All of thoracic and Cervical
The spinal column is centered in the
Midsagittal plane
Cervical intervertebral foramina are formed by the
inferior and superior borders of the pedicles
C spine should be taken on expiration why
to depress shoulders
Mastoid tip is how to the EAM
1 inch below EAM
T1 is how to the jugular notch
1.5 superior
What is the angle for lateral thoracic spine
10-15 cephalic if spine not parallel
how many thoracic vertebrae are there
12
What IR size is used for scoliosis
14x36
Cervical intervertebral foramina are also directed how inferiorly
15 degree
Anterior cervical obliques there is a
15 degree caudal angle
Angle for PA obliques for C spine
15-20 caudal
Angle for AP obliques
15-20 cephalad
Sternal angle is how to the jugular notch
2 inchs below jugular notch
AP axial c spine angle
20 cephalic standing 15 lying down
What angle is there for the AP axial vertebral arch projection
20-30 caudal
T7 is located how to the jugular notch
3 to 4 inches below
What angle should be used on the swimmers to separate shoulders
3-5 caudal angle
Cervical intervertebral foramina are situated how
45 degree angle opening anteriorly
How are the cervical intervertebral foramina best demonstrated
45 degree oblique with 15 degree up or downshot depending on oblique
The PA AP oblique for C spine has what rotation
45 degrees
cervical posterior obliques are
45 with 15 degree cephalic
What SID is used for scoliosis
60 inches
how many cervical vertebrae are there
7
T7 is how to the vertebral prominens
7 TO 8 INCHES
AP and PA obliques for T spine are what degree
70
How are the thoracic zygapophyseal joints best demonstrated
70 to 75 degree oblique or 20-25 from lateral
what is the kvp for C spine
70 to 80
Lateral c spine has what SID
72
What is the kvp for AP/PA scoliosis
80-90
Cervical Zygapophyseal joints between C2-7 are at
90 degree angles
thoracic intervertebral foramina form a
90 degree from the msp
What is the kvp for lateral scoliosis
90-100
The cr for lateral thoracic is perpendicular to
T7 and long axis of spine
If you are unable to see the dens in the AP open mouth what should you do
AP FUCH OR PA JUDD
Cervical zygapophyseal joints between C1 and C2 are best demonstrated in
AP open mouth
What vertebrae should be shown on the tspine obliques
All 12
C1
Atlas
What should be seen in entirety for the AP open mouth for cervical
Atlas,axis, and dens
C2
Axis
C2 is called the
Axis
The double pointed spinous processes are called
Bifid spinous tips
Embryologically the dens is part of
C1
Mastoid tip is at the
C1
In the AP axial C spine the base of the skull will superimpose
C1-2
What joint should be open in the AP open mouth
C1-2 zygapophyseal joints
What vertebrae should be demonstrated on the lateral C spine
C1-7
what vertebrae should be visualized in the flexion extension c spine
C1-7
during development the dens becomes part of
C2
What cervical vertebrae have double pointed spinous processes
C2-C6
The gonion is at
C3
What should be demonstrated on the AP axial C spine
C3 to T 1 with intervertebral disk spaces open
Typical cervical vertebrae
C3-6
Lateral C spine the CR is to
C4
Where is the CR for AP wagging Jaw
C4
Where is the CR for C spine lateral trauma
C4
where is the CR for the PA AP C spine
C4
Thyroid cartilage or adams apple is at
C5
Where is the CR for the AP axial vertebral Arch
C5
Vertebral prominens
C7
vertebral prominens is at
C7
What should be demonstrated on a AP T spine
C7-L1
Xiphoid process is the level of
T9 to T 10
the articulation of the thoracic vertebrae and the tubercles of the ribs are called the
Costotransverse joints
What is seen in the superior perspective of C1
Dens or odontoid
the conical process that projects up from C2
Dens or odontoid process
Angle of the jar
Gonion
AP fuch CR
Inferior mandible parallel to MML
What will be open in a lateral T spine
Intervertebral disk spaces and intervertebral foramina
What should be in midline of the lateral spinal fusion series
L5
The articular pillars is called what in C1
Lateral mass
Where is the cr for the lateral spinal fusion series
MCP at site of fusion
PA judd CR
Mastoid tips parallel to MML
What projection reduces dosage of thyroid and breast tissue by 90 percent
PA
What obliques are preferred for c spine
PA because it has 10 times less thyroid radiation
what ribs articulate with the vertebrae only at the costovertebral joint`
Rib 11 and 12
Cervical RAO
Right foramina
What should be centered in the lateral spinal fusion series
fusion site
The articular pillars is located between the
Superior and inferior articular processes
The downward spinous process of vertebral prominens is at
T1
Vertebra prominens is at
T1
Where is the CR for cervicothoracic lateral swimmers
T1 Or 1 inch above jugular notch
What vertebrae are demonstrated on lateral T spine
T1-L1
Sternal angle is located where
T4 and T5 at the level of the second rib
what are the typical thoracic vertebrae
T5,T6,T7,and T8
Where is the CR for AP and PA t spine obliques
T7
Where is the CR for AP thoracic
T7
Where is the CR for lateral thoracic
T7
t7 is how in the thoracic vertebrae
The mid point
C7 has many features of the
Thoracic spine
What are unique to the cervical spine
Transverse foramina, bifid spinous process tips, and overlapping vertebral bodies
Thoracic vertebrae either have what for the ribs to articulate with
a full facet or two partial facets on each side of the body
C2-C7 Zygapophyseal joints are best demonstrated in
a lateral
In the AP axial vertebral arch the mandible should be
above C3
Each disk has a outer fibrous portion called the
annulus fibrosus
What edge of the cervical vertebrae lies more inferior
anterior edges
The vertebral column curvatures are composed of
anteroposterior curves
What study has the mandible moving during the exposure
ap wagging jaw
why is there a slight lateral curvature of the spine
associated with hand dominance
the superior facets of the atlas and the skull forms the
atlantooccipital joints
first cervical body
atlas
C7 is palpable where
base of the neck
The lower border of the IR is how in the PA and AP scoliosis and lateral
below iliac crest
Rotation of the head occurs where
between C1 and C2
the atlas as no
body
C spine obliques will show
c3-7 intervertebral foramina open
AP axial Cspine where is the CR
c4 or lower thyroid cartilage
What is demonstrated on a swimmers lateral
c4-t3
Where is the CR for cervical AP open mouth
center of mouth
what regions have concave curvatures
cervical and lumbar
C Spine lateral trauma initial picture is taken with
cervical collar on
What is the first of the compensatory curves to form when children begin to raise their head
cervical region
Lateral T spine best demonstrates
compression fractures
rounded inward or depressed surface like a cave
concave
When children begin to walk what curvature developes
concave lumbar curvature
Lumbar
concave/lordotic- second compensatory
Cervical curvature
concave/lordotic-first compensatory
rounded outward or elevated surface
convex
thoracic and sacral are what types of curvatures
convex primary curves
The ferguson method involves elevating the
convex side 3-4 inches
Thoracic curvature
convex- first primary curve
Sacral curvature
convex- second primary
the head of the rib and the facets or demifacets form
costovertebral joint
what are the partial facets of the thoracic vertebrae called
demifacets
T2-T8 type of facets
demifacets on upper and lower margins
Why is erect for C spine preferred
demonstrates alignment and ligament stability, natural curves of spine, depresses shoulder
Both AP Fuch and PA Judd will show
dens within foramen magnum
scoliosis can be caused by
disease, surgery, trauma, or idiopathic
What are the functions of the vertebral column
encloses and protects spinal cord, supports trunk and skull, and provides attachments for muscle
scoliosis can caused deformities of the
entire thorax
C spine should be taken on
expiration
what breathing is used for scoliosis
expiration
What features does C 7 have of the thoracic spine
extra long and horizontal spinous process
what two vertebrae don't have the disks between them
first and second cervical
Scoliosis radiography can be used to evaluates
fixation devices like Harrington rods
In the AP right and left bending for scoliosis what must there be a maximum of
flexion
The lateral spinal fusion series involves
flexion and extension
How are the thoracic vertebrae zygapophyseal joints
form a 70 to 75 degree angle from msp
Severe stress as a result of flexion-hyperextension can cause a
fractures of the dens
what must you rule out first before doing a hyperflexion or extension study
frature
The pelvis in the lateral spinal fusion acts as a
fulcrum
T1 type of facets
full facet and demifacet on inferior margin
T10-12 type of facets
full facets
hyperflexion and extension c spine is what type of study
function
slipped disk is also called
herniated nucleus puplosus or HNP
kyphosis is also called
hump back
if teeth are superimposing the upper dens in the ap open mouth what do you do
hyperextend neck or angle tube up
How is the patient in the AP axial vertebral arch projection
hyperextending the neck
if base of skull is superimposed over dens in ap open mouth what do you do
hyperflex the neck of angle tube down
What special projections are useful to rule out whiplash and spinal mobility after spinal fusion
hyperflexion and extension c spine
when is scoiliosis generally detected
in adolescents
What is the function for the primary and compensatory curvatures
increases strength in the vertebral column and helps maintain balance with center of gravity
The lateral mass is what part of C1
most bulky and solid part
t7 is the midpoint between the
jugular notch and xiphoid process
refers to an abnormal condition characterized by an increase convexity of the spine
kyphosis
How are the lower four thoracic vertebrae
larger and share characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae
Each cervical vertebrae gets
larger as it goes down
Scoliosis is more serious and created what type of curvature
lateral S shaped
For C1 what is the articular pillars called
lateral masses
what T spine projection uses the breathing technique
lateral t spine
Thoracic intervertebral foramina are best demonstrated in
laterals
the superior facet of the atlas articulates with the
left and right occipital condyles of the skull
left handed
left convex curve
cervical LAO
left foramina
cervical RPO
left foramina
refers to an abnormal ANTERIOR concavity of the lumbar spine
lordosis
the cervical and lumbar curvatures are referred to as
lordotic
What are the terms used to describe abnormal curvatures of the spine
lordotic, kyphosis, and scoliosis
The articular pillars is a short column of bone that provides
more support then the rest of the spinal column
C spine obliques the skull will
not be superimposed over C1
What is the soft semigelatinous inner part of the disk
nucleus pulposus
When is the SID for Cspine 72
obliques and lateral
T9 type of facets
one demifacet on its upper margin
each of the 12 thoracic vertebrae are closely associated with
one pair of ribs
Why is there a 15 inferior degree to the cervical intervertebral foramina
overlapping
Other transverse processes will arise from where
pedicle and lamina area
Transverse process of the cervical spine arise from the
pedicle and the body
The dens of C2 acts as a
pivot
Rather then having a laminae and spinous process C1 has a
posterior arch
AP Axial vertebral arch projection will show what part of the vertebrae
posterior elements of mid and lower cervical spine; articular pillars
The spinal column forms what part of the body trunk
posterior or dorsal aspect
When referring to column curvatures we are referring to the
posterior perspective
Bending studies for scoliosis are used to differentiate between
primary and compensatory curves
what is the function of the disk between the vertebrae
provides cushion to absorb shock of movement
right handed
right convex curve
cervical LPO
right foramina
LPO thoracic demonstrates
right zpj
An abnormal or exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
the concave lumbar curvature is also called the
second compensatory concave curve
Injury high in the spinal cord can result in
serious paralysis and death
Thoracic vertebrae change in
size and appearance from upper to lower vertebrae
What can cause asymmetry of the cervical zygapophyseal joints of C1 and C2
skull rotation or injury
The anterior edges lying more inferior in the cervical vertebrae causes
slight overlapping of vertebral bodies
When the nucleus pulposus protrudes from the annulus fibrosus of a disk and presses ont he spinal cord
slipped disk
Typical cervical vertebrae bodies are
small and oblong
How are the upper four thoracic vertebrae
small and share features of the cervical vertebrae
The anterior arch of the atlas includes
small anterior tubercles
the posterior arch of the atlas has
small posterior tubercle at midline
How are the transverse processes of the atlas
smaller but still have formina
The vertebra column is called the
spine or spinal column
hyperextension c spine will show
spinous processes close together
Hyperflexion c spine will show
spinous processes separated
Describe a normal vertebral column
straight with some lateral curvature
Cervical zygapophyseal joints are formed between the
superior and inferior articular processes
Each superior articular processes of the atlas presents a depressed area called the
superior facet
The lateral masses of C1 have what function
supports weight of head and assists in rotation
lordosis is also called
swayback
How should the cervical zygapophyseal joints appear in a AP open mouth
symmetric
Costotransverse joints are what type of joints
synovial and diathrodial with slight gliding
Jugular notch is located at
t2 and T3
if you take a lateral C spine and C7 cannot be demonstrated you should
take a swimmers lateral
For positioning in the t spine what should you apply
the anode heel effect or compensating filter
Scoliosis radiography demonstrates what
the degree or amount of curvature that occurs with force of gravity acting on body
what is an important feature of the thoracic vertebrae
the facets for articulation with the ribs
When children begin to raise their head/sit up what forms
the first of the compensatory concave curves
what part of the rib is accepted into the thoracic facets or demi facets
the head
What forms the zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine
the inferior and superior articular processed
RPO thoracic demonstrates
the left zpj
What curves are more pronounced in women
the lumbar and sacral
What are well demonstrated on the C spine obliques
the pedicles
What should remain as a pivot point for the right and left bending scoliosis series
the pelvis
What is formed as a vertical opening as adjacent vertebrae are stacked on eachother
the spinal canal
How are the spinous processed different in thoracic vertebrae compared to others
they point caudally
what replaces the body in the atlas
thick arch of bone called the anterior arch
kyphosis occurs in what region of the spine
thoracic
what curves begin right after birth
thoracic and sacral
what regions have convex curvatures
thoracic and sacral
The cervical spine has how many vertical foramina
three
Why must you have a cephalic angle for the AP axial C spine
to open up the intervertebral joint spaces because they overlap
Typical adult vertebrae are separated by
tough fibrocartilaginous disks between bodies of two vertebrae
the dens of C2 is held into place by the
transverse atlantal ligament
The hole in each transverse process of the cervical spine is called the
transverse foramen
The first ten thoracic vertebrae also have facets to articulate with what of the ribs
tubercles
How do the demi facets work with the thoracic vertebrae
two demifactes will share articulation with the head of a rib
what are the three cervical foramen
two vertebral foramen and transverse
Rotation of the head can cause what in the AP open mouth
unequal spaces between the lateral masses and dens
What is the patient positioning for cervical AP open mouth
upper incisors and base of skull is superimposed
The spinal column is made up of
vertebrae
transverse foramina is a passage way fro
vertebral artery,veins, and certain nerve
when is scoliosis more obvious
when it occurs in the lower vertebral column
Is a grid used for scoliosis
yes
should you shield C spine
yes
What are best demonstrated on the t spine obliques
zygapophyseal joints
