American Lit 1. 2327 Final Exam

William Bradford "Of Plymouth Plantation"

"But it pleased God before they came half seas over, to smite this young man with a grievous disease, of which he died in a desperate manner, and so was himself the first that was thrown overboard." Of Plymouth Plantation":What was the first thing they did when they arrived? They fell on their knees and blessed God for getting them there safely. What was Bradford's first encounter or experience? Native Americans Who did not get sick? Mr. William Brewster: reverend elder& Myles Standish: their captain and military commander. Hired for protection. What are some characteristics of the Puritan faith? - they take care of one another- they depend on each other What happened during during The Starving Time? - people died from starvation- people died from disease- hard winter Who was Squanto? a native that had been to England and could speak English What did Squanto do? - taught the Puritans how to grow corn- translated for them- showed where to hunt- showed them other Indian tribes and where they were What was the first big problem when the colonist first arrived? No shelter, food, or knowing of the land What did the Puritans feel with their first encounter? they felt victory Why did Bradford thank God? They believed God helped them through the journey. God kept them safe in the battle. In the treaty #4, What does that reveal of culture? It revealed they believed in mutual support. If you have a problem, we will help you and you help us. What were the conditions for the Pilgrims in the First Thanksgiving? The winter was harsh, but the summer was good for them. They were able to store up food, fish, & hunt. After the harvest, they had plenty of Indian corn, too. Upgrade to remove ads Only $2.99/month Who was the author of "Of Plymouth Plantation"? William Bradford Who was William Bradford? He was part of the group of Puritans that came over on the "Mayflower". He wrote "Of Plymouth Plantation". What were the emotions of the Pilgrims? They were thankful and blessed God for bringing them safely over the ocean to land again. What were some of the Puritan cultures? Sharing, faithful to God, thankful to God How do they expect the natives to respond? They are worried and afraid that they are likely to be filled with arrows instead of being helped by the natives. What is Bradford crediting God with when they find the native dwellings? leaving seeds to plant crops so they would not starve What is a requirement of faith for Puritans? To give credit to God and to examine their lives inwardly and outwardly through writing What was a main part of Puritans lives? writing In Puritan culture, what does the value of people represent? - they took care of everybody- quality- leadership- loving- self-sacrifice- willing to serve others What happens after the Pilgrims are sick? They become at ease with the Indians. Upgrade to remove ads Only $2.99/month What does Squanto do for the Pilgrims? He talks to them and translates for them. He stays with them and helps them learn how to survive on the land. How is Squanto helping the Pilgrims? He is an interpreter. He shows them how to plant corn and other crops, how to fish, how to procure other commodities, and never left them until he died. What is the results of this in the summer? They had food and spent the summer gathering crops, hunting deer, fish and water fouls. Who wrote in the same period as Bradford did? Shakespeare wrote in the same time period. Peace Treaty 1. No violence2. Hurt someone from other side, you punish them.3. If you steal, you replace or return it.4. Allies in time of war5. Tells others of treaty so perhaps they can agree to it also. Samoset Spoke "broken English" First Thanksgiving Fall of 1821. For 3 days, Massasoit brought 100 indians and feasted all 3 days.Not a lot of sickness. Played games for celebration. All done in the name of God.Foods: Corn, Turkey, Deer, Waterfoul, Fish.

"The Life and Death of Emily Dickinson" video notes

-Her family were Calvinists -attended 7 years at Amherst Academy. Favorite class was botany -late teens she began to write poetry, major subjects included death, religion, faith, flowers and various musing -her garden was featured on her town of 3000 newspaper -she would withdrew from society, people called her the woman in white -she wrote 700 poems; she would end up passing in 1886 from Bright's Disease -4 years after her passing they published 3 editions with small portions of her work, because of words and punctuation were heavily altered to fit the convention of the time. They received mixed reviews. -used hymn meter, unconventional because of her capitalization, punctuation, shorter lines and her frequent use of slant rhyme.Didn't title any of her poems. First line is always the title. Her poetry is recognizable at a glance -By 1920 her poems were seen modern.

"An Introduction to Herman Melville" video notes

-raised a Calvinist - man is evil and can only achieve redemption by God's grace. Evil is a human force, not an outside force. - his wife and children would pass after starving to death and this would give him the idea that good couldn't - While in the south pacific, he lived with a native tribe who practiced cannibalism -Billy Budd is in many way a response to the idea he was dealing with in Moby Dick Themes in Moby Dick -Ishmail is the main character, -QuiQwe his roommate, a savage/cannibal he represents the heart, humanity, instinctual -Ahab is casing the whale that had bitten off his leg. He wants to be able to control nature, he chooses a destructive ego path that gets him killed in the process when the whale sinks the ship and Ishmail is the only surviver holding onto a piece of the coffin QuiQwe builds. -this conflict over whether one is controlled by base instinct (the heart) or ego (the mind/reason/control of nature) is a major theme -Ahab couldn't accept his limitations

"An Analysis of Melville's Billy Budd" video notes

-wrote Billy Budd towards the end of his life, but died before completing it. It was published posthumously in 1920s - Some see this novel as a "testament of acceptance". Billy Budd seems to reconcile to the powers that be. It accepts that evil/bad stuff happens Chapters 1-17 - In the beginning Billy is forced into military service - Emphasis is put on Bill'y personal beauty. Like Hawthrone, Melville has an interest in beauty and he too suggests that it often reflects a kind of spiritual purity - Gay Subtext, some suggest that the emphasis on beauty contains homoerotic element. This is after all a boat where male/ male sex is not uncommon. Thus his beauty may be an issue sexually here. -Example, some finds that Claggart finds Billy's personal beauty too alluring, awakening sexual desire that he has been conditioned to see as sinful (self hating homophobic) - Melville does reveal that Claggart's initial visceral dislike for Billy has something to do with his "personal beauty" but then suggest that he feels some other kind of sentiment towards Billy than hatred or envy. Soft yearning Key Themes - beauty, like all beauty billy has 1 flaw, his stuttering in times of duress. -billy is clearly characterized as a pure innocent character. The kind the innocence that is opposed by elements in the cruel world -Claggart is the vehicle for this b/c he recognizes the deep nature of Billy's innocence/purity -Captain vere is being aligned with the forces of intellect, his name "starry vere" suggest conflicting forces. Veritas = latin word for truth. Veer = off course. the starry element suggest dreaminess in his nature. But he is clearly a villian described as "naturally depraved" -Uses reason to further irrational desires, even suggest that he isn't sane, suffering from monomania, not being able to get Billy out of his head. An affliction Poe's characters often suffered with. -issues of social class/ social instability are suggested throughout. Whole issue of mutiny is the backdrop of the American and French revolution. The British elite was worried that if this spread in would hurt them. The mutinies at sea were seen as a symptom of this spreading. Vere sees this as liberty b/c it cant be successfully institutionalized. Chapters 18-End -many indications throughout the novel that Claggart is seen to be evil. references to him as a snake -Vere never seriously believes Claggart's accusation against Billy. Calls Billy into his captain's room to clear his name privately, so a high ranking officer isn't given preference -Claggart death, vere calls it divine judgement on a liar (God's Will) - Note Billy's stuttering is what leads to his demise. So Often the tragic hero is felled by his own flaw - Claggart is associated with the intellectual. he is struck in the forehead & is associated with monomania -the imagery shifts from Billy's Beauty to furthering his image as pure. When Vere first indicates his BIlly's tragic fate, he calls him an angel -while Vere will not technically make the judgment, he clearly leads the tribunal to his pre-established conclusion -Vere is associated with the mind ignoring the heart. -Vere believe Bill must be executed in order to maintain military order, but he ignores the usual military protocol that would've required turning Billy in at the next British port. He cares for Billy and fears mutiny among the crew and is afraid that any sort of lenience here would encourage the dangerous revolutionary spirit associated with the French Revolution. -Note that Vere is forceful advocate for finding Billy guilty and sentencing him to death, pushing the tribunal into it, even though he seems to care for Billy and thinks of him as innocent. Melville is up Vere as a crucial character here, her trusts the mind over the heart, to tragic consequences. Vere stands for law vs what is morally right. he sides with obedience to the rule of law/ Kingdom rather than following the dictates on nature or even conscience. - Billy is a Christ-like figure, above religion, not afraid of death, civilization corrupts humanity's purer and better instincts. Billy looks at Vere but is betrayed.

Emily Dickinson, 236, 260, 269, 479

1830-1886 "I dwell in Possibility," Dickinson once wrote in a famous poem, and her poetry attests to her ability to boldly experiment with poetic form and subject matter. Unlike Whitman, another major innovator in American poetry, Dickinson does not use free verse. Instead, she uses hymn meter, based on church hymns, to convey complex, introspective, and often dark themes in her poems. It is important to note that Dickinson does not use regular rhyme schemes in her poetry. Review the summary points below: Dickinson: - is a Romantic poet who prefers the form of the lyric poem - uses hymn meter - uses the dash frequently to emphasize key words, significant phrases, and key points - was influenced by William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, and the Bible - focuses on such themes as nature, death, solitude, and poetry

Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography, "The Way to Wealth"

Autobiography -addressed to his son (but we can tell he wanted the general public to read it too) part 1 -he went from rags to riches. -all people can become successful. -he was born into a poor family -His family is hard workers.-His family is devoted to the Bible. -He's a vegetarian -He's not good at math part 2 -He has established himself in Penn. -There are no good bookstores around so he wants to open one up. -Only 50 people could help him with money. -Creation of library and library fines. -He is glad that his wife is industrious and frugal. -He was a Presbyterian. -Outlines 13 virtues -Says his plan doesn't work-added humility in the end when someone said he should part 3 -talks about religious creed-makes Society of Free and Easy -believed newspaper was a good way of communicating -mentions a pastor he likes -he plagiarized one of his sermons -rather have a good sermon thats plagiarized that a bad one that is not. -loses a son at the age of 4 "the way of wealth" 1. difference between leisure and laziness-lesure: doing something useful -laziness: doing nothing, wasting time -We need to have a work ethic. Hard work really does pay off. -We become addicted to our leisure and it becomes laziness. 2. Take Care of Oversea Affairs-When you put people in charge of something, make sure they do the job right. 3. We need to be frugal. Materialism is bad. -Many people buy their wants before their needs. -Their wants become their needs. 4.Difference in credit and materialism -when you are in debt, you give people power over you. -Creditors have better memory than debtors. -Be frugal and free. -Its hard to become wealthy when you are in debt

Late Nineteenth Century Literature and American Renaissance.

Whitman's Techniques: - uses free verse (no regular metrical pattern or rhyme scheme); - his use of free verse complements his emphasis on everyday life and ordinary people; - places emphasis on syntactic schemes (word order in the lines of his poems) to create rhythm, pace, and emphasis; and - uses the technique of cataloguing (long lists) to accentuate themes, tones, and perspectives. The term "persona" refers to the speaker or "voice" a poet creates in the expression of a poem. Review the information below about Whitman's use of personae. Whitman's Use of Personae: - often uses personae that are expansive, synthetic, and unifying; - his personae often reveal Romantic and realistic traits; - frequently utilizes a persona that is a "seer" or visionary; and - uses personae to support his self-proclaimed role as the "American bard"

Gothicism

a spin-off of the Romanticism movement, combines an interest in the supernatural with the elements of Romanticism. Gothic works often include suspense, threatening weather, and an emphasis on remote and eerie locales. Gothic elements can be seen in the works by Washington Irving and Edgar Allan Poe. major elements of Poe's works: - combines traits of Romanticism and Gothicism - emphasizes intuition and emotions over intellectuality and reason - focuses on settings that are obscure, mysterious, or remote - often utilizes characters who are not given names (or are given partial names) - emphasizes strange, bizarre, and unexpected behavior and psychological themes - focuses on suspense and horror

slave narrative

chronicle the slave experience; - contain autobiographical elements; -often emphasize motifs of deprivation, crisis, escape, and hope; -focus on the narrator's commitment to faith and a dedication to liberty; - often include, as a climax, the narrator's arrival in northern states; - frequently involve the former slave renaming himself or herself and dedicating his or her future to anti-slavery activism; and - characterize slavery as testing and validating the resilience, resourcefulness, and ingenuity of the narrator.

Henry David Thoreau, Walden, "Resistance to Civil Disobedience"

refuses to pay taxes because he fins the Mexican-American war to be not right.

"American Romanticism and Transcendentalism" video notes

-American Romantic movement happened to in the 1820s-60s -authors wrote in response to urbanization and mental side -intense emotions, creativity, imagination known as sublime, often related to nature -Transcendentalism was created by Ralph Emerson, believed that we live in division when our soul is whole and that we should view everything as whole like religion -Transcendentalism has Individualism, he wants people to do what they want to do. - Margarent Fuller the founder of modern feminism -Transcendentalism - inner spiritual experiences, personal experiences in nature -link between man, god and the universe -Romanticism - nature meets the supernatural, colored by the sublime, seeking beauty, uses flourishes,

Nathaniel Hawthorne video notes

-Born in Salem in 1804 -father died when he was 4yrs. old -study at college but just took classes. -He would finish his education and start writing for wanting to do more in life -"to do nothing, is the way to be nothing" - his work included Salem's history, puritanism, Italian culture, and alienation

Edgar Allan Poe, "The Fall of the House of Usher," "The Raven," "The Philosophy of Composition"

Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849): The list below contains the major elements of Poe's works: - combines traits of Romanticism and Gothicism - emphasizes intuition and emotions over intellectuality and reason - focuses on settings that are obscure, mysterious, or remote - often utilizes characters who are not given names (or are given partial names) - emphasizes strange, bizarre, and unexpected behavior and psychological themes - focuses on suspense and horror The Fall of the House of Usher, the usher's house is -covered with mold -bricks look like they're decaying -trees dying-crack running through it, but it's not falling apart the narrator's relationship with the owner of the home, and why is he there -He is a childhood friend who came because his friend called him. -The friend is ill. -Roderick Usher - owner -The house is the problem. -His senses are very acute. How are Roderick and Madeline related? Other than their relationship, what other things do they have in common? ---- -Twins and Both have mysterious illnesses. After her death, He hears her in her tomb What is the nature of Usher's art? Consider the significance of the painting described and the ballad "The Haunted Palace" in relation to the story as a whole. -Abstract -The place where Madeline is buried the Narrator tires to Calm Roderick by reading to him strange light- the red moon shining through the cracks in the house - Madeline is Buried alive, Escapes, Falls dead when she meets her brother. - Roderick Dies of fright from seeing his revived sister - the narrator -Flees-Watches as the House of Usher cracks and sinks into the tarn (lake) The Philosophy of Composition -In this essay Poe analyses how effect, length, province, tone and refrain contributes to the construction of a good poem -1st step is to make a poem is the effect. Keeping originality in view, the author must choose an effect that touches "the heart, the intellect and the soul". It can be constructed by incident, tone or a combination of events. -2nd is length. Poe declares that a good work has to be short enough to be read in one sitting. If it requires two sittings, the unity of impression is damaged. According to Poe, brevity is linked to the intensity of the effect. Consequently, a long poem can produce no effect at all - it's only "a succession of brief poetical effects". The author established a good length for his poems: one hundred lines ("The Raven" has a hundred and eight lines). -3rd is real province of the poem. Poe considers beauty as the heart of poetry. According to the author, the most intense pleasure is "found in the contemplation of the beautiful". Other objects, such as truth and passion, are completely opponent to beauty because they require a certain extent in poetry, damaging the essence of poetry. -4th is tone. According the writer, the most genuine of all the poetical tones is melancholy. Combined with beauty, it "invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears". -a melancholy topic. He realized that death is the most melancholy topic, and the death of a beautiful woman, "the most poetical topic in the world", is related to that concept of beauty he mentioned before. - in conclusion the biggest objective is originality. This is not a matter of impulse or intuition; it is a result of hard work. He pretended not to be original in rhythm or metre in "The Raven", but he combined novel effects and the principles of rhyme and alliteration in each stanza to find originality.

Jonathan Edwards, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," "A Divine and Supernatural Light"

"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," -Sermons such as "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" were written largely in response to the rejection of religion in favor of rationalism by some colonists. -Is it not a reasonable thing to fright a person out of a house on fire?What is the purpose of this sentence in Edwards's sermon? ----It justifies Edwards's strategy of scaring people into accepting God. -Fire is used to provoke fear in the audience, He wants to increase his audience's fear of hell. Which statement best describes Edwards's views in "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"? ---- People who were "born again" in Christ would be spared. -He suggests that good works alone will not save a person from damnation. -In "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," Edwards uses the image of a spider dangling on a thread over fire to describe --- a person's ability to avoid damnation -God is fiercely angry. "A Divine and Supernatural Light" --"A true sense of the divine excellency of the things revealed in the word of God, and a conviction of the truth and reality of them thence arising."-The "chosen" and elect- appointed by God-God chose Peter-Need to determine for yourself if you have the "divine" sense -The light is not men's natural convictions of their sin. It is not something that exists in the world or by the hands of men, but it is directly from God.emotion . new relvation -Honey is used as an illustration to better understand God. Although honey is known to be sweet, a man cannot know how sweet it tastes until he tries it for himself. The same is true for a relationship with God; a person can know with his rational mind that God exists, but he will not fully understand God until he feels him with his heart. -Peter is blessed because he knows the truth that Jesus Christ is the Son of God.

"Louisa May Alcott" video notes

- "little women" story of the 4 marsh sisters living during the civil war. Meg, Jo, Amy, Beth. Published in 1868 - Based of her real life with her family, the book was an instant success. Would give her finanical success and set her for life. but the road to this was long and difficult - moved over 30x until Emerson bought her family a house next to his in Mass. - Had dreams of becoming an actress but that would soon go away b/c she had to help her father - Became a nurse for the Union Army -

"Introduction to Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass and 'Song of Myself'" video notes

- "song of myself" is in leave of grass; a book of poetry, published 6 editions between 1855-91 -came out during the end of the American Renaissance - the book came out in around 1854, when disunion was a real possibility. The economy finally contracted sharply causing suffering and wide unemployment -tensions between theses opposing tendencies had preoccupied politicians and social thinkers for decades and were especially pronounced now that "the national fabric seemed to be unraveling. Whitman had a strong impulse of using his poetry to keep America together - Reynolds argues that Whitman "believed that resolution could be achieved through poetry, that powerfully affirmed the individual while equally powerfully absorbing the mass" -think of hows does he try to keep the country together? -how does it help heal or celebrate

"Benjamin Franklin Biography" video notes

- Dr. Ben Franklin, born in Boston in 1706 - Father had 17 children, the youngest -Always had a passion for inventions even at a young age. They were swimming but B.F. was swimming at an incredible speed. Ben lifted his foot to show his flipper like sandals and paddle like gloves -invented the lighting rod, terms for like batteries, positive charge and negative charge -proved that electricity is natural and can be a benefit if we can figure it out. After his kite and key experiment. -help build one of the first hospitals in the U.S. -the only founding father to sign all 3 documents that would give America its freedom -thought of himself as a normal person. Believed in the everyday person.

"What was the Enlightenment?" video notes

- Intellectual movement in the 17th century and 18th century - the aim was to use logic and reason to determine what we should believe and how we should act -It came from a loss of faith in religious authority and leaders, due to the religious wars.

"Ralph Waldo Emerson" video notes

- The Father of American Literature - fundamentally changed the way America saw its cultural and artistic possibilities, and he enabled a separation from transatlantic literary traditions - we listen too much to Europe cultural and establish an American culture. - Mary Moody Emerson "his grandma" self taught in literature developed her own sense of religion that involved more piety, nature and literature. -believed in man and nature being one and individualism - America needed to stop looking to Europe and the past but they should look to the present. So each person can become their own person

"The Scarlet Letter: 'The Custom-House'"

- The custom house is an essential part of the novel. - helps set the stage of the many themes Hawthorne explores in the main narrative of The Scarlet Letter. - Themes like Alienation, a search for a "few that will understand him", and the theme of art like writing for the author or Hester's needle work

"Biography: Herman Melville" video notes

- an American novelist, writer, essayist, and poet. - most famous work is Moby Dick, but it would get credit until after his death -first writer to get his work published by the Library of America

"Margaret Fuller: Author, Educator, and Feminist" video notes

- first female American book reviewer - "Women in the 19th Century" is considered the first major women work in the united states - Her Father was harsh in his education, she credits her nightmares are because of him -began giving lessons in literature. -started having conversations in meeting like groups discussing social issues for women, literature, history, mythology, nature -was there to help answer women on what they should do

Ralph Waldo Emerson and the Psychology of Self-Reliance" video notes

- the virtue in most request is conformity, self-reliance is its aversion - the modern education system is to blame for our lack of self reliance because it teaches us to obey -never stray far from the education and never speaks their opinion because of fear of being made fun of -"truth is handsomer than the affection of love" -those who go through self reliance will go through some hardship, but nothing is better than owning yourself.

"Introduction to the Puritans" video notes

-1620 Puritans arrived to North America - Sought to reform Church in England, but failed. Moved too Holland. Their children became too Dutchified, so they moved to N.A. -Deep belief in pre-destination -Bible is God's law, thought they were chosen by God. -The devil lived in the forest and caused all things bad -Only God could save them -Very strict Christian. -After the Salem witch trails, Puritans allowed other christian religions join their societies.

Mary Rowlandson, "Narrative"

-On February 10, 1675, the settlement of Lancaster, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, was attacked by Native Americans. The Native Americans burned down houses and opened fire on the British settlers, killing several of them and wounding more. They took many of the survivors captive, including Mary Rowlandson and her three children. Mary and her youngest child are among the injured, while others of her family, including her brother-in-law, are killed. The Native Americans lead the captured survivors from their settlement into the wilderness. Rowlandson and her youngest, Sarah are allowed to stay together, but her two oldest, Joseph and Mary, are separated. -After spending a night in a nearby town, the Native Americans with their captives head further into the wilderness. Being injured, the journey is difficult for Rowlandson and her daughter. They reach an Indian settlement called Wenimesset, where Rowlandson meets another captive named Robert Pepper who tries to help the new captives. After staying in Wenimesset for about a week, Rowlandson's injured daughter, Sarah, dies. Rowlandson is sold to another Indian who is related to King Philip by marriage. They bury Rowlandson's dead daughter, and she is allowed to visit her oldest daughter Mary who is also being held in Wenimesset, and her oldest son who is allowed to visit from a nearby Indian settlement. The Indians give Rowlandson a Bible in which she finds a great deal of hope. - Puritan's relationship with god reflected in this narrative--- 1. God has protective powers = Mary attributes the fact that she is alive to God's mercy, when her wound is healed she thanks God etc. 2. God punishes the enemies of the faithful ones. 3. God actrs directly through Scripture. Throughout her captivity, Rowlandson turns to the Bible for comfort and support. -Mrs Mary Rowlandson was held captive for 11 weeks and 5 days -She calls them "murderous wretches", "bloody heathen" , "merciless heathen" and "inhumane cratures" -The Indians killed her families and friends→ Took her captive→ burned her house -the Indians attacked b/c 1. The execution of 3 Wampanoag Indians in Plymouth 2. Starvation of Indians 3. last effort against further expansions by Colononists

Purtitanism

-Total depravity -Unconditional election -Limited atonement -Irresistible grace -Perseverance of the saints -Total depravity This concept is the belief that all human beings are born in a depraved and sinful state. Only God's grace can save an individual from spending eternity in hell after death. -Unconditional election This is the belief that God chooses the human beings to be saved (often referred to as "the Elect") based on His knowledge only. No acts by human beings, however sincere and altruistic these acts may be, can change God's decision to either save or condemn human beings. God chose the Elect before the beginning of time, and His decision cannot be changed by human beings' actions on earth during their lifetimes. -Limited atonement This is the view that the individual cannot persuade God to change His mind regarding His selection of the members of the Elect. No outward signs of a person's moral character or goodness can be seen as evidence that the person is a member of the Elect. Only God knows who is among the Elect. -Irresistible grace This belief states that God's grace is extended to the members of the Elect He has selected at the beginning of time. No human being can change this fact. -Perseverance of the saints According to this belief, persons who are chosen by God to be members of the Elect will never depart from the path to salvation, regardless of their beliefs or actions. Jonathan Edwards' work (sermons) are associated with the period known as the -Great Awakening,- which was a period in which writers intensely emphasized the Puritan beliefs and values.

"Anne Bradstreet Introduction" video notes

-Tutored in Literature, History, Greek, Latin, French, Hebrew, and English. -1630 sailed to America with her family. -"I found a new world and new manners at which my heart rose" -women were not supposed to write and not respected in her community. -Frequently ill and constantly expected death. Live till 60 years old. Had 8 children who all lived, which was rare. - B/c of the tendency of the Puritans to ostracize female intellectuals, Anne was Hesitant to publish any of her poetry -Her brother took some of her early poems to England and published them, it was successful. - Radically feminist poet, challenging the banishing of women to the private sphere of life and questioning the idea of an unforgiving Puritan god. -Questions if god is an angry as the Puritans say. -Poems where heavily influence by Guillaume du Bartas, Format, style, and voice. -hints with sexual imagery for love. -Examined the paradoxical reconciliation of women in Puritanically repressive role.

Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nature

-What does Emerson mean when he says nature "fits equally well a comic or a mourning place"? He means that being with nature is good no matter what mood you are in. You can find it a place to go when you are sad or a place to go when you are happy. -According to Emerson, what happens to "man" when they enter the woods? They "cast off" their years and become young again. -What does it mean to be a "transparent eyeball"? This means that he, nature, and the spirit are now all one. -What do the seasons reflect? They reflect the attitude of the observer. -What does Emerson say about man in relation to nature? Man is as beautiful as nature -What is "the greatest delight which the fields and woods minister"? -The relation between man and nature. "In the woods, we return to ______ and _____" "reason" and "faith" -Emerson believes there is nothing nature cannot ______. "repair" -How does Emerson mean when he says "all mean egotism vanishes"? He feels humbled and does not feel narcissistic. -"In the wilderness, I find something more dear and connate than in _______ or ________" "streets" and "villages"

Herman Melville, "Bartleby, the Scrivener," Billy Budd, Sailor

-What is a scrivener? What job roles did scriveners usually fill? a person whose job is to copy out legal documents by hand; they usually filled; they worked secretary/copier job; they had the monotonous job of being a human copier, copying legal and other business documents by hand -Where was the law office in "Bartleby the Scrivener" located? Wall Street -Other than Bartleby, who were the other employees in the law office? The Lawyer (Bartleby's employer and the narrator), Turkey and Nippers (two other scriveners), and Ginger Nut (the lawyer's errand boy who has hopes of possibly getting into the practice of law. He is named after the ginger nut cakes he brings to Turkey,Nippers and Bartleby) -Why is Bartleby hired? What brings the lawyer to decide upon hiring another employee? Because of an increased work load at the Lawyer's office, Bartleby is hired; He hires Bartleby mostly on account of his sedate and respectable demeanor, which he hopes will temper the manners of his other two scriveners. Bartleby represents himself as a hard and industrious worker, that is until the third day. The lawyer asks Bartleby to proofread some documents. What is Bartleby's response? You must be exact in his response. Bartleby responds by saying "I would prefer not to." After Bartleby's response to the lawyer's request on the third day, does his attitude or response change? Give an example of how he still is reacting in the same manner to the lawyer. No, his response does not change. Bartleby is asked by the lawyer to examine yet another document and even run to the post office, but he responds, again, that he "would prefer not to." Bartleby's steadfast refusal to do what was asked of him confounds the Lawyer. The lawyer pleads to Bartleby's common sense and examines the reasonableness of his request. How does the lawyer react to Bartleby's responses to his numerous requests? Secondly, do you find this confusing or perplexing? Please explain. The lawyer acts quite contrary to what one would expect, especially from a lawyer. He appears to be calm and almost non-irritable by Bartleby's responses. Instead of asserting any arguments, firing Bartleby, or warning him, he simply asks the other scriveners to help with his requests, only after a few questions aimed at Bartleby that are answered with his steadfast "I would prefer not to." If the lawyer would react in such an expected manner, however, the themes and meaning of the story would not be the same. His unique reaction is baffling, but also important. -Even though the entrance of the law office faces a thriving street, what is the view from each of the windows in the office? walls -After the lawyer stops by the law office one Sunday and discovers something about Bartleby that brings mixed emotions, the lawyer devises a plan of action. What is his plan of action? He wants to ask Bartleby something in particular. Please be as thorough as possible. -The lawyer discovers that Bartleby is living in the office in which he and the copyists work. After Bartleby tells the lawyer that he will no longer be copying and working, the lawyer eventually decides that he will let Bartleby continue to live in the office, without rent or taxes because he feels as if it is the good, Christian thing to do. He askes Bartleby if he owns the land, or office, or if he pays taxes there (rhetorically, almost), but again, he replies with not much of a response, one without answers. -In "Bartleby the Scrivener," there are many themes evident throughout. Please be familiar in the theme of Individualism and Peer Pressure. Be able to reflect this thought on at least one character and give examples to support your claims. If you choose to discuss more than one character, that will be great! Individualism/Peer Pressurehe is isolatd and pressured (by his job) into copying the works fro others ; but bartleby eventuaylly starts beoming his own individual by nt doing what his boss tells him too..INDIVIDUALISTIC ISOLATIONISM follwos bartleby to his grave...One of the primary themes of the story involves the pressure toward conformity in American business life that inhibits the creative development of the individual. It is not coincidental that the story is set on Wall Street, which is the center of American financial and business affairs. By choosing legal scriveners as his subject, Melville emphasizes the intellectually stultifying atmosphere of the business world since scriveners create nothing of their own but instead mechanically copy the ideas and work of others. In fact, the lawyer is intially attracted to Bartelby because he seems to lack strong personality and independent will, making him seem like a model employee. Significantly, when Bartelby resists, he is either unable or unwilling to explain the reason for his discontent. Perhaps Bartelby's ability to think independently has been so damaged that he does not even have the words to express his own vague desires. In keeping with this theme, the lawyer himself fears nonconformity so much that he is moved to take action regarding Bartelby only when he hears that people are gossiping about his office arragements. Passivity and Apathy are large themes in Bartleby the Scrivener, be able to thoroughly discuss these themes. -Ultimately, Bartleby's passivity leads to his death, so it is evident passivity does not play a minor role. Once you discuss and reflect on Passivity and Apathy in the story, please be able to discuss these two themes in everyday life. How can Apathy and Passivity lead to destruction, dead-ends, and even death, maybe not in a literal sense but maybe an emotional sense. Be creative and reflect on this question! -Another theme of the story involves the apathy and passivity of both Bartleby and the lawyer. Bartleby's rebellion is one of inaction. He passively resists his employer's instructions and chooses instead to do nothing. Bartleby displays a disturbing degree of apathy about his own fate. When questioned by the lawyer as to what he would prefer to do if given the choice, Bartleby responds that he is not particular. In fact, nothing appeals to him. Eventually, Bartleby's inaction leads to his own death by starvation, which seems to be less the result of self-hatred than of a most profound indifference toward his own life. The lawyer in turn finds himself unable to take decisive action regarding Bartleby's behavior, opting to procrastinate in hopes that the problem will solve itself. This attitude may indicate a level of coldness to Bartleby's suffering, since the lawyerappears to be concerned primarily with Bartleby's performance at work. -In their own way, both characters are seized by an overpowering apathy towards their fellow men that paralyzes them -What is the initial description given to the reader of Billy Budd? Billy seemed to have the charismatic qualities of a "handsome sailor," which is constituted by being partially a leader physically and morally. He appears to be very simple and of possible noble birth, but it is later revealed that he is an orphan. Be familiar with what Captain Graveling says and believes about Billy and his spirit/presence. Captain Graveling, the captain of Billy Budd's old ship, Rights-of-Man, thought Budd was his best man on his ship; he seemed to have a peacemaking ability among the other men on Rights-of-man. He hates to see Budd leave his ship. Billy Budd is moved from the ship Rights of Man to what ship? It is important to know the name of these ships, as well as their captains. Bellipotent; the captain of Bellipotent, his new ship, is Captain Vere. The captain of Billy's old ship, Rights-of-Man, is Captain Graveling. It is evident through the description of Billy Budd , both physical, emotionally, and spiritually, he represents Goodness. It automatically brings to mind the idea of Good versus Evil. Be able to write a very thorough response of ideas of Good and Evil in "Billy Budd the Sailor." This would make for a great essay question. MUST READ SHMOOP SUMMARY AND THINK ABOUT IT TO ANSWER THISJohn Claggart personifies evil in Billy Budd. The narrator, who admits to his own tendencies toward innocence, claims not to be able to grasp Claggart's character in full: "His portrait I essay, but shall never hit it." Claggart is portrayed as mysterious and foreign. Little is known about him or his past. His complexion hints at "something defective or abnormal in the constitution or blood," and although he seems to have had an education, "Nothing is known of his former life." Claggart's characterization as dark and unknowable establishes a feeling of dread about him. Regarding the source of Claggart's evil, the narrator touches upon the question of whether one is born evil or learns to be so. In Claggart, he says, "the mania of an evil nature [was] not engendered by vicious training or corrupting books...but born with him and innate, in short 'a depravity according to nature.'" Linked with such a nature is "an uncommon prudence...for it has everything to hide." Claggart behaves courteously toward Billy, covering up his hatred and envy of the young sailor, his "monomania...[was] covered over by his self-contained and rational demeanor." If Billy Budd is Adam before the Fall, Claggart represents the serpent who introduces the innocent man to pure evil. What is Captain Vere's nickname? "Starry Vere" Duty and responsibility are normally referred to in a positive light. It is important when people recognize their duty and responsibility. However, is this the case in "Billy Budd the Sailor" in regards to Captain Vere? Please explain. Yes, Captain Vere answers to his duty as a captain of a ship, with responsibility, throughout the story. Billy Budd kills Claggart after he accuses him of planned mutiny, or thoughts of small actions of it. By law, if a man kills someone on the ship, especially the master at arms, the punishment is death. Captain Vere punished Billy according to the law, however, he doesn't want to and to an extent, does not feel that it is right. He sympathizes with Billy. However, despite all this, blah blah its right but vere feels its wrong. so maybe this makes it positive, however negative and bad at the same time due to the negaive feelings shown by Vere. AFTER YOU READ THE SUMMARY, THINK ABOUT THIS OEN What is Captain Vere's relationship with Claggart? LITERAL OR "GOOD/BAD RELATIONSHIP?" should be able to answer this after reading the summaries! What is Billy's impediment? Of all of the impediments Melville could have created for this character, Melville chose this one? Why do you feel he did this? It was not a random decision; Melville put great thought into every detail of his story. Please be able to defend your claim He is accused of planning mutinous action aboard the ship. He, in fact, was not planning any such thing. This help solidify and strengthen that good characterization of Billy...etc. etc. keep on thinking of things to say to this one too. Technically, did Captain Vere's "duty" pave the path for Billy's journey to death? Yes; he abides by the law by having a court hearing, and then executing Billy, for he killed a superior officer aboard the ship. How does Billy's innocence words against him in this story? when he dies at the end, he yells "God bless Captaon Vere!" This shows Billy's innocence but also respect for Captain Vere carrying out the law as it should be done. etc. etc. Upgrade to remove ads Only $2.99/month As Billy faces his execution, how does he face it? In the notes for this particular week's reading, the critics compare Billy Budd to whom as they discuss the way Billy faces death. Please give your personal idea on this topic. He seems to not fear his execution or death irrationally. He is almost like a child. If Billy Budd's character embodies Goodness, what does that leave Claggart's character embodying? There are many examples where Melville reveals mysterious, abnormal descriptions concerning Claggart. Be able to give at least three examples of how Claggart was different from the rest of sailors. Evil. He has an unknown background. Nothing is offered about who he is or where he came from or his childhood or anything. Also, he never gives a legitimate reason to hold so much antipathy toward Billy. This makes his false acquisition all the more interesting and weird. Also, he seemed to be "handsome" like Billy, except with a larger chin, as stated by Melville. It's unique that handsomeness was described about Billy and Claggart. What is it exactly that John Claggart accuses Billy of? mutiny What is Captain Vere's reaction to the whole situation of Billy and Claggart? Does Vere feel towards Billy as that of a captain and sailor or is there a deeper connection revealed? There seems to be a deep connection revealed. He feels sympathy toward Billy because he doubts the acquisation toward Billy by Claggart; he thought he was innocent, though not stated explicitly. He also felt sorry for Billy, as Billy could not respond to the acquisition by Claggart with words, he only responded with a "blow." Vere also never saw a reason to show dislike toward Billy, neither did any of the other crew. Linda Brent's brother in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl states that he does not mind the pain of being whipped, but there is one part that bothers him. What is that part? he hates the idea that he can be whipped by people who say they own him The events revealed in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl are barbaric and emotionally draining. What is Linda's driving force? What makes her awaken every morning and continue on with her fight? Is this strength something that is taught or is it something that one discovers? Please reflect on these questions and be ready to discuss in an essay type question. He hates the idea that he can be whipped by people who say they own him on innocence: ch. 1 (budd) The ship departs, and Billy quickly ingratiates himself with the crew. Most of the guys are much more sullen than he is, but the narrator charitably notes that perhaps it's because they're all alone in this world, while Billy has an entire family back home of whom he is the pride and joy..isolation: all main charaters are isolated; main facts from their past are absent, specifically with Claggert and Buddthe surgeon who pronounces Claggart's death mentions thinks that what Vere is doing is wrong, insofar as the law requires that Budd should be locked up on the ship and the admiral be informed. This isn't done....only is Budd's execution carried outWhat is particularly tragic about Billy's case, though, is that the initial victim (Billy, the falsely accused) now becomes the criminal, and the initial criminal (Claggart, the false accuser) now becomes the victim. Legal right and wrong seems to go directly against moral intuition, but there's no way for Vere to get around it.according to the articles of war, Budd committed an act of mutiny by killing asuperior officer on the ship with a blow. random notes to take into account

"The American Crisis" video notes

-Written in December after the Continental Army was pushed back to New Jersey -George Washington ordered it be read to all of his soldiers. -"I thank God i fear not" -series of pamphlets written by Thomas Paine-Washington made his troops read this before going into battle-rally cry to volunteer to be part of the fight-freedom doesn't come easily-tell you about innkeeper (anecdote)-You don't want to be remembered as a coward-has been threatened

"Edward Taylor - Introduction" video notes

-metaphysics -extreme metaphors, shows the failure of humans trying to understand god, failure in for the love of god. - Video is over Meditation 8 -"I keening through Astronomy Divine" -uses Divine as an adjective and a verb to relate to anything holy. -He is a huge inspiration for his works is his view on the separation of humanity and God. -Poetry is to reflect the weakness or the flaws of humans.

"Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Biography" video notes

-one of America's most prolific authors -traveling help him learn latin, and he would translate Dante's inferno -a master of allegory and simple rhythm -was known as a plagiarist

Walt Whitman video notes

-one of America's most significant 19th century poets - quotes the bible in his works - is amazed on how this book caused every emotion and it still connected everyone in the world.

Age of Reason/Enlightenment

Following the Puritan era, the Age of Reason (also called the Enlightenment) emphasized the use of logic and reason. In sharp contrast with the works of the Puritan era, works written during the Age of Reason focused on rationality, deism, and social issues. Inspired by the Enlightenment in Europe, writers such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and others appealed to their readers' use of reason to explore social issues (such as the War for Independence) and topics that included liberty, equality, and democracy.

Frederick Douglass, Narrative

Frederick Douglass (1818-1895): - Douglass's autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, is one of the most influential slave narratives. - Douglass's work greatly influenced the abolitionist movement. - Douglass addresses such topics as slavery, equality, and discrimination. - note the ways in which he responds to issues of slavery, the Civil War, race, and social conflict. Narrative -he doesn't know his own birthday. Because slave owners keep their slaves ignorant of their birthdays - Most likely his father's name Captain Anthony (his first master) -Why is it worse off to be a child of a slave-owning father and slave mother? Because they have to face the cruel wrath of the slave-owner's wife -introduction into the horrors, - Captain Anthony's (supposed kin) whipping of his Aunt Hester -calls to action -Mr. Auld isn't an overseer, The Aulds are described as a kind couple, Auld unwittingly gives Douglass the key to escape slavery -gore shooting Demby - Whites are not punished for killing blacks -Two Irish dockworkers taught him how to read and write -What does Douglass gain from The Columbian Orator (a book)? An understanding of the political argument against slavery -What is Thomas Auld's overriding problem as a slaveholder? He did not give his slaves enough food. -slaves on Covey's plantation call Covey "the snake"? Because he surprises them by sneaking through the tall grass -Douglass fights back against Covey, proving that slaves will not stand for the treatment they have been given. -What happens to Douglass and the others when their escape plan is betrayed? They are placed in jail Why is Douglass's attacked by his fellow apprentices at the Baltimore shipyard? Because they were worried that black workers would take their jobs

Romanticism

From the early 1800's to the Civil War period, the literary movement known as Romanticism dominated American literature. Influenced by the Romantic movement in England, American writers reflected the ideals associated with Romanticism in a variety of genres and styles. Main Characteristics - focus on the writer's emotions and inner world; - celebration of nature, beauty, and the imagination; - emphasis on individualism; - rejection of industrialization, organized religion, and social conventions; - frequent idealization of women, children, and rural life; - interest in supernatural and/or mythological elements; - frequent use of figurative language; and - experimentation with language and forms

Edward Taylor, "Huswifery," "Upon Wedlock, and Deaths of Children

Huswifery - 1st stanza - asking God to use him for God's glory. He is the fiber and wants God to turn him into yarn so he can use him for his glorious purposes -2nd stanza - To be a product for God -3rd stanza - he wants god to clothe him in holy robes and to be clothed in Gods clothing so he (edward) is not shown only God is. He wants all aspects of his life to reflect God. God must increase while he decreases. The speaker gets clothed; Robes of Glory; reflects God -Theme God is sovereignty -The distaff is the starting point for the spinning wheel and the Bible is the starting point and hold the instructions for Christians's life. They are both starting points. Upon Wedlock and Death of Children -religion (god took away his children because he liked them and wanted to be closer to them, knot is the wedding that god made in paradise, his children are god's children) -God is a gardener -the metaphor- his marriage and his children dying -symbols - knot- his wedding, flowers- his children Blooming flowers = birth of a child

Louisa May Alcott, excerpt from Little Women

Jo, Meg, Beth, and Amy March are four sisters living with their mother in New England. Their father is away serving as a chaplain in the Civil War, and the sisters struggle to support themselves and keep their household running despite the fact that the family recently lost its fortune. In the process, they become close friends with their wealthy neighbor, Theodore Laurence, known as "Laurie."As the girls grow older, each faces her own personal demons and moral challenges. Jo, our beloved protagonist, must tame her tomboyish ways and learn to be more ladylike while pursuing her ambition to be a great writer. Meg, the oldest, must put aside her love of wealth and finery in order to follow her heart. Beth, the shy one, must conquer her bashfulness, while Amy, the youngest, has to sacrifice her aristocratic pride. The girls are guided in their personal growth by their mother, "Marmee," and by their religious faith.The family's tight bonds are forever changed when Meg falls in love with John Brooke, Laurie's tutor. Meg and John marry and begin a home of their own, quickly populated by twins Daisy and Demi. Another marriage seems imminent when Laurie reveals to Jo that he has fallen in love with her, but she declares that she cannot care for him in the same way. Jo goes to New York as the governess for a family friend, Mrs. Kirke, experiencing the big city and trying her hand as a professional writer. Meanwhile, Amy travels through Europe with her wealthy Aunt Carroll and cousin Flo, nurturing her artistic talent. Separately, Laurie goes to Europe accompanied by his grandfather. He pursues his passion for music and tries to forget Jo.While in New York, Jo meets German expatriate Professor Bhaer, whose intellect and strong moral nature spark her interest. Across the Atlantic, Laurie and Amy discover that they lack the genius to be great artists, but that they make an excellent romantic pairing. When Beth, who has never been strong, dies young, the sorrow of their loss solidifies Amy's bond to Laurie. Back in the States, Jo returns home to care for her bereaved parents and learns to embrace her domestic side.All the loose ends are tied up as Jo and Professor Bhaer marry and start a boarding school for boys, while Amy and Laurie marry and use the Laurence family wealth to support struggling young artists. The Brooke, Bhaer, and Laurence households flourish, and the novel ends with a birthday party for Marmee, celebrating the extended March family connections and the progress of Jo's boarding school, Plumfield. themes Women & femininity The home Principles Literature & Writing Love Marriage Sacrifice Poverty Ambition

Washington Irving, "Rip Van Winkle," "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"

Rip van Winkle - Rip- main character who ran away and slept for 20 years Dame- Rip's wife, chased him away because of hen pecking and nagging Wolf- Rip's dog who was dead when he returned Judith- Rip's daughter who he met when he came back Rip (son)- Rip's son - Rip is a British-American villager loved by all his town. He avoids labor though which leads his wife Dame to nag him. Rip decides to escape his wife's nagging one day and wanders off until mountains with his dog Wolf. He meets a man who asks him to help carry his ceg up the mountain, where he meets many men who were playing nine pins. Then he begins to drink the liquor and falls into a deep sleep that ends up being for over twenty years. When he awakens his beard has grown a foot long, his dog is gone, and when he returns to his village nobody recognizes him. He discovers that his wife and close friends have died, King George III has been replaced with George Washington, and another man is being called his name. He is taken in by his adult daughter, and resumes his old habits. Theme- Don't run away from your problems because you will miss out in the end/it isn't worth it." Rip runs away from his problem, his nagging wife, and ends up being punished for it by sleeping for twenty years. - Don't let time pass by

Anne Bradstreet, all poems

The Prologue -"let greeks be greeks" let people be who they are rather than society putting their thought on what the person should do "The Author to Her Book" -comparing her book to a new born baby-its about how upset she is that her book got published-she didn't get a chance to edit or take out personal things that she didn't want people knowing.-imagery-metaphor; comparison----extended metaphor- introduced in first 2-3 lines then goes throughout entire poem (in this case, comparing the book to new born baby) "To My Dear Loving Husband" -DEVOTED***-dedicated toward each other and the bible-can't compare her with another women-she loves him more than anything in the world---loves him more than all the gold and riches in the East---compares her love to a river and how she loves him more than the river hold water-can't repay God for the love he has given her with her husband-PREDESTINATION***-paradox: an idea that contradicts itself---preserver their love b/c they don't live forever; living forever "In Memory of My Dear Grandchild" -Compares the baby to a flower: grows up and dies-God directs the fate of the baby- predestination---religion: the bible *God's will-Absolute faith in God-Apostrophe: author is addressing someone/something that isn't there who can't respond---Farewell dear babe...---Farewell sweet babe...---Farewell fair flower...

Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Custom-House," The Scarlet Letter

The custom-house --introduction into The Scarlet Letter, doesn't involve the story too much but adds an extra layer of meaning - Hawthorne is related to Judge John Hathorwne, who was the judge of the Salem witch trials. He doesn't want to be connected so he change the spelling of his last name - Most of what he wrote ties to Puritan lifestyle as a means to figure out his family's lifestyle - Worked as a Tax collector while working on becoming a writer - Moby Dick is for Hawthorne - Tells the story of an unnamed narrator who will tell the of Hester in The Scarlet Letter. Shares a lot of things with Hawthorne like being from puritan decent and works as an author and tax collector. Extremely bored man who thinks people are idiots that got their jobs b/c of their families. -He finds old papers with an "A", reads the letters and finds out its from 100 years ago from a surveyor Johnathan Pew, who tells about a woman who lived 100 years before his time (200 years). - Intrigued by the letters he writes a fictional story based on these letters - Just like Hawthorne the narrator's job is lose when the government switches power and he becomes a full time author - Gives us insight of Hester as an angel even though her society wanted her killed. -the narrator interrupts the story to remind us it is just a story. Brings attention to us and him as a write and us as a the reader to tell us what is important. - 2 things, 1 is the evolution of Hester's treatment by society and 2, the narrator's comments to indicate whats important. The scarlet letter -What does the prison door symbolize in Ch. 1? Heart of the Puritan community in which Hester resides. -What is the irony of the scaffold scene in which Hester is forced to stand on the scaffold with Pearl as a baby? Her child is the embodiment of the scarlet letter. -What action is commonly made by Dimmesdale throughout the novel? Hand over heart. -Who is "The Leech" in Ch. 9? Chillingworth -Although he has dedicated his life to making Dimmesdale miserable, Chillingworth pretends to be more concerned with what? medicine and his profession as a doctor -pearl, even as a baby has noticed the scarlet letter, her maker is a rose bush -Why is Dimmesdale afraid to confront his daughter? It means he's confronting his sin. She is the embodiment of his sin. -Who is Mistress Hibbins? Witch; sister of Governor Bellingham -What lights u[ the scene on the scaffold where Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale are brought together for the first time? A meteor which ends up turning to a bright letter "A". -does Pearl enjoy torturing towards the end of the novel? Hester -How does Pearl react when Hester takes off the scarlet letter? She throws a fit and demands Hester to put it back on.How does Pearl break the "spell" at the end of the novel? She kisses Dimmesdale. -earl transform from beginning to the end of the novel? evil to normal, successful woman -How does Chillingworth discover Dimmesdale's scarlet letter? opens his vest -Who gives Hester medicine in the prison and asks to keep his identity secret? Chillingworth -How does Chillingworth transform from the beginning to the end of the novel? used to be calm and meditative to evil and unrelenting After a while, the townspeople see Hester's "A" in a different light. How have they changed the meaning? "Able" to overcome her lustful ways and transform her behavior from unlawful to pious. -How does Chillingworth foil Hester and Dimmesdale's plans to run away together? He secretly tells the captain that he is part of Hester's party and assumes responsibility for Dimmesdale. -What gruesome sight does Dimmesdale reveal on the scaffold? His scarlet letter "A" on his chest. -Who is the Black Man throughout the novel? The devil. -Describe Hester's attire throughout the novel. grey, conservative, with a cap covering her hair, and a scarlet letter on her breast -How does Chillingworth view Dimmesdale's "disease"? as one of the heart --> emotional woes -How is Pearl wise beyond her years? What does she notice that a typical seven year old might not be aware of regarding her mother, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth? She's able to sense a relationship between the three of them. Notices Hester's pain, Dimmesdale's remorse, and Chillingworth's vengeful behavior. (Symbols) The prison door harsh authority of the puritans (Symbols) the rosebush Pearl's wild, unapologetic, painful behavior (Symbols) the forest lawless place, freedom (Symbols) the brook Pearl's mysterious nature (Symbols) the "A" adulterer, able

Walt Whitman, all poems

Walt Whitman (1819-1892): Walt Whitman (1819-1892) was a major figure in American literature, and his poetry is innovative, powerful, and influential. Shortly after the first publication of Whitman's major work of poetry, Leaves of Grass, Ralph Waldo Emerson proclaimed in a letter to the poet, "I greet you at the beginning of a great career." Emerson's words were prophetic as Whitman went on to become one of the greatest poets in the American literary tradition. While Whitman is a Romantic poet, he also incorporates elements of literary realism in his poems. He often treats topics that were not addressed in poetry previously. His topics range from nature to the Civil War, and his works express primarily a voice that is sympathetic to human endeavor and supportive of democracy. Whitman's Techniques: - uses free verse (no regular metrical pattern or rhyme scheme); - his use of free verse complements his emphasis on everyday life and ordinary people; - places emphasis on syntactic schemes (word order in the lines of his poems) to create rhythm, pace, and emphasis; and - uses the technique of cataloguing (long lists) to accentuate themes, tones, and perspectives. The term "persona" refers to the speaker or "voice" a poet creates in the expression of a poem. Review the information below about Whitman's use of personae. Whitman's Use of Personae: - often uses personae that are expansive, synthetic, and unifying; - his personae often reveal Romantic and realistic traits; - frequently utilizes a persona that is a "seer" or visionary; and - uses personae to support his self-proclaimed role as the "American bard"

Iroquois Creation Story

author is unknown because it has been passed down through the generations. What world does this describe in the Iroquois Creation Story?:In great darkness, in the possession of a great monster, like Enkidu from the Epic of Gilgamesh the lower world What world does this describe in the Iroquois Creation Story?:inhabited by mankind upper world Upgrade to remove ads Only $2.99/month What happens to the woman in the Iroquois Creation story? she is the second generation of sky women to become pregnant without sexual activity What was the woman in ICS induced to do lie on a mattress bc she was in distress What happened to the woman in ICS when she layed on the mattress? she sank to the dark world What did the monsters do in ICS when they saw the woman? they were alarmed and surrounded where she was expected to fall When the monsters consulted, what was one appointed to do? search the great deep to procure some earththey were successful What was another monster told to do? secure the woman from the terrors of the great water Who agreed to secure the woman from the water? a large turtle, he did not mind the extra weight what does she receive when she sits on the turtles back? satisfaction what does the turtle become? "island of earth"covered with small bushes After the turtle becomes the island, what happens to the woman? she remains in darkness What is the woman pregnant with? twins In the womb, what goes on between the twins? they get in a dispute and the woman is in pain What eventually happens to the twins and mom? the mother dies and twins are compelled to enter dark world What power do the twins have? "power of sustenance without a nurse" After the twins go to the dark world, what happens to the turtle? grows larger When the twins grow up, what do they become? good mind and bad mind What does the good mind create in the dark world? light When light was created, the bad mind wanted to.. remain in the dark (a natural state) Who begins the work of creation? good mind The sun is created from __The moon is created from__ mothers headmothers body what did the good mind also create? stars What did monsters do in response to the light? hid in deep places What does the good mind create the indians from? dust What does the good mind create for the animals? rain and vegetation What landforms did the bad mind create? mountains and waterfalls bad mind created ___ which were "injurious to mankind" reptiles How did the bad mind make apes? from clay Why was the bad mind envious of his brother? he could not make mankind How did the bad mind and good mind work together? bad mind made apesgood mind gave them souls What did the bad mind try to do to all the animals? enclose thembut the good mind released them what did the bad mind challenge the good mind to?what does the winner receive? a contestgovern the universe How did the bad mind think he could defeat the good mind? "flags"- cornstalkes, rushes, reeds or cattails how long did the contest last? two days how did the good mind defeat the bad mind? antlers what happens to the bad mind after losing the contest "sinks down to eternal doom" and becomes evil spirit

Transcendentalism

the belief or doctrine that knowledge of reality is derived from intuitive sources (intuition, contemplation, and meditation) rather than objective sensory experience. The word "transcendental" signifies the search for truths that are beyond the ordinary or beyond the limitations of the human senses. The transcendental movement was a "spin-off" from Romanticism. The movement emerged in New England (particularly, in Concord and Boston, Massachusetts) in the 1830's. In addition to the elements of Romanticism, transcendentalism also includes the traits listed below - idealization (even reverence) of nature; nature is viewed as being linked to God - use of natural images and natural symbols to convey literary themes - focus on individualism - use of poetic imagination in using language to convey the importance of nature, beauty, and spirituality The most influential transcendentalists are listed below: - Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) - Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) - Margaret Fuller (1810-1850 Main Beliefs of Transcendentalism: - Individuals should use intuition (instead of relying only on reason) in searching for ultimate truths; - God is an all-loving being who exists in all things; - God's presence in human beings makes them divine and assures them of eternal life with God; - the variety that seems to exist in the world is only illusory; a cosmic unity is not seen by human beings, but it makes all things essentially the same; - the material and spiritual worlds are connected; - by studying nature and reflecting on natural beauty, human beings can see God's image and come to know God.