All of thoracic and Cervical

The spinal column is centered in the

Midsagittal plane

Cervical intervertebral foramina are formed by the

inferior and superior borders of the pedicles

C spine should be taken on expiration why

to depress shoulders

Mastoid tip is how to the EAM

1 inch below EAM

T1 is how to the jugular notch

1.5 superior

What is the angle for lateral thoracic spine

10-15 cephalic if spine not parallel

how many thoracic vertebrae are there

12

What IR size is used for scoliosis

14x36

Cervical intervertebral foramina are also directed how inferiorly

15 degree

Anterior cervical obliques there is a

15 degree caudal angle

Angle for PA obliques for C spine

15-20 caudal

Angle for AP obliques

15-20 cephalad

Sternal angle is how to the jugular notch

2 inchs below jugular notch

AP axial c spine angle

20 cephalic standing 15 lying down

What angle is there for the AP axial vertebral arch projection

20-30 caudal

T7 is located how to the jugular notch

3 to 4 inches below

What angle should be used on the swimmers to separate shoulders

3-5 caudal angle

Cervical intervertebral foramina are situated how

45 degree angle opening anteriorly

How are the cervical intervertebral foramina best demonstrated

45 degree oblique with 15 degree up or downshot depending on oblique

The PA AP oblique for C spine has what rotation

45 degrees

cervical posterior obliques are

45 with 15 degree cephalic

What SID is used for scoliosis

60 inches

how many cervical vertebrae are there

7

T7 is how to the vertebral prominens

7 TO 8 INCHES

AP and PA obliques for T spine are what degree

70

How are the thoracic zygapophyseal joints best demonstrated

70 to 75 degree oblique or 20-25 from lateral

what is the kvp for C spine

70 to 80

Lateral c spine has what SID

72

What is the kvp for AP/PA scoliosis

80-90

Cervical Zygapophyseal joints between C2-7 are at

90 degree angles

thoracic intervertebral foramina form a

90 degree from the msp

What is the kvp for lateral scoliosis

90-100

The cr for lateral thoracic is perpendicular to

T7 and long axis of spine

If you are unable to see the dens in the AP open mouth what should you do

AP FUCH OR PA JUDD

Cervical zygapophyseal joints between C1 and C2 are best demonstrated in

AP open mouth

What vertebrae should be shown on the tspine obliques

All 12

C1

Atlas

What should be seen in entirety for the AP open mouth for cervical

Atlas,axis, and dens

C2

Axis

C2 is called the

Axis

The double pointed spinous processes are called

Bifid spinous tips

Embryologically the dens is part of

C1

Mastoid tip is at the

C1

In the AP axial C spine the base of the skull will superimpose

C1-2

What joint should be open in the AP open mouth

C1-2 zygapophyseal joints

What vertebrae should be demonstrated on the lateral C spine

C1-7

what vertebrae should be visualized in the flexion extension c spine

C1-7

during development the dens becomes part of

C2

What cervical vertebrae have double pointed spinous processes

C2-C6

The gonion is at

C3

What should be demonstrated on the AP axial C spine

C3 to T 1 with intervertebral disk spaces open

Typical cervical vertebrae

C3-6

Lateral C spine the CR is to

C4

Where is the CR for AP wagging Jaw

C4

Where is the CR for C spine lateral trauma

C4

where is the CR for the PA AP C spine

C4

Thyroid cartilage or adams apple is at

C5

Where is the CR for the AP axial vertebral Arch

C5

Vertebral prominens

C7

vertebral prominens is at

C7

What should be demonstrated on a AP T spine

C7-L1

Xiphoid process is the level of

T9 to T 10

the articulation of the thoracic vertebrae and the tubercles of the ribs are called the

Costotransverse joints

What is seen in the superior perspective of C1

Dens or odontoid

the conical process that projects up from C2

Dens or odontoid process

Angle of the jar

Gonion

AP fuch CR

Inferior mandible parallel to MML

What will be open in a lateral T spine

Intervertebral disk spaces and intervertebral foramina

What should be in midline of the lateral spinal fusion series

L5

The articular pillars is called what in C1

Lateral mass

Where is the cr for the lateral spinal fusion series

MCP at site of fusion

PA judd CR

Mastoid tips parallel to MML

What projection reduces dosage of thyroid and breast tissue by 90 percent

PA

What obliques are preferred for c spine

PA because it has 10 times less thyroid radiation

what ribs articulate with the vertebrae only at the costovertebral joint`

Rib 11 and 12

Cervical RAO

Right foramina

What should be centered in the lateral spinal fusion series

fusion site

The articular pillars is located between the

Superior and inferior articular processes

The downward spinous process of vertebral prominens is at

T1

Vertebra prominens is at

T1

Where is the CR for cervicothoracic lateral swimmers

T1 Or 1 inch above jugular notch

What vertebrae are demonstrated on lateral T spine

T1-L1

Sternal angle is located where

T4 and T5 at the level of the second rib

what are the typical thoracic vertebrae

T5,T6,T7,and T8

Where is the CR for AP and PA t spine obliques

T7

Where is the CR for AP thoracic

T7

Where is the CR for lateral thoracic

T7

t7 is how in the thoracic vertebrae

The mid point

C7 has many features of the

Thoracic spine

What are unique to the cervical spine

Transverse foramina, bifid spinous process tips, and overlapping vertebral bodies

Thoracic vertebrae either have what for the ribs to articulate with

a full facet or two partial facets on each side of the body

C2-C7 Zygapophyseal joints are best demonstrated in

a lateral

In the AP axial vertebral arch the mandible should be

above C3

Each disk has a outer fibrous portion called the

annulus fibrosus

What edge of the cervical vertebrae lies more inferior

anterior edges

The vertebral column curvatures are composed of

anteroposterior curves

What study has the mandible moving during the exposure

ap wagging jaw

why is there a slight lateral curvature of the spine

associated with hand dominance

the superior facets of the atlas and the skull forms the

atlantooccipital joints

first cervical body

atlas

C7 is palpable where

base of the neck

The lower border of the IR is how in the PA and AP scoliosis and lateral

below iliac crest

Rotation of the head occurs where

between C1 and C2

the atlas as no

body

C spine obliques will show

c3-7 intervertebral foramina open

AP axial Cspine where is the CR

c4 or lower thyroid cartilage

What is demonstrated on a swimmers lateral

c4-t3

Where is the CR for cervical AP open mouth

center of mouth

what regions have concave curvatures

cervical and lumbar

C Spine lateral trauma initial picture is taken with

cervical collar on

What is the first of the compensatory curves to form when children begin to raise their head

cervical region

Lateral T spine best demonstrates

compression fractures

rounded inward or depressed surface like a cave

concave

When children begin to walk what curvature developes

concave lumbar curvature

Lumbar

concave/lordotic- second compensatory

Cervical curvature

concave/lordotic-first compensatory

rounded outward or elevated surface

convex

thoracic and sacral are what types of curvatures

convex primary curves

The ferguson method involves elevating the

convex side 3-4 inches

Thoracic curvature

convex- first primary curve

Sacral curvature

convex- second primary

the head of the rib and the facets or demifacets form

costovertebral joint

what are the partial facets of the thoracic vertebrae called

demifacets

T2-T8 type of facets

demifacets on upper and lower margins

Why is erect for C spine preferred

demonstrates alignment and ligament stability, natural curves of spine, depresses shoulder

Both AP Fuch and PA Judd will show

dens within foramen magnum

scoliosis can be caused by

disease, surgery, trauma, or idiopathic

What are the functions of the vertebral column

encloses and protects spinal cord, supports trunk and skull, and provides attachments for muscle

scoliosis can caused deformities of the

entire thorax

C spine should be taken on

expiration

what breathing is used for scoliosis

expiration

What features does C 7 have of the thoracic spine

extra long and horizontal spinous process

what two vertebrae don't have the disks between them

first and second cervical

Scoliosis radiography can be used to evaluates

fixation devices like Harrington rods

In the AP right and left bending for scoliosis what must there be a maximum of

flexion

The lateral spinal fusion series involves

flexion and extension

How are the thoracic vertebrae zygapophyseal joints

form a 70 to 75 degree angle from msp

Severe stress as a result of flexion-hyperextension can cause a

fractures of the dens

what must you rule out first before doing a hyperflexion or extension study

frature

The pelvis in the lateral spinal fusion acts as a

fulcrum

T1 type of facets

full facet and demifacet on inferior margin

T10-12 type of facets

full facets

hyperflexion and extension c spine is what type of study

function

slipped disk is also called

herniated nucleus puplosus or HNP

kyphosis is also called

hump back

if teeth are superimposing the upper dens in the ap open mouth what do you do

hyperextend neck or angle tube up

How is the patient in the AP axial vertebral arch projection

hyperextending the neck

if base of skull is superimposed over dens in ap open mouth what do you do

hyperflex the neck of angle tube down

What special projections are useful to rule out whiplash and spinal mobility after spinal fusion

hyperflexion and extension c spine

when is scoiliosis generally detected

in adolescents

What is the function for the primary and compensatory curvatures

increases strength in the vertebral column and helps maintain balance with center of gravity

The lateral mass is what part of C1

most bulky and solid part

t7 is the midpoint between the

jugular notch and xiphoid process

refers to an abnormal condition characterized by an increase convexity of the spine

kyphosis

How are the lower four thoracic vertebrae

larger and share characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae

Each cervical vertebrae gets

larger as it goes down

Scoliosis is more serious and created what type of curvature

lateral S shaped

For C1 what is the articular pillars called

lateral masses

what T spine projection uses the breathing technique

lateral t spine

Thoracic intervertebral foramina are best demonstrated in

laterals

the superior facet of the atlas articulates with the

left and right occipital condyles of the skull

left handed

left convex curve

cervical LAO

left foramina

cervical RPO

left foramina

refers to an abnormal ANTERIOR concavity of the lumbar spine

lordosis

the cervical and lumbar curvatures are referred to as

lordotic

What are the terms used to describe abnormal curvatures of the spine

lordotic, kyphosis, and scoliosis

The articular pillars is a short column of bone that provides

more support then the rest of the spinal column

C spine obliques the skull will

not be superimposed over C1

What is the soft semigelatinous inner part of the disk

nucleus pulposus

When is the SID for Cspine 72

obliques and lateral

T9 type of facets

one demifacet on its upper margin

each of the 12 thoracic vertebrae are closely associated with

one pair of ribs

Why is there a 15 inferior degree to the cervical intervertebral foramina

overlapping

Other transverse processes will arise from where

pedicle and lamina area

Transverse process of the cervical spine arise from the

pedicle and the body

The dens of C2 acts as a

pivot

Rather then having a laminae and spinous process C1 has a

posterior arch

AP Axial vertebral arch projection will show what part of the vertebrae

posterior elements of mid and lower cervical spine; articular pillars

The spinal column forms what part of the body trunk

posterior or dorsal aspect

When referring to column curvatures we are referring to the

posterior perspective

Bending studies for scoliosis are used to differentiate between

primary and compensatory curves

what is the function of the disk between the vertebrae

provides cushion to absorb shock of movement

right handed

right convex curve

cervical LPO

right foramina

LPO thoracic demonstrates

right zpj

An abnormal or exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine

scoliosis

the concave lumbar curvature is also called the

second compensatory concave curve

Injury high in the spinal cord can result in

serious paralysis and death

Thoracic vertebrae change in

size and appearance from upper to lower vertebrae

What can cause asymmetry of the cervical zygapophyseal joints of C1 and C2

skull rotation or injury

The anterior edges lying more inferior in the cervical vertebrae causes

slight overlapping of vertebral bodies

When the nucleus pulposus protrudes from the annulus fibrosus of a disk and presses ont he spinal cord

slipped disk

Typical cervical vertebrae bodies are

small and oblong

How are the upper four thoracic vertebrae

small and share features of the cervical vertebrae

The anterior arch of the atlas includes

small anterior tubercles

the posterior arch of the atlas has

small posterior tubercle at midline

How are the transverse processes of the atlas

smaller but still have formina

The vertebra column is called the

spine or spinal column

hyperextension c spine will show

spinous processes close together

Hyperflexion c spine will show

spinous processes separated

Describe a normal vertebral column

straight with some lateral curvature

Cervical zygapophyseal joints are formed between the

superior and inferior articular processes

Each superior articular processes of the atlas presents a depressed area called the

superior facet

The lateral masses of C1 have what function

supports weight of head and assists in rotation

lordosis is also called

swayback

How should the cervical zygapophyseal joints appear in a AP open mouth

symmetric

Costotransverse joints are what type of joints

synovial and diathrodial with slight gliding

Jugular notch is located at

t2 and T3

if you take a lateral C spine and C7 cannot be demonstrated you should

take a swimmers lateral

For positioning in the t spine what should you apply

the anode heel effect or compensating filter

Scoliosis radiography demonstrates what

the degree or amount of curvature that occurs with force of gravity acting on body

what is an important feature of the thoracic vertebrae

the facets for articulation with the ribs

When children begin to raise their head/sit up what forms

the first of the compensatory concave curves

what part of the rib is accepted into the thoracic facets or demi facets

the head

What forms the zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine

the inferior and superior articular processed

RPO thoracic demonstrates

the left zpj

What curves are more pronounced in women

the lumbar and sacral

What are well demonstrated on the C spine obliques

the pedicles

What should remain as a pivot point for the right and left bending scoliosis series

the pelvis

What is formed as a vertical opening as adjacent vertebrae are stacked on eachother

the spinal canal

How are the spinous processed different in thoracic vertebrae compared to others

they point caudally

what replaces the body in the atlas

thick arch of bone called the anterior arch

kyphosis occurs in what region of the spine

thoracic

what curves begin right after birth

thoracic and sacral

what regions have convex curvatures

thoracic and sacral

The cervical spine has how many vertical foramina

three

Why must you have a cephalic angle for the AP axial C spine

to open up the intervertebral joint spaces because they overlap

Typical adult vertebrae are separated by

tough fibrocartilaginous disks between bodies of two vertebrae

the dens of C2 is held into place by the

transverse atlantal ligament

The hole in each transverse process of the cervical spine is called the

transverse foramen

The first ten thoracic vertebrae also have facets to articulate with what of the ribs

tubercles

How do the demi facets work with the thoracic vertebrae

two demifactes will share articulation with the head of a rib

what are the three cervical foramen

two vertebral foramen and transverse

Rotation of the head can cause what in the AP open mouth

unequal spaces between the lateral masses and dens

What is the patient positioning for cervical AP open mouth

upper incisors and base of skull is superimposed

The spinal column is made up of

vertebrae

transverse foramina is a passage way fro

vertebral artery,veins, and certain nerve

when is scoliosis more obvious

when it occurs in the lower vertebral column

Is a grid used for scoliosis

yes

should you shield C spine

yes

What are best demonstrated on the t spine obliques

zygapophyseal joints