AMH 1020 Chapter 14

Sharecropping

A system of farming that developed in the South after the Civil War, when landowners, many of whom had formerly held slaves, lacked the cash to pay wages to farm laborers, many of whom were former slaves.

Samuel Tilden

Lost the presidential vote.During the 1876 presidential election, Tilden won the popular vote over his Republican opponent, Rutherford B. Hayes, proving that the Democrats were once again competitive in the American political process following the Civil War.

Tenure of office act

a United States federal law (in force from 1867 to 1887) that was intended to restrict the power of the President of the United States to remove certain office-holders without the approval of the Senate.

Exodusters

a name given to African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late nineteenth century, as part of the Exoduster Movement or Exodus of 1879. It was the first general migration of blacks following the Civil War.

Jefferson Franklin Long

an American politician from Georgia. He was the first African American from Georgia to be elected to the United States House of Representatives.

John Wilkes Booth

an American stage actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre, in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865.

black codes

laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.

Abraham Lincoln

the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination 14th April 1865.

Ulysses S. Grant

the 18th President of the United States (1869-1877). In 1865, as Commanding General, Grant led the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War. He then implemented Congressional Reconstruction, often at odds with President Andrew Johnson. Twice elected president, Grant led the Republicans in their effort to remove the vestiges of Confederate nationalism and slavery, protect African-American citizenship, and defeat the Ku Klux Klan.

13th amendment

the Constitution declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." Formally abolishing slavery in the United States, the 13th Amendment was passed by the Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the states on December 6, 1865.

Schulyer Colfax

was a United States Representative from Indiana (1855-1869), Speaker of the House of Representatives (1863-1869), and the 17th Vice President of the United States (1869-1873).

Nathan Bedrod Forrest

was a lieutenant general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. He served as the first Grand Wizard (head of movement) of the Ku Klux Klan

Compromise of 1877

was a purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election, pulled federal troops out of state politics in the South, and ended the Reconstruction Era.

Fances Ellen Watkins Harper

was an African-American abolitionist, poet and author. She was also active in other types of social reform and was a member of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, which advocated the federal government taking a role in progressive reform.

Oliver O. Howard

was the first Freedmen's Bureau Commissioner. He build missionary schools.

redemption (redeemers)

were a white political coalition in the Southern United States. KKK, and other extreme Democrats.

Scalawags/carpetbaggers

white Southerners who cooperated politically with black freedmen typically supported the Republican Party. refers to Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War, during Reconstruction.

Andrew Johnson

(December 29, 1808 - July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as he was Vice President at the time of President Abraham Lincoln's assassination. A Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, Johnson came to office as the Civil War concluded. The new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the former slaves, and he came into conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives. The first American president to be impeached, he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

1872 involved the Union Pacific Railroad and the Crédit Mobilier of America construction company in the building of the eastern portion of the First Transcontinental Railroad. Fake companies and shares sold.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th President of the United States (1877-1881). As president, he oversaw the end of Reconstruction, began the efforts that led to civil service reform, and attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War and Reconstruction.

proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction

A full pardon is hereby granted to confederates and each of them, with restoration of all rights of property, except as to slaves. Some Republicans hated the idea thought it was too easy on them.

14th amendment

All people born or naturalized in the United States are subject to its law.No state shall make laws that will take away the privileges of citizens. No state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. No state shall deprive any person the equal protection of the laws.

Panic of 1873

Financial crisis that triggered a depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 until 1879, and even longer in some countries. Panic of 1873 and the subsequent depression had several underlying causes, of which economic historians debate the relative importance. Post-war inflation, rampant speculative investments (overwhelmingly in railroads), a large trade deficit, ripples from economic dislocation in Europe

15th amendment

Granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Although ratified on February 3, 1870, the promise of the 15th Amendment would not be fully realized for almost a century. Through the use of poll taxes, literacy tests and other means, Southern states were able to effectively disenfranchise African Americans. It would take the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 before the majority of African Americans in the South were registered to vote.

Edwin Stanton

He opposed the lenient policies of Johnson towards the former Confederate States. Johnson's attempt to dismiss Stanton ultimately led to President Johnson being impeached by the House of Representatives.

Hiram Revels

Republican politician,He was elected as the first African American to serve in the United States Senate, and in the U.S. Congress overall. He represented Mississippi in the Senate in 1870 and 1871 during the Reconstruction era.

Freedmen's Bureau

The U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, was established in 1865 by Congress to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War (1861-65). The Freedmen's Bureau provided food, housing and medical aid, established schools and offered legal assistance. It also attempted to settle former slaves on Confederate lands confiscated or abandoned during the war.

ku klux klan

The first Klan was founded in 1865-1966 in Pulaski, Tennessee, veterans of the Confederate Army.

Restoration

The rebuilding of the south, and reconstruction of the union.

Military Reconstruction Acts

These acts divided the south into five military districts. Each district was placed under military leadership and new elections were held with voting only allowed by Congress' approved voters, which were mostly former slaves. Each state was also required to ratify the 13th and 14th Amendments after drafting new state constitutions. This could only be done after new public officials were elected that had pledged their loyalty to the Union. Most of these were either poor whites or former slaves. This new influx of voters led to the Republican control of a traditionally Democratic south. Tennessee was the only state exempt from military reconstruction because it had a large number of Union supporters and had met most of the Radical Republicans' demands for reconstruction. The rest of the Confederacy was split up under the rule of former Union generals.

crop lien

They would put a lien on their crops. a credit system that became widely used by cotton farmers in the United States in the South from the 1860s to the 1930s. Sharecroppers and tenant farmers who did not own the land they worked obtained supplies and food on credit from local merchants.

Reconstruction

construction of the south and union from destruction of civil war.