed to her husband to protect the rights of women ("Remember the ladies"). Women's rights advocate. Revolutionary concerned for soldiers needs. Believed women were not equally being represented by American Leaders.

John Adams

John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, America's principal diplomats at the peace talks in Paris. Began in June 1782.

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Encomiendas

Land grants that included the right to demand labor or taxes from Native Americans

Liliuokalani

Last Queen of Hawaii, yielded her authority to the U.S. to avoid violent armed conflict.

Yorktown

Last battle of the war of independence in 1789 where the British surrendered. Battle that gave Americans victory in the war. Virginia port where Cornwallis surrendered to the Americans.

Fugitive Slave Act

Law that provided for harsh treatment for escaped slaves and for those who helped them; 1850 law meant to help slaveholders recapture runaway slaves

Fugitive Slave Law of 1793

Law that required judges to award possession of an escaped slave upon any formal request by a master or his representative. Denied free blacks the legal protections that the Bill of Rights guaranteed.

Walter Reuther

Led United Auto Workers in General Motors in sit-down strike in Flint, MI.

Eugene Debs

Led the Pullman strike and founded the American Railway Union

Judiciary Act of 1789

Legislation passed by Congress that created the federal court system. Established the basic three-tiered structure of the federal court system.

Levitt and Sons

Levittown,introduced mass production of low-cost housing in the 1940s

Popular Front

Liberal, socialist, and Communist parties in France that forged a short-lived alliance in the 1930s.

"10 percent Plan"

Lincoln's blueprint for Reconstruction included the ________________, which specified that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the Union.

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion

Mechanical Reaper

Machine invented by Cyrus McCormick that could harvest wheat quickly

mechanical reaper

Machine invented by Cyrus McCormick that could harvest wheat quickly

Stamp Act

Mandated use of stamped paper for newspapers, legal docs, diplomas

Crispus Attucks and the Boston Massacre

March 5th, 1770- people led by him to fight with guards at the customs office; redcoats ended up killing 11 colonists

Universal Negro Improvement Asscn

Marcus Garvey's self-help organization that proposed leading blacks to Africa

Election of 1896

McKinley (Gold, Republican) vs. Bryan (Silver, Democrat); McKinley won

Lowell System

Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA

Santa Anna

Mexican general and dictator whose large army failed to defeat the Texans

Repatriados

Mexicans who "voluntarily" went back to Mexico after the US government announced free one-way transportation to Mexico

California Gold Rush

Migration of thousands of people to California (in 1849) after gold was discovered there.

Andrew Jackson

Military hero and seventh president

George Whitefield

Minister during the Great Awakening who traveled throughout the American colonies; leader of the "New Lights"

Joseph Brant

Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries; helped the British in war for independence.

Molasses Act/Wool Act

Molasses- Parliament of Great Britain imposed a tax on imports of molasses from non-English colonies Wool- prohibited American colonists from exporting wool & wool products to markets outside the individual colony in which it was produced.

Second American Party System

More people began to vote between 1836-1840 because more men were eligible to vote. The Depression and "log cabin" campaigns brought more people out to vote. People were very loyal to their party.

Daniel Boone

Most famous early pioneer of colonial times.

Unitarianism

Movement in which the separation of god into different entities is rejected. Mainly christian and supports the unity of god.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for jobs.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Tennessee Valley Authority

New Deal program that built dams to control flooding and produce cheap electric power

The Stonewall Inn Riot

New York city @ a bar called Stonewall Inn - Triggered activist protests among gays and lesbians - police raided gay bar - people fought back - became symbol of oppression of gays, began the gay pride movement

Penny press

Newspapers that sold for a penny in the 1830s

Sandinistas and Contras

Nicaraguan political groups representing the standing government and the rebel group

Saturday Night Massacre

Nixon fired Prosecutor Archibald Cox b/c he demanded the Watergate Tapes; the resignation of many officials involved in the Watergate trial.

"New Slavery"

North American slavery. Complex and began because of economic necessity, social stability, and it promoted the development of racism.

Steinbeck

One of the best-known and most widely read American writers of the 20th century. He wrote the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Grapes of Wrath, published in 1939 and the novel Of Mice and Men, published in 1937. In 1962 Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize for Literature.

Samuel Slater

Opens first American factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

Congress of Racial equality

Organization founded by pacifists in 1942 to promote racial equality through peaceful means

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War; government agency founded during Reconstruction to help former slaves

The Articles of Confederation

Original federal constitution drafted by the Continental Congress in 1777. This created a central government that was weaker than the individual states. Created strong state governments

Agriculture Adjustment Act

Paid farmers not to grow certain crops in order to boost low crop prices through increased demand.

Act for Religious Tolerance

Parliament granting freedom of worship to Nonconformists

Tea Act and the Boston Tea Party

Parliament took all taxes off of tea to get it to sell (b/c London was losing money); colonists thought it was a trick so dumped all the tea into the Boston Harbor

MX Missile

Part of the "underside" of the Cold War. Cost $100 billion to build the MX missile system. Built in an area in Nevada/Utah as large as the state of Pennsylvania., -Sparked initiation of MX missile -10 warheads-posed more of a threat to retaliatory capabilities -Both MX and SDI: bargaining chips that put pressure on SU to bargain with terms that were more favorable to the US

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Passed by LBJ, outlawed public segreg and discrim, forbade racial discrim in the workplace

Mayaguez Incident

Peace time military rescue operation of a ship conducted by American armed forces against Cambodia

Conservationists

People who favor the protection of natural resources

International Migrants

People who live in a country where they were not born and have important social ties to that country

Barbary Pirates

Pirates of Tripoli whom Washington and Adams paid tribute to in order to prevent being seized by the pirates.

Report on Manufacturers

Plan for industrializing America written by Alexander Hamilton. A document submitted to Congress, which set up an economic policy to encourage industry. Tariffs, better infrastructure, motivation to buy US goods

"American Plan"

Plan used by employers to promote union-free workplaces

G. H. Evan's National Reform Association

Planned the establishment of rural republican townships with the slogan "Vote yourself a farm"

Yiddish Theater

Plays written and performed primarily by Jew, in Yiddish. Political and artistic plays performed Yiddish in New York during the 1920s.

Phillis Wheatley

Poet who was the first African American woman to have a book of poetry published.

Neolin

Pontiac's uprising, Pontiac agreed with Neolin that American Indian peoples needed to end their reliance on Europeans and unite together against British settlers (1765)

Strategic Defense Initiative (star wars)

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

Students for a Democratic Society

Port Huron Statement,60 students adopted this. It proclaimed "a new left" and gave birth to the Students for a Democratic Society

Billy Sunday

Preacher and Former Pro Baseball Player- Key figure in the prohibition movement

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

Auburn system v Pennsylvania system

Prison reform in the U.S. began with the Pennsylvania system in 1790, based on the concept that solitary confinement would induce meditation and moral reform. However, this led to many mental breakdowns. The Auburn system, adopted in 1816, allowed the congregation of prisoners during the day.

Gifford Pinchot

Pro-conservation federal official whose dismissal by Taft angered Roosevelt progressives. Head of federal Division of Forestry, contributed to Roosevelt's natural conservation efforts

Lecompton Constitution

Pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the union - rejected

Depression of 1893-1897

Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Led to the Pullman strike.

Emergency Banking Act

Provided funds to shore up threatened banking institutions.

Hearst

Pulitzer and Yellow Journalism,created by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, described foreign exploits as being adventures

Fireside chat

Radio speeches giving Americans hope during the depression; given by FDR

Strontium 90

Radio-pharmaceutical absorbed by areas of high bone regeneration; used to treat bone pain from nets

American Board of Customs

Raised amount of customs officials, created colonial coast guard, paid for secret informants

Ty Cobb/Georgia peach

Record for lifetime batting average, nickname GA Peach

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

Astor Place riot

Riot at a theatre in New York, first time the National Guard had been called out to fire at an unarmed civilian crowd, revolved around whether Charles Macready or Edwin Forrest was better at playing various Shakespearean roles

Wabash vs. Illinois

Ruled that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce.

Frederick Douglas

Runaway slave who became a leader of the abolitionist movement; known for his anti-slavery writings

Eleventh Amendment

Says that you cannot sue a state in federal court without the state's consent

Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas over the issue of slavery

Alien and Sedition Acts

Series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants

"The Federalist" papers

Series of newspaper essays and addressed concerns about the powers and limits of the new federal government. Purpose to defend the minority's rights against majority tyranny and to prevent stubborn minority from blocking well considered measures that the majority believed necessary.

Morrill Land Grant Act

Set aside land and provided money for agricultural colleges

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Settled the U.S.-Canadian border in Northeast; (1842) Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states.

Lydia Marie Child

She promoted anti-slavery and women's' rights reforms in her writings and fiction.

Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin"

She wrote this abolitionist book. It helped to crystallize the rift between the North and South. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring about the Civil War. Published in 1852.

Declaration of Independence

Signed July 4, 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Pidgin

Simplified speech used among people who speak different languages

New Jersey Plan

Single-chamber congress in which each state had an equal vote

Pottawatomie Creek

Site at which John Brown hacked five proslavery-ists to pieces

Compromise of 1850

Slavery becomes outlawed in Washington D.C., California is admitted as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty. Also, the Fugitive Slave Law is passed.

Squatter/ Popular Sovereignty

Someone who settles on land they do not own./ This allowed the white settlers in a disputed territory to decide about slavery by themselves. This is mostly associated with Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois.

Jay's Treaty

Sought to settle outstanding issues between the US and Britain that had been left unresolved since American Independence.

John C Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Redemption

Southern Democratic term for the end of Reconstruction and the return of white southern Democratic rule to the South.

Scalawags and Carpetbaggers

Southern Republicans and Northern newcomers who came to rebuild the South

Yeoman

Southern owner and cultivator of a small farm who did not have enslaved people

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet leader of the 1980s who worked with Reagan to end the Cold War

American System of Manufacturing

System of manufacturing that used interchangeable parts; introduced by Eli Whitney.

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff on imported goods; favored northern manufacturers and harmed the south

Wilson-Gormon Tariff

Tariff which reduced the Mckinley Tariff's high rate from 48.4 to 41.3 percent.

Japanese-American Internment

Temporary imprisonment of Japanese men, women, and children forced movement of Japanese Americans into camps during WWII

"Log Cabin" Campaign

The 1840 election in which the Whigs painted William Henry Harrison as a man of the people

Henry Clay & the American System

The 3-part system that included a protective tariff, national bank, and internal improvements

Hessians

The 30,000 German mercenaries that the British government hired in order to meet the manpower needs for the war.

William Walker

The American adventurer who tried to take power in Nicaragua

Betty Friedan

The Feminine Mystique,(1963): book that encouraged middle-class women to pursue professional careers; denounced the "housewife trap"

Free Soil Platform

The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. This Free-Soil Party foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party.

Coercive Acts

The Intolerable Acts and the Quebec Act combined

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

The Muslim religious leader who dominated the 1979 Iranian revolution.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildago

The Peace Treaty that ended the Mexican War and granting vast territories to the United States

Herbert Croly

The Promise of American Life (1907 supporter of progressiveness & "welfare state"). Wrote "The Promise of American Life", favored trust regulation

Nathanial Hawthorne

The Scarlet Letter (1850)

Domino Theory

The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.

Miranda v Arizona

The accused must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police

Pro-life/pro-choice

The belief that abortion is wrong and should be prohibited by law/the belief that potential mothers should have a right to decide whether or not to have an abortion.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the U.S. should own all of the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Korematsu v. U.S.

The court ruled that the ordering of Japanese-Americans into internment camps was constitutional

Haight-Ashbury

The district of San Francisco that was a center for the 60s hippie movement.

Hiram Revels

The first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress.

Federalists and Republicans

The first two political parties in the United States. (1800s)

Middle Passage

The forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas

Separate Spheres

The idea of a masculinized work world and a feminized home life.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that women play a major role in teaching kids to be good citizens

Political Realignment

The majority party is displaced by the minority party, thus ushering in a new party era.

People of the pine barrens

The most controversial group in the Old South. Independent whites. Squatted land, lived in crude cabins, cleared land, planted corn, grazed hogs and cattle. Didn't raise cash crops or lead an orderly life. Lazy and shiftless, accused of being the degradation of poor whites. Refused to do manual labor; were this way because they wanted to be

Moore's Law

The observation that computing power roughly doubles every two years.

National Liberation Front

The political arm of the Viet Cong

Spoils System

The practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.

Convict-lease system

The practice of leasing inmates to a business for a fixed annual fee.

Radio (and other technological advancements)

The radio started out as a new toy but then soon became an agent of profound social change. Breakdown provisional-ism in America.

Free silver

The unlimited production of silver coins

NSC-68

This policy statement committed the United States to a military approach to the Cold War. (1950)

The Great Bull Market

This was how the stock market was described in the 1920s when its prices were constantly rising

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WWI. It blamed Germany for WWI and handed down harsh punishment.

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions

Federal Employee Loyalty Program

Truman instituted program to evaluate the loyalty of government employees.

Tecumseh and the Prophet

Two Indian brothers who allied with the British after being defeated by the Americans

Hiroshima/Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

Commodore Matthew Perry

U.S Naval man who caused the Japanese emperor to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa and open Japanese ports to trade

Ulysses S. Grant

Union military commander who won victories when others had failed and defeated Lee, General of the Union Army

John L Lewis

United Mine Workers of America leader who organized the coal miners strike

William Lloyd Garrison

United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal - The Liberator

Aimee Semple McPherson

United States evangelist (born in Canada) noted for her extravagant religious services (1890-1944)

Al Capone

United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion

Duke Ellington

United States jazz composer and piano player and bandleader during the Harlem Renaissance

Sinclair Lewis

United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street (1885-1951)

Margaret Sanger

United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood. Founder of Planned Parenthood

Joseph McCarthy

United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists

Spiro Agnew

VP under Nixon, resigned for extortion and bribery charges

James Wolfe

Victorious British General at Quebec in 1760/Died of his Wounds

Battle of the bulge

WWII battle in which German forces launched a final counterattack in the west

Mexican American War

War between Mexicans and Americans over the annexation of Texas

Washington Naval Arms Conference

Warren G. Harding; Ttreaty that stopped naval expansion so that we don't have to repeat the military obsession from WWI

Railroads

Were essential to westward expansion because they made it easier to travel to and live in the west

The Grimke Sisters

White sisters originally from South Carolina, wrote and spoke about the abolition of slavery and women's rights

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Women must gain economic rights in order to impact society (cf. rising divorce rates). (the yellow wallpaper)

WCTU

Women's Christian Temperance Union; group organized in 1874 that worked to ban the sale of liquor in the U.S.

Lend-lease

World War II policy allowing the loan of equipment to friendly countries

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Written by John C. Calhoun; urged South Carolina'a state legislature to nullify the tariffs of abomination

Luisa Moreno

a leader in the United States labor movement and a social activist. Started Spanish speaking congress and labor union. She was actually a Guatemalan.

Olive Branch Petition

a letter of peace drafted by the Second Continental Congress to Great Britain; wanted guaranteed American rights

Tet Offensive

a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968.

Parochial School

a private religious school run by a church or parish

Camp Meetings

a tool of the Second Great Awakening where people would gather to hear hell-fire speeches

Brook Farm

a transcendentalist commune; an attempt by Thoreau and others to leave society behind

Judiciary Act of 1801

act passed by Congress that created new positions in the judicial branch; later cancelled by Jefferson

Declaratory Act

act that stated that the King/Parliament could make any laws they wanted for the colonists

Filibusters

adventurers who came to Texas hoping to claim land disputed between the U.S. and Spain

Rural Electrification Admin

affordable electricity would improve the standard of living and the economic competitiveness of the family farm; created to bring electricity to rural areas like the Tennessee Valley; many opposed

Virtual representation

all British subjects were represented in Parliament even if they do not vote for members

George Kennan/Long Telegram

an American adviser, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers. Sent a lengthy 5,500-word telegram from Moscow to Secretary of State James Byrnes outlining a new strategy for diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Greenback Party

an American political party with an anti-monopoly ideology which was active between 1874 and 1889; wanted greenbacks as national currency

New Federalism

attempts by presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants

White backlash

backlash by white racists against black civil rights advances

Public Works Admin

begin a series of construction projects creating additional jobs

Hippies

believed in anti-materalism, free use of drugs, they had a casual attitude toward sex and anti-conformity, (1960s) practiced free love and took drugs, flocked to San Francisco- low rent/interracial, they lived in communal "crash pads", smoked marijuana and took LSD, sexual revolution, new counter culture, Protestors who influenced US involvement in Vietnam

Malcolm X

believed in black power and equal rights, but thought violence was necessary

Urban Middle Class

below the gentry; included merchants, shopkeepers, artisans, and minor officials

Hudson River School

best represented by Thomas Cole, Asher Durand, and Frederick Church, who painted scenes of the region around the Hudson River.

Atomic Bomb

bomb dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities

Operation rolling thunder

bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to weaken enemy's ability and will to fight; 1965

The Promise of American Life/The New Republic

book published by Herbert Croly, founder of The New Republic in 1909. This book opposed aggressive unionization and supported economic planning to raise general quality of life.

1955 Geneva East-West Summit

called for a peaceful coexistence and a halt of nuclear weapons tests. made ceasefire, divided Vietnam at 77th parallel

Second American Party System

consisted of the Whigs and Democrats that emerged during the Jackson era in the 1830s

Burr Conspiracy

conspiracy in which __________________ tried to start his own empire out of US territory

The Overland Trail

dangerous path from the East out to California or Oregon; traveled in large groups/ wagon trains; trappers and frontiersman acted as guides

nitrous oxide and ether

early 1800s - were the anesthetics used commonly as intoxicants; popularized by the British scientist Sir Humphry Davy. He held nitrous oxide parties and coined the word "laughing gas" in 1799.

The Panic of 1819

economic downturn after the "Era of Good Feelings", due to BUS over-speculation

liberal republican

election of 1872, Democratic nominee to run against Grant, Grant won by a landslide, He was a former editor and publisher for the New York Tribune. (liberal republicans) vanished quickly after the election of 1872

Allen Dulles, CIA

end communist regimes, cultural anticommunism (jazz, abstract art shows)

the Battle of Lake Erie (Put-in-Bay)

ensured american control of Lake Erie for the rest of the war. allowed the Americans to capture Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames. Led by Oliver Hazard Perry.

Office of war info

established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort

Horace Greely and the Liberal Republicans

famous quote: ""Go West, young man, go West and grow up with the country.."

Hundred Days

first hundred days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency when a lot of changes occurred

Oliver Perry

had a success at the Battle of Put-In Bay and secured Lake Erie

Cult of domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Hemingway

innovative writer whose novels reflected the disillusionment of many Americans with propaganda and patriotic idealism; The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, The Old Man and the Sea

Wade-Davis Bill

it required 50% of the states' voters to take an oath of allegiance for reinstatement into the Union; name for Congress' plan for Reconstruction; more harsh than President's

Tobacco's Role in Chesapeake

it was the cash crop of the colonies; as a result, the increase in the value of tobacco and its popularity as a farm crop, also led to an increase in the slave trade.

Vice-admiralty courts

jury-less courts located in British colonies that were granted jurisdiction over local legal matters

Proclamation of 1763

law forbidding English colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains

War Hawks

members of Congress who wanted to declare war against Britain after the Battle of Tippecanoe

"log cabin" campaign

occurs when a candidate attempts to portray himself as a simple, man of the people. Harrison was the first president to campaign actively for office. He did so with the slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler too."

Populist Party

political party formed in 1890s that wanted a policy that would raise crop prices; hated big business, wanted income tax, RR regulation

Neutrality Acts

prohibited sale of arms to belligerents in a war; banned loans to belligerents; citizens cannot travel to countries at war or travel on armed ships; passed to prevent American involvement in future overseas wars

Transportation Revolution

rapid expansion of canals, steamships, and railroads

Edward Hopper

realist painter who conveyed disenchantment and isolation. 1926 artist who painted Early Sunday Morning: personal cityscapes

slave music

religion, work, recreation. Foundation for gospel jazz blues and rock

Senators Roscoe and Conkling

senator from New York who was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican party in the 1870s and 1880s.

Confiscation Act

series of laws passed by the federal government during the Civil War that were designed to liberate slaves in the seceded states. Authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and stated that all slaves who fought with/worked for the Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters.

Lexington and Concord

sites in Massachusetts of the first battles of the American Revolution

John Collier

social worker who observed the poor living conditions of the American Indian communities

Sherman's March to the Sea

some 60000 troops set out to march across Georgia; burnt city and destroyed everything.

Sound Money vs Easy Money Debate

sound money is gold, easy is paper, issuing of the "greenbacks" was overdone and the value depreciated causing inflation and the Panic of 1873.

Development of Sonar

sound navigation that measures depth and identifying objects

Liberty Party

supported abolition, broke off of Anti-Slavery Society

Federalists

supporters of the stronger central govt. who advocated the ratification of the new constitution

Rosie the riveter

symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war

"Bleeding Kansas"

term used to describe the 1854-1856 violence between proslavery and antislavery supporters in Kansas

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Cuban Missile crisis

the 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba

Seven Years' War/French and Indian War

the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France; began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763

Michael Harrington

the Other America,(1962) The book that inspires LBJ to create the Great Society: emphasizes the idea is that poverty still exists in the US.

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka

the Supreme Court declared the doctrine of "separate but equal" unconstitutional; rejected the idea that separate could be equal in education

Pollack vs. Farmer's Loan and Trust

the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the unapportioned income taxes on interest, dividends and rents imposed by the Income Tax Act of 1894 were direct taxes and therefore unconstitutional

American Expeditionary Force

the U.S. forces, led by Gen. John Pershing, who fought with the allies in Europe during WWI

Nixon Doctrine

the U.S. will not do the majority of fighting in countries threatened by communism, will provide aid

William T. Sherman

the Union general who led a 400 mile march of destruction through Georgia and South Carolina; caused destruction to the south

customs racketeering

the act of customs agents seizing cargo on ships for their own gain by claiming that they have the legal right to do so

Subsistence

the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level

Nativism

the belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners

Seneca Falls Convention

the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Secession

the formal withdrawal of a state from the Union

Samuel Adams

the founder and leader of the Sons of Liberty. Deemed the "firebrand" of the revolution

Patrick Henry

voice of the revolution. spoke against British rule at the house of Burgess in Virginia.

"Rough Riders"

volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Lord Dunmore's proclamation

wanted young men slaves who were suit to fight to rebel for the loyalists cause

The proslavery argument

was developed primarily to satisfy the consciences of southerners.

Valerino Weyler

was the notorious Cuban military governor accused of carrying out atrocities against Cuba; instituted concentration camps in Cuba during Spanish American War

minstrel shows

white actors wearing black face mimicked and ridiculed African American culture, became increasingly popular

"Good neighbor"

withdrawal of American troops from foreign nations (especially Latin America) to improve international relations and unite western hemisphere; Clark Memorandum (rebukes the "big stick"); peaceful resolution of Mexican oil fields

Sharecropping System

workers that rented a plot of land in exchange for a share of the crop

Loyalists (Tories) vs. Patriots (Whigs)

Those who wanted to stay part of Britain and remain British citizens. Those who wanted the American colonies to gain their independence from Britain. They wanted their own country called the United States.

Jay-Gardoqui Treaty

Treaty between the United States and Spain, guaranteed Spain's exclusive right to navigate the Mississippi River for 25 years. Opened Spain's European and West Indian seaports to American shipping.

A. Mitchell Palmer

U.S. attorney general who rounded up thousands of alleged Bolsheviks in the Red Scare

John Dewey

United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952)

Ralph Waldo Emerson

United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)

Muller vs. Oregon

Upheld the law stating women could only work for 10 hours per day

New frontier

Used by Kennedy to inspire Americans to support him, hope for the future

Napalm and Agent Orange

Used by US to try to clear out vegetation so that they could locate the enemy in the jungles.

John Humphrey Noyes and Oneida

Was an American utopian socialist. He founded the Oneida Community in 1848; believed in a benign deity, in the sweetness of human nature, and in the possibility of a perfect Christian community on earth

The Peace of Paris

Was the agreement that ended the French and Indian War. As a result of the war, the French gave up all territory east of the Mississippi River.

Samuel Colt

Weapons manufacturer whose popular revolver used Whitney's system of interchangeable parts; inventor of the first six shooter; side firearm that allowed six shots before reloading

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

When Taft fired Gifford Pinchot for failure to follow Richard Ballinger's orders. Signaled Taft's weakness on conservation

Yippies

Youth International Party; anarchist party headed by Abbie Hoffman that opposed the Vietnam War & conformity; poured bags of dollars onto the New York Stock Exchange and carried pictures of LBJ upside down

Battle of Buena Vista

Zachery Taylor defeated the Mexicans when fighting for the Rio Grande River

East India Company

a British trading company that set up large, profitable trading post colonies in India

Braceros

a Mexican laborer allowed into the US for a limited time as a seasonal agricultural worker.

Robert Owen and New Harmony

a Welsh industrialist and reform, hoped his utopian socialist community would provide an answer to the problems of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution

National Bank

a bank chartered, or licensed, by the national government; Jackson wanted to get rid of it

Kansas-Nebraska Act

a compromise law in 1854 that suspended the Missouri Compromise and left it to voters in Kansas and Nebraska to determine whether they would be slave or free states. the law exacerbated sectional tensions when voters can to blows over the question of slavery in Kansas. It was very controversial, supported by President Pierce and not supported by Douglass

Grantism

a derogatory term used to refer to all the corruption and fraud in Grant's administration; political corruption

Xenophobia

a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

Halfway Covenant

a form of partial church membership created by New England in 1662

American/Know Nothing Party

a former political party active in the 1850s to keep power out of the hands of immigrants and Roman Catholics (called nativists)

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

a gifted preacher who emerged as a leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s in favor of non violent civil disobedience

Barnum's American Museum

a great freak show populated by midgets, Siamese twins, magicians, and ventriloquists. He was a genius in publicizing his ventures with garish posters; later in the 1870's he launched the famous circus.

Patrons of Husbandry (the Grange)

a group organized in 1867, the leader of which was Oliver H. Kelley. It was better known as the Grange. It was a group with colorful appeal and many passwords for secrecy. The Grange was a group of farmers that worked for improvement for the farmers

Tredegar Iron Works

a large iron factory that operated in Richmond, Virginia, in the early to mid-1800s; one of the most productive industrial factories of the south

phrenology

a now abandoned study of the shape of skull as indicative of the strengths of different faculties

Gold Rush

a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

Alliance for progress

a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, 1961-63. JFK economic policy towards S.America, 10 yr. development plan where JFK promised Latin Amer. leaders that U.S. would

Lewis & Clark Expedition

an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States-- exploration of the Louisiana Purchase

Congress of racial equality

an organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality

United Nations

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

Sons of Liberty

an organization that was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government

Transcendentalism

any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material

New Nationalism + New Freedom

NN- Progressive policy of Theodore Roosevelt--1912 Progressive party platform --favored a more active govt role in economic and social affairs--favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions and the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington --favored women's suffrage and social welfare programs (including minimum-wage laws and "socialistic" social insurance). NF- Wilson's policy that favored the small business, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of un-regulated and un-monopolized markets.

Zenger Trial

NY case against man who published truthful statements against public official

Continental System

Napoleon's foreign policy, an embargo against British trade, forbade the importation of British goods into any European country under French control

Zbigniew Brzezinski

National Security Adviser to president Carter, executed directive from Carter to fund the mujahideen

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Necessary requirements for the former Confederate States to be readmitted to the Union.Laid out the process for readmitting Southern states into the Union. Required Confederate states to adopt constitutions that met with approval of U.S. Congress

Watergate

Nixon's political scandal involving abuse of power and bribery and obstruction of justice

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Cold War military alliance (USA + Western Europe vs. USSR).

Daniel Webster

Northern spokesman whose support for the Compromise of 1850 earned him the hatred of abolitionists; leader of the Whig part

Three Mile Island

Nuclear Power Plant in Harrisburg, Penn. which failed, causing radiation to be admitted in the air in 1979

Silver shirts

On January 31, 1933, the day after Hitler took control in Germany, Pelley founded the Silver Legion of America, better known as the Silver Shirts. The Silver Shirts were deliberately modeled on the Nazi Brown Shirts.

Palestinian Liberation Organization

PLO; an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of creating an independent State of Palestine

minutemen

Paul Revere, militia; man who warned militia and colonies that the redcoats were about to attack

PACs

Political Action Committees, raise money for candidates &/or parties

Huey Long

Political leader from Louisiana who criticized the New Deal

Republican Party

Political party formed in 1854. Its main goal was to stop the spread of slavery.

International Ladies Garment Workers' Union

Formed by Pauline Newman. labor union for garment workers'

American Colonization Society

Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks to Africa.

Harriet Tubman

Former slave who helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad; conductor of the Underground Railroad

Sojouner Truth

Former slave who was illiterate, yet she fought for both abolition and women's rights.

Mass Media

Forms of communication, such as newspapers, TV, and radio, that reach millions of people.

National American Women's Suffrage Association

Founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony to secure the vote for women.

Alice Paul

Founder of the National Women's party, took a more militant approach to gaining the right to vote. Led women in mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to convince the govt of women's suffrage.

William Haywood + Industrial Workers of the World

Founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World and a member of the executive committee of the Socialist Party of America. International labor union

Spanish loyalists

Francisco Franco's supporters

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote; States cannot deny the right to vote based on gender

Federal Trade Commission

Government agency created in 1914 to ensure fair competition

Pentagon papers

Government documents that showed the public had been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam; 1971

Oregon Border Dispute

Great Britain and the US wanted to split the territory but GB wanted the split at the Columbia River and the US wanted it at the 49th parallel. In 1846 GB accepted the 49th parallel

Green Mountain Boys

Group of Vermont Soldiers who captured Fort Ticonderoga in 1775.

John Birch Society

Group of anti-Communist conservatives

Brain trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

Utopian Societies

Group of small societies that appeared during the 1800s in an effort to reform American society and create a "perfect" environment (Ex. Shakers, Oneidas, Brook Farm, etc.).

Radical Republicans

Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war; Sought to change racial and cultural attitudes of the south

Berkeley Free Speech movement

Mario Savio, Result of UC Berk to ban political activities on campus. Coalition of students insisting on the right to campus political activity. Staged a sit-in. Led to more strikes and demonstrations

Chisholm vs. Georgia

Supreme court ruled that a state could be sued in federal courts by nonresidents. -- Court getting too involved in C_____ and overturned the decision through a constitutional amendment.

Plantation system

System of Southern agriculture before the Civil War which depended heavily on slave labor

American System

System of manufacturing that used interchangeable parts; introduced by Eli Whitney.

Crop-lien System

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

Farmers' alliance movement

The Grange was an alliance formed by farmers in the midwest and Great Plains. The southern and western farmers formed what was called the national farmers alliance. Regional alliances between farmers such as these were formed to initially advocated farmers' cooperatives to purchase equipment and supplies and to market their cotton as well as ban together for political advantage eventually forming the populist party.

Contagion

The rapid spread of emotions or behaviors through a crowd

Trail of Tears

The removal of Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Indian Territory in 1838 and 1839

Interposition/Nullification

The right of the states to protect their interests from federal violation deemed by those states to be dangerous or unconstitutional. The theory that states can invalidate federal law it considers unconstitutional.

Little Steel

The smaller steel companies were known as this. They were unyielding in their opposition.

Nullification Controversy

The south threatened to nullify (get rid of) the tariff laws

Burned-Over district

area of NY state along the Erie Canal that was constantly aflame with revivalism and reform; as wave after wave to fervor broke over the region, groups such as the mormons, shakers, and Millerites found support among the residents.

Erie Canal

canal completed in 1825 that connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River

Worcester vs Georgia

case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Native Americans from being present on Native American lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional

Gibbons v. Ogden

clarified the commerce clause and affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce

King Philip's War

conflict between natives and settlers that eliminated any native resistance in New England

Seminole Wars

conflict that began in Florida in 1817 when the Seminoles resisted removal by US troops

Henry Cabot Lodge

conservative senator who wanted to keep the united states out of the league of nations

Young Americans for Freedom

conservative students. Campus organization. Devoted to anti-commie and protecting constitution (new right)

Smuggling in Spanish & English Colonies

developed in response to the strict exchange policies of England in the seventeenth century; colonial merchants traded goods illegally

Jazz Singer

first movie with sound; 1927

John Adams

first vice president and second president of the United States

Millerites

followers of William Miller and the belief in the Second Coming of Christ; believed that Christ would return on October 22, 1842 also known as Adventists

British Orders in Council

forbade French trade with the United Kingdom, its allies, or neutrals, and instructed the Royal Navy to blockade French and allied ports

"free soil" vs "free labor"

formed from the remnants of the Liberty Party in 1848; adopting a slogan of "free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men," it opposed the spread of slavery into territories and supported homesteads, cheap postage, and internal improvements. It ran Martin Van Buren (1848) and John Hale (1852) for president and was absorbed into the Republican Party by 1856.

spinning bees

get together's that women of the colonies would have to make their own cloth. part of the non-consumption

Atlantic Slave Trade

the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

Operation overlord

the code name for the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy on June 6, 1944; also known as D-Day

"New England Way"

the ecclesiastical government, relation to the civil powers, and general practices of the Massachusetts Bay Colony churches

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Jazz Age

the era during the 1920s in which jazz became increasingly popular in the United States

Fur Trade

the exchange of animal skins for other goods, such as cloth, guns, and knives

Eugene McCarthy

the first antiwar advocate to challenge Johnson for the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination

Battle of New Orleans

the last major conflict of the War of 1812, which made Andrew Jackson a hero

Locofocos

the most radical democrats of Jackson, usually small businessmen in Northeast

"Rum Romanism, and Rebellion"

the name given to Democrats during the dirty election in which Grover Cleveland was elected

Federalists vs. Anti-federalists

the opposition of those who opposed the development of a strong federal government and the ratification of the Constitution in 1788, preferring instead for power to remain in the hands of state and local governments, vs those who wanted a strong federal government

Mobilization

the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war

States' Rights

the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.

"Middling Classes"

they were know to have secure good lives, but the economy was pushing towards a small middle class with a large upper and lower class. They mad of most people with voting rights

"Natural Aristocracy"

those who had demonstrated fitness for government service by personal accomplishments-- as the ideal candidates for political office.

Clean Air Act of 1963

to help pollution problem, factory standards created, urged on by "Silent Spring"

"Cotton Diplomacy"

to pressure Britain and France, the Confederacy attempted an embargo on cotton exports

St Louis (ship)

set sail from Hamburg carrying German Jews who wished to escape the Nazi regime in Germany to Cuba, then the US, then Canada, all of whom denied them entry. Finally they had to sail back to Germany where many of the Jewish passengers were then put into concentration camps

Great Kentucky Revival

gigantic revivals in which members of several denominations gathered together in sprawling open-air camps for up to a week to hear revivalists proclaim that the Second Coming of Jesus was near and that the time for repentance was now.

Marcus Garvey

immigrant from Jamaica who believed that African Americans should build a separate society

New Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe

Non-intercourse Acts

lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports-- replacement for the Embargo Act

Second Continental Congress

managed the Colonial war effort and moved incrementally towards independence

Miasma theories

medical theory that said diseases—such as cholera, chlamydia, or the Black Death—were caused by a miasma (μίασμα, ancient Greek: "pollution"), a noxious form of "bad air", also known as night air

Thaddeus Stevens

member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania and one of the leaders of the Radical Republican faction of the Republican Party during the 1860s

Anaconda Plan

military strategy proposed early in the American Civil War. Called for a naval blockade of the Confederate littoral, a thrust down the Mississippi, and the strangulation of the South by Union land and naval forces

Jazz

music that captured new freedom developed by African Americans in New Orleans, Memphis, and Chicago; A style of dance music popular in the 1920s

New Left

new political movement of the late 1960s that called for radical changes to fight poverty and racism

Penitentiaries

new prisons in PA where prisoners were placed in solitary confinement to force them to reflect on sins and repent; high rate of prisoner suicides caused the end of the system

Sidney Hillman

of the Amalgamated clothing workers established this in 1935. This 2 million-member group welcomed all autoworkers, steelworkers and electrical workers

John C. Calhoun

opposed Polk's high-handedness, avid Southern slave owner; opposed Compromise of 1850

National Organization for Women

organization founded in 1966 to get women good jobs at equal pay

American Anti-Slavery Society

organization that wanted immediate emancipation and racial equality

committees of correspondence

organized network for passing along news of British activity to the colonies

White Man's Burden

poem by Rudyard Kipling that preaches that it is the duty of the white man to civilize the native

Horace Mann

worked to reform the American education system, abolitionist, prison/asylum reform with Dorothea Dix

F. Scott Fitzgerald

writer of "This Side of Paradise" and "The Great Gatsby" who coined the term "Jazz Age"

Dr. Spock/ Baby and Child Care

wrote Common Sense Book of Baby & Child Care- urged mothers to stay home full-time

Waltham and Lowell Mills

turned out finished fabrics that required only one additional step, stitching into clothes. In contrast to other New England mills, 80% of the workers in Waltham and Lowell were young unmarried women who had been lured from farms by the promise of wages

Gettysburg

turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle

Mormonism

universalizing religion started by Joseph Smith in 1830; associate themselves with Christianity

Works Progress Admin

-quickly created unskilled jobs -construction -women sewing groups -historians

James Buchanan

15th U.S. President. 1857-1861. Democratic

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves.

Battle of Quebec

1759-English troops defeat French and gain control of St. Lawrence River settlements

Intolerable Acts

1774- Parliament punished people of Mass. for their actions in Boston Tea Party; passed laws restricting the colonists rights

Alexander Hamilton

First Secretary of the Treasury; Washington's assistant during the revolution & leader of the federalist party.

James G. Bennett

First generation Scottish immigrant who inherited the New York Herald newspaper.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 protest of farmers in Pennsylvania against taxes on liquor made and sold in the U.S.

Andrew Johnson

17th U.S. President. 1865-1869. Democratic National Union, Johnson became president as he was vice president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.

Manifest Destiny

1800s belief that Americans had the God-given right to spread across the continent.

Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Allied Powers

Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.

Cash and carry

Allies would pay cash and carry the arms in their own ships

Mayflower Compact

First governing document that helped establish the practice of self-government

George Washington

First President of the United States, leader of Continental Army

Henry Knox

First Secretary of War in George Washington's cabinet

Alexander Hamilton

First Secretary of the Treasury; Federalist

Abby Kelley

First woman to receive a high position in the American Anti-Slavery Society

Millerites

Followers of William Miller and the belief in the Second Coming of Christ.

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

Walt Whitman's "Leaves of Grass"

(1855) a compilation of poems; including "Song of Walt Whitman"

Potsdam Conference

(1945) a meeting of Allied leaders near Berlin to address issues about the post-World War II Europe (included Truman)

Swann v Charlotte Mecklenburg County Board of Education

(1971) *School Desegregation. Whether forced busing was a good method to desegregate schools. Court ruled that a school district has broad powers to fashion a remedy that will assure a unitary school system.

Roe v Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Edwin Meese

(1986) Attorney General who admitted that the money from arms sales with Iran went directly to Contra forces in Nicaragua

New York City Draft Riots (1863)

(Draft Week) violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan, regarded as the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. The riots remain the largest civil and racial insurrection in American history, aside from the Civil War itself.

FDIC

(Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) - Insurance for people's bank accounts.

Mark I, ENIAC

-calculator to decipher Axis codes -the 1st electronic computer, was made by military

Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944

-known as GI Bill -funds to veterans to establish business, buy homes, or attend college

George Meany/AFL-CIO

-president of AFL-CIO in 1955 when they merged -when they merged strikes decreased and more people saw themselves as middle (not working) class

Marbury vs. Madison

1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review. Adams appointed a large number of justices of peace for D.C. whose commissions were approved. The commissions were not delivered, and when Jefferson took office in 1801, he Madison, his Secretary of State, not to deliver them. William Marbury, one of the appointees, petitioned the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus (legal order) compelling Madison to show cause why he should not receive his commission.

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico; Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico

Dred Scott Decision

1857; a slave who sued the U.S. for his freedom after living in free territories. Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south

Bland-Allison Act

1878 law requiring the federal government to purchase and coin more silver

Closing of the Frontier

1890; all the land out west had been settled; there was no more unknown land to explore. End of traditional westward expansion

Nuremburg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood

Social Security Act

1935: An act that provided minimal sustenance to the elderly to save them from poverty.

"Roosevelt Recession"

1937 economic downturn caused by sound fiscal policy due to cut spending and higher taxes

The World of Tomorrow

1939 World's Fair theme; high point of architectural streamlining vogue; "Democracity"; epitomized patriotism and hope for a better future; futuristic heme was symbolized by giant tower and globe; showed future to forget the depression and have Americans look ahead to better things

Double V campaign

1942; African American slogan of WWII; meant Victory against fascism abroad and racism at home

Detroit race riot 1943

1943, largest riot in a year in which the United States saw eight major riots. Forty-three people were killed during the violence.

Truman Doctrine

1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means in the South

Jencks vs. US/Yates vs. US

1957. Accused have right to inspect gov files used by the prosecution. 1957. Overturned convictions of communist party leader made b smith act and highlighted difference between unlawful concrete acts & teaching of revolutionary ideology.

Freedom rides

1961; protests against segregation on interstate busing in the south

Gulf of Tonkin resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Anti-Slavery Society

1st national antislavery organization to be devoted to immediate abolition and racial equality

The Bank of the US

20 year charter from Congress (1816), Jackson vetoed it, and it was blamed for the Panic of 1819

Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the United States, president during WWI

John Marshall

4th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

"Billion Dollar Congress"

51st Congress, because for the first time in history, the annual budget exceeded a billion dollars

John Quincy Adams

6th U.S. President. 1825-1829. Democratic-Republican; favored by the New Englander's

Stamp Act Congress

9 colonies (loyal nine) asked the King and Parliament to repeal the stamp act

The Impending Crisis

A book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. The non-aristocrat from N.C. had to go to the North to find a publisher that would publish his book.

Baldwin Locomotive Works

A company located in Philadelphia that built railroad locomotives.

Baldwin Locomotive Works

A company located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that built railroad locomotives.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

House Un-American Activities Committee

A congressional committee created to search out disloyal Americans & Communists.

Rise of Mass Culture

A culture that is characterized by 1) The mass production and consumption of consumer goods 2) Urbanization 3) Tastes and values established not by traditional elites but rather by the masses

Panic of 1893

A financial panic that forced a quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy.

David Walker

A free African American who urged blacks to take their freedom by force

The Regulators

A group of Western vigilantes who ousted outlaws and demanded political representation.

Indian Removal Act

A law authorizing the removal of Eastern Native American tribes to western territories

Federal Reserve Act

A law passed by Congress in 1913, which created the central banking system of the United States.

Federal Reserve Act

A law passed by Congress in 1913, which created the central banking system of the United States; created the federal reserve board to oversee banks and manage reverse funds

Meat Inspection Act

A law passed by Congress to subject meat shipped over state lines to federal inspection.

Ordinance of 1785

A law that set up a plan for surveying and selling western lands; this method is still used today.

Gabriel's Rebellion

A literate enslaved blacksmith who planned a large slave rebellion in the Richmond area.

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793; increased slavery

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Isolationism

A policy of non-participation in international economic and political relations (avoiding world affairs)

Mariano Vallejo

A prosperous Californio who lost a lot of property after American settlement

Charles Coughlin

A radio priest who was anti-Semetic and anti-New Deal. He catered away some support from FDR.

Northern Securities Company Case

A railroad monopoly formed by J.P. Morgan which violated Sherman Antitrust Act

Great Awakening

A religious movement that swept through the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s; a religious revival

Underground Railroad

A secret, shifting network which aided slaves escaping to the North and Canada, mainly after 1840.

San Juan Hill

A semi-victorious American battle in the Spanish American war that lead to the Spanish surrender.

Robert La Follette/ "Wisconsin Idea"

A series of political reforms of the late 19th century and early 20th century whose strongest advocate was Robert M. La Follette, Sr., Wisconsin's governor (1901-1906) and senator (1906-1925)

Anthracite Coal Mining

A strike that involved miners, and that endangered Americans...without coal they would freeze to death! Roosevelt handled it by bringing the mine owners and a union leader to the white house to settle the issue. After threatening to overtake the mines with military power, the mine owners agreed to a 10% wage raise and 9 hour days for the miners, but not union recognition.

Zora Neale Hurston

African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance

Ida B. Wells

African-American journalist who led the fight against lynching (fed anti-lynching laws failed)

Booker T. Washington

African-American leader who did not believe in challenging segregation; proponent of gradual gain of equal rights for African-Americans

Richard Allen

African-American preacher who helped start the Free African Society

Mary Bethune

African-American woman administering the Division of Negro Affairs and creating a "black cabinet"

McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act

Also known as the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952, it kept limited immigration based on ethnicity, but made allowances in the quotas for persons displaced by WWII and allowed increased immigration of European refugees. Tried to keep people from Communist countries from coming to the U.S. People suspected of being Communists could be refused entry or deported.

German-American Bund

American Nazi organization established in the 1930s. Its main goal was to promote a favorable view of Nazi Germany. Have a rally in Madison Sq. Garden where they criticize FDR and sign paper to condemn Nazi-ism.

Robert E. Lee

American and Confederate soldier, best known as a commander of the Confederate States Army. He commanded the Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until his surrender in 1865.

New England Non-Resistance Society

American peace group founded at a special peace convention organized by William Lloyd Garrison, in Boston in September 1838.

John Hancock

American revolutionary patriot who was president of the Continental Congress; charged outrageously for "smuggling" wine

Iran-Contra Scandal

American weapons sold to Iran secretly and money made was given to Contra rebels in Nicaragua

Stephen Austin

American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico ("father of Texas")

OPEC oil embargo

An oil crisis created by the Iraqi gov't as punishment for supporting the Israel. because of US' support of Israel in Yom Kippur War (1973); created inflation, coupled w/unemployment

Black Codes

Any code of law that defined and especially limited the rights of former slaves after the Civil War. Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

Canals

Artificial waterways that were built because waterways were the cheapest way to transport goods

Racist Stereotyping

As most slaves were of dark complexion, slave societies associated dark skin color with slavery. They insisted that slaves were a second-class species between humans and animals, incapable of intelligence, civilization, or freedom.

Hinton R. Helper

Believed white southerners were victims of slavery and should fight against it because planters took all the money and yeomen farmers were left with nothing.

Virginia Plan

Bicameral legislature and fixed representation in both houses of congress proportionally to each state's population.

The Niagra Movement

Black civil rights organization founded in 1905 by a group led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter

George Grenville

British minister who raised a storm of protest by passing the Stamp Act

King George III

British monarch who reigned during the American Revolution

John Wilkes

British politician opposed to domestic/foreign policies of George III/Parliament

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service; forcing people to serve.

Khmer Rouge

Cambodia communist government under the leadership of Pol Pot. This new marxist regime undertook a systematic program to eliminate almost all of Cambodia's government officials, army officials, teachers, and intellectuals. Between 1975 and 1977, well over 1 million Cambodians were killed.

Mississippi Freedom Summer Project

Campaign to register African American voters in the South.

14th Amendment

Citizenship to everyone born in U. S. (due process or equal rights guaranteed)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Co-founded the 1848 Women's Rights Convention held in Seneca Falls, New York

Operation torch

Code name for allied invasion of North Africa from November 1942 to September 1943

Manhattan Engineering District

Code-name for the research plan for developing the atomic bomb.

Plymouth

Colony settled by the Pilgrims. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony.

Thomas Paine

Common Sense, In his pamphlet he argued that monarchy was dangerous to liberty and that it couldn't work in America; he linked people's patriotism and sense of religious mission

Deseret

Community set up by Mormons. Self-sufficient by Great Salt Lake; Mormon land in Utah

Ex Parte Merryman

Court case contesting the president's power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus during a national emergency. John Merryman imprisoned by military order at Fort McHenry, for pro-Confederate activities. Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney issued a writ of habeas corpus that Merryman was illegally detained. General George Cadwalader, in command of Fort McHenry, refused to obey the writ, on the basis that President Lincoln had suspended habeas corpus. Taney cited Cadwalader for contempt of court and Article I, Section 9, of the Constitution allows suspension of habeas corpus "when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it." Taney argued that only Congress—not the president—had the power of suspension. President Lincoln justified his action in a message to Congress. More importantly, he ignored Taney's opinion and adhered to the suspension of habeas corpus throughout the Civil War. Merryman, however, was later released. The constitutional question of who has the right to suspend habeas corpus, Congress or the president, has never been officially resolved.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Created Federal Trade Commission (investigate companies for unfair trade practices

Steel plow

Created by John Deere; significantly decreased the labor needed to plow the hard fields

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Created by the U.S. Commission of Civil Rights and the Civil Rights division of the Justice Department.

Steel Plow

Cut through hard packed prairie sod; Invented by John Deere

Reagonomics

Cut welfare, deregulation, follow supply-side economics of low taxes, spending; failed economically, worked politically

Commonwealth vs Hunt

Declared that labor unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon; Pioneering Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that declared labor unions legal

Clarence Darrow

Defended John Scopes during the Scopes Trial. He argued that evolution should be taught in schools. The most famous trial lawyer of the day; defended Scopes.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Defined steps for the creation and admission of new states. Law designated the area north of the Ohio River as NW territory and provided for its later division into states.

John Foster Dulles

Eisenhower's tough-talking secretary of state who wanted to "roll back" communism

Interchangeable Parts

Eli Whitney; identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

Emerson's "The American Scholar"

Emerson's lecture at Harvard; encouraged American authors to develop their own literary techniques instead of using European ideas

Proprietary Colony

English colony granted to an individual or group by the Crown

John Locke

English philosopher; one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and known as the "Father of Liberalism"

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Factory fire that killed 146 workers trapped in the building; led to new safety standard laws

Bay of pigs

Failed invasion of Cuba planned by the US government

Yalta agreements

February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans --arrange fate of Germany ---discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations to replace League of Nations ---They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. ---Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula.

Office of War mobilization

Federal agency formed to coordinate issues related to war production during World War II

Birth Control

Feminist Margaret Sanger's cause that contributed to changing sexual behaviors, especially for women

Panic of 1873

Financial panic in which banks closed and the stock market crashed; one of the biggest depressions in American history, occurs during Reconstruction

The Beats/Alan Ginsburg/Jack Kerouac

Group of young poets, writers, and artists who wrote harsh critiques of what they considered the sterility + conformity of american life, meaninglessness of american politics, and banality of popular culture; evidence of a widespread unsettling Ginsberg- "Howl" viewed as spokesman of the Beat Generation book seized by American government for obsenity charges; about America's false hopes and broken promises. Kerouac- "On the Road"; first to use the term 'Beat Generation'; experience of the Beat experience of America

Kerner commission

Group set up to investigate the causes of race riots in American cities in the 1960s

Pure Food and Drug Act

Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling. 1906 law that requires food and drug makers to list ingredients on their packages

Report on Public Credit

Hamilton's plan to fix the economy using assumption. A report analyzing national debt and public credit, also suggesting ways to fix it

George Fitzhugh

He wrote "Sociology for the South," a book that supported slavery; defended slavery as a natural part of hierarchical society

Henry Clay's Omnibus Bill

Henry Clay was Whig who drafter the Compromise of 1850, The Omnibus Bill were the various bills it included combined into one larger bill that was part of the Compromise of 1850.

Henry Stimson

Hoover's secretary of state, who sought sanctions against Japan for its aggression in Manchuria

Reconstruction Finance Corp

Hoover-created gov lending bank to businesses "millionaire's loan"

Canals

Human-made waterways

Stephen A. Douglas

Illinois senator who backed the Compromise of 1850; the leading northern democrat whose presidential hopes failed because of the conflict over slavery.

Indentured Servants

Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor

Immigration Acts of 1921 and 1924

Immigration restrictions that led to a decline in European immigration, making workers scarcer

Joint Committee on Reconstruction

Important Congressional group headed by Thaddeus Stevens. They would determine when the Southern states were truly reconstructed. Formed Dec 1865 to form Reconstruction plan

Civil Rights Act of 1960

It gave the Federal Courts the power to register Black voters and provided for voting referees who served wherever there was racial discrimination in voting, making sure Whites did not try to stop Blacks from voting.

James Fenimore Cooper's "Leatherstocking Tales"

James Fenimore Cooper's most famous novels about Natty Bumppo, a frontiersman.

KKK

Ku Klux Klan--Against Blacks, Jews, Catholics. Used terror to control them-- white supremacy

Personal-Liberty Laws

Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves

Pol Pot

Leader of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, who terrorized the people of Cambodia throughout the 1970's

Jerry Faflwell and the moral majority

Leader of the Religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was"family values", anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools

Ngo Dinh Diem

Leader of the anti-Communist government of South Vietnam

Stokely Carmichael and H. Rap Brown

Leaders during the Black Power Movement

Comm. To defend America first

Leading isolationist group advocating that America focus on continental defense and non-involvement with the European war

Teller and Platt Amendments

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war; Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Upper and Lower South

Links between these two regions: -The people from one region mostly came from the other region -All of them benefited from the 3/5 Clause -They all hated the abolition movement because it applied to all of them -The profitability of cotton and sugar increased the value of slaves everywhere, which encouraged the internal slave trade between the two regions

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (conservative belief in the Bible)

American Renaissance

Literary movement that flourished after 1820

Governor Faubus

Little Rock Central High School,He refused to desegregate Little Rock schools, sent state's National Guard

New Deal

President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life.

Vietnamization

President Nixon's policy of replacing American military forces with those of South Vietnam

Fair Deal

President Truman's economic and social reform programs

Moral Diplomacy

President Wilson's policy of condemning imperialism, spreading democracy, and promoting peace

14 Points

President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars. (plan for peace)

Bank Holiday

Presidential closing of banks four days during the Great Depression to help recover

Family Assistance Plan

Proposed by President Nixon, would have been a guaranteed minimum income for all Americans.

Coxey's Army

Protest march of unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey. Marched on Washington in 1894.

Bible Riots

Protestant mobs descended on Catholic neighborhoods because of the issue of what bible Catholic students should use

Quakers

Protestant reformers who believed in the equality of all people

Freedmen's Schools

Provided blacks with education; schools set up to educate newly freed African Americans

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan banished from Massachusetts because of her beliefs

President's Commission on Civil Rights (To Secure these Rights)

Pushed for southern anti-lynching laws and tried to register more black voters, but was mostly symbolic and had little real effect. (A report by the President's Committee on Civil Rights, it was given a year after the Committee was formed, and helped pave the way for the civil rights era. It recommended that the government start an anti-lynching campaign and ensure that Blacks got to vote.)

Townshend duties (Revenue Act of 1767)

Put an import tax on glass, lead, tea, paint; wanted to raise money for the British treasury and have a fund that would pay the governors

Lucretia Mott

Quaker who believed in Women's rights, helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention

William Penn

Quaker who founded the Pennsylvania colony and allowed religious freedom

New France

Quebec, the base of France's colonial empire in North America. First permanent French colony in North America.

War on Poverty

Refers to Johnson's attempts and programs designed to end poverty in the US.

the ME generation

Refers to the Baby Boomer generation and the self-involved qualities that some people associated with it.

The "Moving Frontier"

Refers to the line of settlement that kept on moving further and further west, and also that farmers kept moving to find more land

Jane Addams

Reformer who established Hull House for the poor in Chicago.

Barry Goldwater

Republican candidate for President in 1964, and initial leader of the conservative movement

McCarran Internal Security Act

Required all alleged communist organizations to register with the government

Casper Weinberger

Secretary of Defense for the Reagan admin. From January 1981 to November 1987. Reagan sided with Weinberger against Sec. of State Haig, to press the Israelis to halt its bombing campaign against Lebanon and the Syrian forces so as to alleviate USSR concerns with the 1982 Lebanon War. Reagan's secretary of defense projected a doubling of the defense budget. proposed spending billions to build new weapon systems & to expand US navy from 450-600 ships

Rosa Parks

Secretary of NAACP, spurred the Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955

George Shultz

Secretary of state for Reagan for 6.5 years after Haig. Could master details and still have main picture in focus. Frustrated by the chaos as well, and submitted his resignation a couple of times but Reagan refused to accept it. 2 track policy after the end of the war in Lebanon-Oct 1984: gave a speech on US/USSR relations, he was determined to increase ethics in FP

Donald Reagan

Secretary of the Treasury. In 1981, President Ronald Reagan chose him as Treasury secretary and the CEO of the investment bank Merrill Lynch. He said that the people of wall street and the president were working together and were on the same page. "The Reagan administration, supported by economists and financial lobbyists started a 30-year period of financial deregulation."

Compromise of 1877

South to gain removal of last troops from Reconstruction; North wins Hayes as president; Compromise that enables Hayes to take office in return for the end of Reconstruction

Strom Thurmond/Dixiecrats

Southern segregationist who led Dixiecrat presidential campaign against Truman in 1948. any of the Southern Democrats who seceded from the party in 1948 in opposition to its policy of extending civil rights.

Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator of Spain. He was helped by Germany and Italy, who were also fascist

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Stated freedom of religious beliefs and opinions, written by Thomas Jefferson

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

States had power to nullify Federal law if unjust; claimed Alien and Sedation Acts violate Bill of Rights.

McCulloch vs. Maryland

Supreme Court ruling that defended federal power by denying a state the right to tax a federal bank

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Supreme Court said that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional.."legalized" segregation

Maria Monk's Awful Disclosures

book that rekindled anti-Catholicism hysteria

Assemblies

group of male citizens that voted on laws and elected officials

Indian Removal Act

law passed in 1830 that forced many Native American nations to move west of the Mississippi River

National Labor Relations Act

law passed in 1935 that protects American workers from unfair management practices

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

law that allowed Dartmouth to stay as a private institution rather than a public one. Ruled that states must abide to contracts and cannot interfere in them

Glass Steagall Act

law that established the federal deposit insurance corporation to protect individuals bank accounts

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

law that outlawed practices that limit competition or lead to monopoly

Shah Reza Pahlavi

leader of Iran after World War II; embraced Western governments and wealthy Western oil companies

Charles Finney

leader of Second Great Awakening; urged people to abandon sin and lead good lives in dramatic sermons at religious revivals

John Randolph and Quids

leader of the "Old Republican" faction (the Quids) that insisted on strict adherence to the Constitution and opposed any innovations

Alice Paul

leader of the National Woman's party, campaigned for an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution

National Civil Service Reform League

led by E.L. Godkin and George Curtis (formed 1881), this group focused on advocating appointments and promotions based on merit (civil service) rather than political connections

Slaughterhouse Cases

legal dispute that resulted in a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1873 limiting the protection of the privileges and immunities clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Kinship ties and networks

since slave families were often split apart, they had to find a new close community. They emphasized ties between children and grandparents, uncles, and aunts (parents too). If slaves didn't have these real relations, they just called other slave friends by these names. Means of protection against separation

Nat Turner Rebellion

slave rebellion in Virginia that increased tension in the Southern region (1831)

Robert Smalls

slave who piloted a Confederate ship through the Union blockade to escape to the North

Emancipation Proclamation

slaves of civilian and military Confederate officials "shall be forever free," but it was enforceable only in areas of the South occupied by the Union Army

Molly Dewson

social reformer turned politician headed the Women's Division of the Democratic National Committee.