American History FINAL
Nixon Doctrine
Richard Nixon United states would give aid to anyone who is fighting against communism, but it wouldn't necessarily be troops, so military, economical and logistical aid but not actual troops. why? he was bogged down in vietnam, and there was anti-war sentiment so he did this because of the backlash. He assures the public that we won't be sending us troops to fight anymore. When: 1969, late 1960s. Where: Brazil was another place that was aided, Iran was aided, South Korea
white flight
what: white affluent americans leaving neighborhoods that had black americans in a effort to become more homogenous in the suburbs. when: 50's-70's who: middle upperclass white americans why: desegregating schools, brown vs board education decision, so it was a movement of segregation, so whites didn't want to racially integrated schools. -schoolbussing in the 1970's to try to rectify white flight because schools have become very segregated defactoly, in an effort to change that they bussed some kids from suburbs and citys to their vice versa to integrate racially, there was backlash. -how white flight impacted demographics of us, how suburbs are white populated and cities are more ethnically diverse from this phenomenon
Mccarran act
who: Congress what: required communists to register and they weren't allowed to work in the government when: 1950's Where: us congress why: it allowed them to keep tabs on communists to make sure there were no spies or people who were okay with communism. Set the tone about contentious debate on how to handle immigration in the united states.
Contract with America
who: newt gingrich, to be enacted by the house of representatives what: it was the first time that the republicans had a majority in the house of representatives, and made 10 point legislation that they promised to be enacted within the first 100 days, mimicking the first 100 days of roosevelts new deal. Proposals included tax cuts, permanent line-item veto, measures to reduce crime and provide middle-class tax relief, and constitutional amendments requiring term limits and a balanced budget. When: 1994, during clinton regime where: us house of representatives, us why: clinton was losing supposed after raising taxes, causing controversy about gays in the military; it was seen as a republican revolution that eventually only had 2 of the 10 laws pass, and clinton being reelected in a landslide victory. However it was the first time in 40 years that republicans regained control of both branches of congress.
triangular diplomacy
who: us, china and soviet union, nixon and kissenger are architects what: us foreign policy of trying to play the soviets off of the chinese and creating a rivalry when: 1970s why: the enemy of my enemy is my friend. the sion-soviet split. they were no longer allies, nixon administration plays them off each other for their advantages. -it made the soviets more amendable to negotiation.
Black Panther Party
Howie Newton or bobby seal founded in 1966 Where: Oakland CA What: an agressive militant black party that directly combated peaceful advocacy of MLK -oakland CA -they were heavily dissatisfied by the lack of peaceful left wing movements of the earlier civil rights movements and they were for arm self defense and police brutality.
Jambassadors
Jazz muscisians, like duke ellington -sent jazz musicians around the world to counter soviet propaganda on us race relations, and show that the US had soul. When: 1950s-60's Where: abroad, performed abroad all around europe, asia and africa. Why: they were patriots and wanted the us to win the cold war, and they also wanted to spread their form of music to the outside world beyond america. ALSO they wanted to show that race issues were not so bad, however they were actually more like uncle toms because issues in alabama were way worse and they would be treated if they toured there. Many people thought they were hurting the civil rights movement
Carter Doctrine
Jimmy Carter why: the soviet invasion of afghanistan, because they invaded they were too close to the middle east oil -signaled the end of detante and the importance of the persian gulf and middle east When: 1970, carter admin What: the middle east is important and we will protect it.
Great Society 5 W's why can be cause and effect AND OR Legacy
Johnson, during 1964-68, they were domestic reforms meant to uplift the citizens, such as the war on poverty, where is united states, why is to make american better and bridge the education, medical, economic and social gaps. It created a lot of programs that are still in use today. Often the center of liberal and conservative debate. LBJ wanted to have these programs because he grew up in mid lower class texas he saw the issues of poverty head on.
Cold War Consensus
The Cold War begins a whole new society and government in the United States: constantly vigilant about fighting communist abroad and at home; No dissent will be allowed. Dissent, especially radical dissent, could be seen as communist; Conformity is key; "under god" and "in god we trust" added; suburbanization; booming economy; rise of the middle class
New Left
When: 1960's Who: Younger generation of americans who were counterculture and antiwar What:Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam. When: during cold war, 1970's why: opposed to the atrocities of the cold war and thought the government was corrupt and wanted to have more freedom
Tet offensive
Where: vietnam When: 1968 Who: Vietkong What: the us offense in vietnam are attacked on surprise, bringing down major morale. Coordinated attack by vietcong to attack over 100 south vietnamiese cities. Why: the morale was destroyed by the sudden attack and gave rise to the anti-war movement, since the us lost faith in the war. Caused LBJ to not seek reelection.
Equal Rights Amendment
Who: Alice Paul, national womans party When: 1923, put to judge in 1970s What: A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures. Why: It represents a major step in a movement towards womens rights, albeit a failed one. It shows how much conflict there was over social issues in the 1970's. Showed there was still great resistance to change.
Black Power
Who: Carmichael, malcolm x, black panther party When: 1960's and 70's What: militant term that included pride in African heritage, separate black economic and political institutions, self-defense against white violence, and sometimes violent revolution, used by Malcolm X, black panthers, etc Where: usa, all around the us why: heavily influenced by the death of king,
House Committee of Un-American Activities
Who: Chairman Martin Dies, Richard Nixon also a part of it. When: Investigated during the cold war, 1940-90's What: A group of political activists designed to persecute--without necessary evidence--people who are suspected of being soft to communism or being communists themselves in America. Investigation of communist infiltration of the Hollywood motion picture industry. Purpose was to prove that the SAG contained communist members and expose traitorous propaganda, and that FDR sanctioned Pro-Soviet films during the war.
Potsdam conference
Who: Churchill, Stalin and Truman Where: Potsdam, Germany When: WW2, 1940's What: the final wartime meeting between the three superpowers to discuss ending ww2; creation of german border, and failure to come to agreements between the soviets over issues of freedoms. Also the combined decision over japan, stating they would face major destruction if they did not back down. Why: led to continued tensions with soviets and americans and the eventual cold war. WW2 ended.
New Look
Who: Eisenhower What: Reorganization of military to have smaller conventional forces and more nuclear weapons. Massive retaliation policy. Reduces forces, builds nuclear weapons, in theory we are just going to respond with nuclear weapons. Policy of rollback instead of containment: offensive policy in the cold war, rollback communism instead of containing it. When: 1954-1960, during Eisenhower Administration. Why: allowed them to rollback instead of contain. It was a massively powerful strategy. Where: us, cold war countries. The Soviet Union.
National Organization for Women
Who: Feminists of the civil rights movement, Terry O'neill was president When: 1966 Where: USA What: the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. Why: they helped progress key issues in the womens movement.
Moral Majority
Who: Formed by Jerry Falwell. What:Organization made up of conservative Christian political action committees which campaigned on issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law (e.g. banning abortion) Where: America When: late 1970s-80s, around reagan administration Why: they significantly helped reagan get elected and stopped progressive ideas on political issues (abortion, same sex marriage)
New World Order
Who: George Bush When: 1991 Where: USA, everywhere for peace What: President Bush's vision for world peace centering around the United States taking the lead to ensure that aggression be dealt with by a mutual agreement of the United Nations, NATO, and other countries acting in concert Why: continuing peace in great power nations, emphasis on no more super power domination in world affairs
containment
Who: Harry Truman When: 1940s Where: Soviet union and the attempts to expand to eastern europe, china and korea. What: American military policy to stop the expansion of an enemy, primarily applied in reference to the Cold War. It details American reaction to Soviet attempts to expand communism and influence Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Vietnam, Africa and the Middle East. It was a middle ground between detente and rollback policy, allowing the enemy to choose the time and place of any confrontation. Why: Instead of rollback or detente, Truman thought the best way to handle communism is for them to choose the times of attack and that the us would respond. Also it didn't really work at stopping the spread of communism, as it reached china and vietnam.
New Frontier
Who: JFK When: 1960's Where: USA What: President John F. Kennedy's legislative program, which included proposals to provide medical care for the elderly, to rebuild blighted urban areas, to aid education, to bolster the national defense, to increase international aid, and to expand the space program. Why: the ideas and proposals he created left a long lasting legacy via medicare, wilderness protection, and federal support in education "ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country"
Peace Corps
Who: JFK When: 1960's Where: USA and 3rd world countries What:created as example of liberal anticommunism in third world countries; "reform-minded missionaries of democracy". Helped with usa international alliances and worldwide modernization. Why: left behind a legacy of individuals who still today strive to uplift countries from economic and social poverty.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Who: Johnson or congress What: allowed the US to put soldiers in south vietnam to fight north vietnam -it gives LBJ the power to escalate the vietnam war without any further approval from congress, led to 600000 soldiers fighting in vietnam for approx a decade. where: vietnam when: 1964 -led to a decade of war with vietnam without congress really declaring war on vietnams -gave president the ability to prosecute without formal declaration Why: a result of attacks of us ships off the coast of north vietnam, which meant that it was time to fight back.
Students for a Democratic Society
Who: Liberal students who were part of the counterculture movement When: 1960's, 70's, civil rights movement. Where: usa What: Founded in 1962, it was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, corrupt government power, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s. Why: they were one of the greatest representations of the New Left
Higher Education Act
Who: Lyndon B Johnson, legislation When: 1965, during civil rights movement Where: usa, federal funded institutions What: No institution of higher learning that receives federal funding may discriminate on the basis of gender. Schools forced to increase funding of women's programs, especially sports programs. (For this reason, it made scholarships possible for students entering college.) Why: It is seen as one of the great successes of LBJ (1965)
Watergate Scandal
Who: Nixon Where: Watergate, DC when: 1970's nixons reign What: A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. He tried to bug the phones. Why: Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment. Called for more checks and balances of president.
Silent majority
Who: Nixon and conservatives When: late 1960's-early 1970's Where: USA, deep south What: label Nixon gave to middle-class Americans who supported him, obeyed the laws, and wanted "peace with honor" in Vietnam, he contrasted this group with students and civil rights activists who disrupted the country with protests in the late 1960s and early 1970s. They were the conservatives that were holding back the progressively of the nation in mostly the deep south. Why: supported nixon being elected, but also caused continuing racial tension
Southern Strategy
Who: Nixon and the southern state conservatives Where: USA, southern states When: 1960's and 70's What: He devised a political strategy to form a Republican majority by appealing to the millions of "silent majority" (voters who had become disaffected by antiwar protests, black militants, and the excesses of the youth counterculture). It appeals to racism against african americans. His strategy played well with southern white voters why: created the legacy of white dominated, conservative southern states even today.
national defense education act
Who: President D eisenhower and congress When: 1958 Where: USA What: Legislation that provided grants and aid for schools that focused in language, mathematics and science, and gave about 300 million for college student loans. It was to strengthen American education and position the nation as a leader in technology, defense and security. Why: it was a response to the soviets successfully launching sputnik satellites.
Interstate and defense highways act
Who: President Eisenhower and the congress What: It was a bill to create a network of toll superhighways across America so that people would have easier access to getting to places. It had a role in national defense as well, which Eisenhower saw on the highways of germany. When: 1956 Where: usa Why: The bill was addressed as a means to creating stronger national defense by having an interconnected system country-wide that would make it easier to traverse across america, and the legacy was the dependency on automobile transportation in america was greatly emphasized.
Fair Deal
Who: President Harry S Truman. What: It was an extension of the new deal, adding in social and economic reforms such as extended social security coverage, increases in minimum wage, and to establish a fair employment practices commission. When: 1940's-1950's, after ww2 Where: USA Why: unfortunately, besides the top three listed, the other proposals went nowhere because of lacking public support. Though the fair deal failed mostly, it also set a social agenda for later administrations.
Voting Rights Act
Who: President LBJ When: 1965 Where: usa electoral voting stations What:A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically. Why: movement towards continued accountability and representation of black equality.
detente
Who: President Nixon When: Cold war, 1970's Where: USA and Soviet Union What: detente is a french word meaning a release from tension, and it is a period of improved relations b/w the soviet union and usa. It was initiated mostly when nixon visited secretary-general brezhnev, in moscow. They decided that diplomacy and trade increase was a better option than nuclear warfare, and brezhnev signed seven agreements covering prevention and lasting peace measures between both countries. The salt treaty soon passed, which was a three year agreement on the sale of grain to the soviets, called SALT. Why: unfortunately, this idea of peace via trade did not last long, as both Jimmy Carter and Reagan supported military buildup and preparedness as a key to soviet-american relations, cooling off the soviet-american relations significantly.
GI Bill
Who: President Roosevelt and legislation When: 1944, after ww2 where: USA returning home from europe What: Provided for college or vocational training for returning WWII veterens as well as one year of unemployment compensation. Also provided for loans for returning veterens to buy homes and start businesses. Why: Legacy of helping veterans transition upon coming home from war still incredibly effective today. There were also racial discriminations following this, as blacks were not able to get loans rarely ever, furthering the social discrimination issues in america.
Supply-Side Economics
Who: Reagan When: 1980s where:usa What: An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive that both corporations and people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government. It didn't work and the debt grew as did spending in government
Reagan Doctrine
Who: Reagan Where: gave aid to all anti-communist programs and countries When: 1980's-90s What: Important Cold War strategy by the US to oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing Anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of soviet backed client states. It was created partially in response to the Brezhnev Doctrine and was a centerpieve of American foreign policy from the mid 1980s until the end of the Cold War in 1991. Why: part of rollback strategy as opposed to detente and containment, in which communism had to be completely destroyed.
McCarthyism
Who: Senator Joseph McCarthy When: 1940's-50s What: It was the extreme anti-communist movement that could be considered the witch-hunt of people in America. He made false allegations and profess charges against people, imprisoning innocents, and blacklisting them. The creation of the House of Un-American Activities Committee is one of the creations stemming from the red scare and McCarthyism. Where: Across America Why: It was direct propaganda and attack against communists, and because people were afraid of the threat of communism this fear allowed them to band together even though it was irrational.
Helsinki Accords
Who: The countries of europe, particularly the soviet union and eastern europe, us and canada. Where: Helsinki finland when: 1975 What: it was an agreement signed by said groups above for a nonbinding agreement to affirm their commitment to detonate(relaxation of international tensions) and peaceful settlement of of international disputes. European borders were inviolable and and they couldnt mettle in each others affairs why: mostly to contain the soviet union and progress towards easing tensions between the east and west
Three Mile Island
Who: Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station, president Carter When: 1979 Where: Pennsylvania nuclear plant What: A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius. why: caused mass paranoia over the power of nuclear weapons and triggered anti-nuclear protests everywhere
Defense of Marriage Act
Who: US Congress and Clinton Presidency When: 1996 Where: USA What: States were not required to treat a relationship between two people of the same sex as a marriage, even if it is considered so in another state; Federal Government would not recognize same-sex marriages under the law even if recognized by a state; defined marriage as union between a male and female for purposes of federal law (1996). Why: So they couldnt be declared as spouses on taxes. Removed some benefits to in taxes to same sex couples and put them at a disadvantage. Could not be considered married for immigration purposes.
Unipolar world
Who: US or clinton admin when: 1990s, after the cold war in which there were two super powers to one super power, the us Where:us What: at the end of the cold war because of the fall of the soviet union it made the us the super power of the world, the us had to decide how us foreign policy was going to act in the world, was it going to do isolationism, multilateralism, etc -the unipolar world was considered ending with 9/11
Roe vs Wade
Who: Wade county and unanimous Jane Roe, and all woman in the country. Where: Supreme court, wade county attorney in texas What:the U.S. supreme Court ruled that there is a fundamental right to privacy, which includes a woman's decision to have an abortion. Up until the third trimester the state allows abortion. Why: gave a woman the right to get an abortion and the right to protect her own body. Issues still arise all the time over the idea of abortion, in which women can still be force to get permission from men before getting an abortion
White Flight
Who: White americans Where: throughout america, Suburbia and urban cities When: 1950's and on mostly, with the return of veterans from WW2 What: The abandonment of cities affluent or middle class white residents. White flight was particularly problematic during the mid 20th century because it resulted in the loss of tax revenues to cities, which led to inner city decay. This process reversed itself somewhat during the 1990s and 2000s with urban revitalization. Left because they wanted a more homogenous, conservative area with less mixing of races.
NSC-68
Who: approved by truman, it was his national security administration what: blueprint for the cold war, advocating containment policy, led to the vast expansion of the us military soviets are a threat so we need to increase both our nuclear and conventional military, the korean war is what they use to sell the raising of troops and military advancements, this strategy plan. when: 1950's truman admin where: Korea
Neoconservatives
Who: conservative us citizens when: 1970's, with disdain for actions of the 1960's Where: usa What:A group that championed free-market capitalism liberated from government restraints, anti-soviet positions in foreign policy, questioned liberal welfare programs, and called for the reassertion of traditional values of individualism and the centrality of the family why: it was a response to the counterculture of the 1960's and the hate of communists
Alliance for progress
Who: made by john f kennedy to combat fidel castro When: 1961, presidency of john f kennedy Where: assistance program for countries in latin america such as Cuba What: it was an assistance program created mostly to counter revolutionary politics such as fidel castro. It was supposed to relieve continents poverty and social inequities and offered military and police assistance to counter communist subversion. Why: to try to take communism ideal away in latin america; it failed because of preoccupations in vietnam. it did, however, create the legacy of the peace corps which is still highly successful.
bracero program
Who: mexico and us, mexican immigrants what: agreement that allowed for hundreds of thousands of seasonal immigrant workers because they were short on manpower bc of world war one. They worked in terrible conditions and poor housing. where: us mexican border, why: this led to loosened border between the us and mexico, which has led to illegal immigration issue today in the us. when: 1942
American Indian Movement
Who: native americans against the government when: 1968, johnsons presidency Where: Wounded Knee, south dakota, protests in alcatraz What: A Native American organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota., led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; Why: Part of the civil rights movement
Brown vs board of education
Who: oliver brown against board of education Where: kansas, usa What: Supreme Court decision overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. Supreme Court ruled that all public schools should be desegregated with all deliberate speed. "Separate can never be equal." why: overturned segregation forevermore, though there were still efforts in the south to keep segregation alive vis-a-vis fear
Church Committee
Who: us senate following watergate when: 1970's Where: usa why: allowed for more checks and balances of the FBI and president What: A precursor to the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, the committee investigated intelligence gathering for illegality by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) after certain activities had been revealed by the Watergate affair.
multiple choice
taken from instructor guide in the book
