AMH 2020 Final Exam Review
53) Many youths of the 1960's and early 1970's were attracted to a lifestyle known as the _____. This new cultural movement included support for Civil Rights, minority rights, recreational drug use, sexual "liberation", Antiwar activism, and a general rejection of both capitalism and traditional values.
"Counterculture" (A)
46) In addition to the nuclear and conventional "Arms Race", the Soviet Union's 4 October 1957 launch of "Sputnik" the first successful man-made Earth Satellite, triggered the _____.
"Space Race" (C)
68) Following the September 11 2001 attacks, the United States invaded the country of _____ within a matter of weeks, triggering the longest conflict in US History.
Afghanistan (A)
39) During World War I, President Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066 had the effect of:
All answers are correct (D)
38) During World War Il, a great impact on American Society was _____.
All answers are correct. (D)
50) According to our authors, in the 1950's much of the cultural change towards a more individualistic culture was influenced by:
All answers are correct. (D)
97) President _____ was the nation's first bi-racial president and won the Democratic nomination and was elected President on a platform of change in 2008. As a candidate, he promised to withdraw all US military forces from Iraq and benefitted from American "war weariness". Among his accomplishments were the somewhat mis-named Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. He made numerous foreign visits in which he boldly proclaimed changes to US policy to foreign audiences to make US foreign policies more palatable to foreign citizens. This President kept his campaign promise to pull US Forces out of Iraq. He pursued both domestic and foreign policies that many Americans saw as divisive, after his party losing control of Congress in 2010, he increasingly governed by "Pen and Phone", administrative actions and Executive Orders. Though he remained popular, many of his policies became increasingly unpopular.
Barack Obama
94) Upon winning the 1992 Presidential election, _____ immediately proceeded to change the perception of the presidency by incorporating popular and celebrity culture. During his election, he was interviewed on MTV and played saxophone on the Arsenio Hall Show. In the first two years of his administration, he attempted and failed to pass Universal Health Care and permit gays to serve openly in the military. Following the near-total electoral defeat of the Democratic Party in the 1994 mid-terms, this President shifted policies, declaring that "the Era of Big Government is Over". "The Monica Lewinski Incident", resulted in the first impeachment trial of a sitting President, for lying under oath and obstruction of justice. Despite his flaws, this President was extremely popular, both domestically and internationally, when left office in 2001, which he parlayed into a very lucrative "Foundation" and "Global Initiative''.
Bill Clinton
71) During the Second World War, the United States supported the _____ Empire, led by Prime Minister Winston Churchill, in resisting and ultimately defeating the Axis Powers.
British
75) One of the major foreign policy incidents that damaged the Truman Administration was the fall of mainland _____ to communist forces led by Mao Zedong, which resulted in the non-communist forces fleeing to the island of Taiwan.
China
51) In the 1960's, the term "Freedom Riders" referred to:
Civil Rights activists who organized interstate bus rides following a Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation on public buses and trains with the intention of sitting in integrated patterns on the buses as they traveled through the Deep South. (D)
78) During the 1950's, a conflict/rivalry between the Soviet Union and its allies and the United States and its allies were known as the "_____", which resulted in increased baseline military spending and the emergence of, in the words of President Eisenhower, a "Military/Industrial Complex".
Cold War or Arms Race
79) During the 1950's, a conflict/rivalry between the Soviet Union and its allies and the United States and its allies were known as the "_____", which resulted in increased baseline military spending and the emergence of, in the words of President Eisenhower, a "Military/Industrial Complex".
Cold War or Arms Race
81) President Kennedy faced several foreign policy challenges during his presidency, to include a less-than-stellar performance at the Vienna Summit, the construction of the Berlin Wall, and the escalating Vietnam conflict, his greatest challenges involved the Caribbean island of _____, which included a failed ClA-sponsored invasion and a "Missile Crisis" that nearly triggered a nuclear war.
Cuba
99) This President, elected in 2016 was unique among Presidents in the modern era in that he held no previous elective office, had no previous military experience, no previous judicial experience and held no appointed governmental positions prior to his election to the American Presidency in 2016. Prior to the Presidency, he was famous (or infamous) as an outsized personality in both New York and Florida since the late 1970's. This President displayed a nearly uncanny ability to force political and administrative opponents of his policies into unpopular positions and transparent obstruction. This ability to box his opposition into unreasonable positions allowed him to cater to his base and woo those who were mildly opposed to his personality and/or policies by painting his opponents as short-sighted, extreme and unreasonable. Perhaps no US President in recent history has faced a wider amount of opposition as has President _____, to include investigation of accusations of ties to foreign powers, questionable business dealings, sketchy personal relationships, and mixed opinions about women.
Donald Trump
77) This former Supreme Allied Commander, Europe during World War II, ran for the Presidency in 1952. _____ promised to end the Korean Conflict. During his term, he led the United States during a period of unprecedented prosperity and left office in January 1961.
Eisenhower
1) The United States and the British Empire entered World War II, at roughly the same time.
FALSE
10) According to our text, the Post-World War II building boom created a drag on the postwar economy due to the increasing cost of transportation due to "suburbanization".
FALSE
12) The United States and Britain maintained their "Nuclear Monopoly" until 1953, when the Soviet Union detonated their first successful nuclear device.
FALSE
13) All prewar "New Deal" Federal programs dating from the Franklin Roosevelt administration were eliminated by 1952
FALSE
14) After being discredited during the "Great Depression", the United States increasingly turned against unfettered Capitalism as the decade of the 1950's progressed.
FALSE
17) The Civil Rights Movement's "Sit Ins" targeted segregation in the "Northern" states such as Ohio and Colorado.
FALSE
20) Upon the Assassination of President Kennedy, his Vice-President, Richard M. Nixon, was inaugurated and implemented the far-reaching "Great Society" social welfare legislation, oversaw the passage of several civil rights acts, and introduced ground combat forces into Vietnam.
FALSE
21) The United States military was militarily defeated in Vietnam and was forced to evacuate the country due to the North Vietnamese's successful "Tet Offensive" in January 1968.
FALSE
22) President Lyndon Bains Johnson won the 1968 Democratic nomination for reelection but lost in the Presidential election to Richard Milhous Nixon.
FALSE
24) The Woodstock Music Festival in New York and the Altamont Speedway Concert in California, occurring within months of each other, both were peaceful events that demonstrated the ideals of the so-called "hippie" movement.
FALSE
26) Female activists Phyllis Schlafly, Beverly LaHaye, and Anita Bryant supported the proposed Equal Rights Amendment as well as Gay Rights Laws and other socially progressive legislation opposed by conservative Christians.
FALSE
29) In the 1984 Presidential election, President Ronald Reagan narrowly defeated the Democratic candidate Walter Mondale, with Reagan carrying only 28 states and only 50.2% of the popular vote (272 electoral votes) to Mondale's performance of 22 states and 48.9% of the popular Vote (268 electoral votes).
FALSE
30) Formed in 1985, the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC) was a group of politicians and other "thought leaders" within the Democratic Party who advocated for Keynesian economic policies and the concerns of organized labor while distancing the party from political moderates and the business community.
FALSE
32) Francis Fukuyama, one of the premier historians of the late-Cold war era, predicted that Socialism would return as a major force and that free markets would soon fall into disrepute due to its inherent contradictions.
FALSE
33) The first Gulf War (1990-91) was caused by the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's invasion of Saudi Arabia.
FALSE
4) Despite some delays, the United States took forceful steps during World War II to admit Jewish refugees; an example of this is the admission of nine hundred German Jewish refugees from the SS Saint Louis admitted to the US on an emergency basis.
FALSE
5) Following World War II, returning soldiers were hesitant to use their promised benefits under the 1944 "G.I. Bill of Rights" and there was a reduction in the number of young veterans attending college after the war.
FALSE
8) Josef Stalin appealed to the United States and Britain to assist in supervising free and fair elections in Soviet-occupied Eastern Europe following World War I but was rebuffed by President Truman and Prime Minister Churchill.
FALSE
72) President _____ was the American head of state from March 1933 until his death on 12 April 1945. Notably, he is the only American elected to the Presidency more than twice, having won four separate Presidential elections.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)
92) _____, a scion of the New England "WASP Aristocracy", The grandson of an Ohio Senator and son of a prominent Connecticut businessman, was the one of the youngest Commissioned Naval aviators in history and served as a TBF "Avenger" torpedo bomber pilot in World War I, surviving being shot down in the Pacific. He was held responsible for a minor Economic Recession in 1991-early 1992, and was criticized for what many saw as a lackluster federal response to "Hurricane Andrew" in 1992. As a member of the WWII Generation", he was a victim of the ongoing cultural chasm with members of the postwar "Baby Boom" generation, as well as the third-party candidacy of H Ross Perot, who opposed the pending NAFTA treaty with Canada and Mexico. The former Governor of Arkansas defeated him in the 1992 Presidential election.
George H. W. Bush
96) President _____ was a popular and successful former Republican Governor of Texas, the son of a former President and the brother of the Governor of Florida. When running for President against Vice-President Al Gore, he lost the popular vote but was ultimately elected in the Electoral College after a long drawn-out controversy, settled by the US Supreme Court, involving the State of Florida and punch-card machines, bringing the term "hanging chad" into popular use. On September 11'), 2001, the trajectory of his presidency changed due to an Islamic terrorist suicide attacks on the New York World Trade Center and the Pentagon resulting in over 3000 deaths. Reelected in 2004, the President was criticized for the inability to establish a consensus government to end the ongoing insurgency in Iraq as well as the Federal Government's response to Hurricane Katrina in Louisiana. After his party lost control of both houses of Congress in 2006, this president fired his defense secretary and implemented the Iraqi "surge" offensive which temporarily broke the back of the Islamic insurgency. When his left office in 2009, he was the most unpopular president since either Richard Nixon or Harry Truman, depending on the poll consulted.
George W. Bush
86) A former Michigan football star, World War II Naval Officer, and a House Minority Leader, _____ was inaugurated President in 1974 following the earlier resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew and the August resignation of Richard Nixon. This President is unique, in modern era in that he became President despite never having won an election on a national-level ticket. Sharing his last name with a popular automotive brand, he was compared to a car known as the "Pinto" that was also in disrepute during this time.
Gerald Ford
69) With regards to the US invasion of Iraq in the spring of 2003, The US and Iraq:
Had been in a state of conflict, to include military attacks, since the conclusion of the first Gulf War in 1991 (C)
87) One domestic factor that inhibited President Ford's domestic popularity and facilitated his electoral defeat in the 1976 Presidential Election was the rise of economic/monetary _____, triggered by rising oil prices and a weakening US Dollar.
Inflation
91) One of President Reagan's major domestic accomplishments was the "taming" of America's chronic Economic _____ Rate in association with Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volker through intentionally raising interest rates and triggering an Economic Recession in 1982, which hurt Republican candidates in the Mid-term elections but conversely set the stage for over seven years of economic expansion.
Inflation
89) The fall of the Shah of Iran and the rise of the Ayatolla Ruholla Khomeini contributed to President Carter's electoral defeat in the 1980 Presidential election due to the '_____ Hostage Crisis", which involved the seizure of the US Embassy, Tehran and the detention of 52 American diplomatic personnel for 444 days.
Iran
73) On 2 September 1945, the Empire of _____ was the last of the major Axis Powers to surrender, signing the Instrument of Surrender on the deck of the US Battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
Japan
37) The three main "Axis Powers" the United States fought during the Second World War were _____.
Japan, Germany and Italy (C)
88) _____, a United States Naval Academy graduate and former Governor was elected President of the United States in 1976. After a successful initial period, which included the 1978 Camp David accords, his presidency was overwhelmed by interrelated domestic and foreign issues, the turnover of the US-controlled Panama Canal to Panama, the Iran Hostage Crisis, Islamic extremism, economic recession, the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, ongoing US military readiness issues, and an ineffective response to Soviet/Cuban sponsorship of revolutionary movements in Latin America hostile to US Interests. This US President was defeated in the 1980 election and only served one term.
Jimmy Carter
80) Democratic Massachusetts Senator _____ defeated Vice President Richard Nixon in the 1960 Presidential Election, due to several factors; from his photogenic appearance on televised debates, his exploitation of a largely-fictional "Missile Gap", as well as suspicious vote-counting in Cook County, Illinois. This President was popular for his youthful appearance and his exhortations for Americans to "Pay any Price/Bear any Burden" in the defense of Liberty.
Kennedy
76) Another Foreign Policy challenge to the Truman Administration was the conflict on the _____ peninsula, which was ultimately endorsed by the United Nations, resulted in over 33,000 US casualties and ended in a military stalemate.
Korean
82) Following the assassination of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy in November of 1963, Vice-President _____ the former Democratic Senate Majority Leader from Texas assumed the Presidency. This President guided the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and a series of social welfare programs collectively known as "The Great Society".
Lyndon Baines Johnson
40) The code name for the successful United States effort to develop effective Nuclear Weapons was the _____.
Manhattan Project. (A)
61) During the 1980's one of the most popular of the new cable-based television channels, founded in 1981, that helped to break the information/entertainment domination of the "Big 3" broadcast networks had maintained from the 1950's through 1980 was:
Music Television (MTV) (C)
93) President George H. W. Bush's reelection effort was hindered by the entry of Texas businessman H. Ross Perot, who opposed the _____ Treaty, into the 1992 Presidential race. Perot claimed that this treaty would result in "a giant sucking sound" of American jobs being outsourced to Mexican factories. This treaty would be passed during the subsequent Clinton Administration.
NAFTA
43) In 1950, the US National Security Council produced a 58-page, top-secret report proclaiming the threat of Soviet communism. In the new postwar world, the report argued, the United States could no longer retreat toward isolationism without encouraging the aggressive expansion of communism across the globe. This report, which influenced US strategic policy until the fall of the Soviet Union, was known as _____.
NSC-68 (D)
66) William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton was elected President in 1992 on the Democratic Party ticket by running as a:
New Democrat (D)
84) In the 1968 Presidential Election, a nation that seemed to be on the verge of chaos elected Republican candidate _____, a former Senator from California and Vice-President of Dwight David Eisenhower from 1953 until 1961. After his overwhelming re-election in 1972, he was forced from office due to the unfolding "Watergate" scandal. This President is the only one to date to resign from office, which he did effective 9 August 1974.
Nixon
85) A major event that weakened President Nixon's domestic standing in late 1973 was the _____ by Arab oil-producing countries due to US Support of Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which resulted in gas lines, gasoline shortages, and a spike in US Gasoline Prices
Oil Crisis
98) One common criticism of the Presidential administration of Barack Obama was the plethora of Executive _____ his administration generated due to his administration's inability to work with the Republican Party majority in the Congress to pass legislation.
Order
96) One criticism civil libertarians have of the Presidency of George W. Bush was passage of "The _____ Act in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
Patriot
63) During the 1981 elections, a coalition of libertarians, social conservatives, business advocates, "hard money" economists, and Cold War "hawks" combined to support the (Party) candidate _____.
Republican/ Ronald Reagan (D)
49) _____ is a musical form that emerged in the mid-1950's that heavily influenced the emerging postwar "youth culture".
Rock and Roll (D)
90) _____, a Republican former actor, union president and corporate spokesman for General Electric Company was elected as US President in 1980. Despite being the oldest President in the modern era, he survived an assassination attempt by John Hinckley and went on to oversee the largest reorganization of the Department of Defense since its inception, a rebuilding of military forces. This President concentrated on developing futuristic weapons systems, negotiating treaties limiting or abolishing entire classes of nuclear delivery systems, and defeating Communist regimes through a combination of economic pressure and military threat. This President's term was so successful that his Vice-President became the first sitting VP to win a Presidential election since Martin Van Buren in 1836.
Ronald Reagan
11) On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong declared China a communist "People's Republic" following the defeat and expulsion of Nationalist/Kuomintang forces from mainland China.
TRUE
15) One of the radical changes in communications was the emergence of television as a major source of home entertainment between 1948 and 1960.
TRUE
16) According to our text, much of the margin for John F. Kennedy's narrow victory over Richard M. Nixon in the 1960 Presidential Election was due to Kennedy's more photogenic appearances on television, particularly during the Presidential Debates.
TRUE
18) One significant US action in the chain of events leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis was US (CIA) leadership/sponsorship of the failed "Bay of Pigs" invasion of Castroite Cuba on 17-20 April 1961.
TRUE
19) A major turning point in the political trajectory of the United States, with regards to Civil Rights legislation, domestic policy, and foreign relations was the assassination of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy by the Marxist radical Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas. Texas on November 22, 1963.
TRUE
2) One social effect of the war was the mass hiring of female labor to replace conscripted and mobilized men in business and industry, often in non-traditional roles, during World War Il.
TRUE
23) According to our text, the Civil Rights Movement at the beginning of the 1970's was very different from the more "integrationist" model of the early 1960's due to the rise of the "Black Power" movement as well as the rise of more radical and retribution-based factions within the movement itself.
TRUE
25) One significant factor that soured many Americans on the Great Society and the evolving Civil Rights movement was the series of Urban riots between 1965 and 1970.
TRUE
27) In the 1980 Presidential Election, Ronald Wilson Reagan defeated the incumbent President James Earl (Jimmy) Carter and Independent candidate John B. Anderson to become the 40th President of the United States.
TRUE
28) Two foreign policy issues that dominated the 1980 presidential campaign were the 52 Americans being held hostage by Iran following the seizure of the US Embassy Tehran and the Soviet Union's December 1979 invasion of Afghanistan.
TRUE
3) Japan saw the war as necessary due to their reliance on import of oil, scrap metal and rubber from the United States as well as other western sources and militarist factions within the Japanese Government considered the US Embargo a de-facto act of war.
TRUE
31) The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 due to economic stagnation and uncontrolled military spending thereby, the ending the "Cold War" publicly announced by Winston Churchill in his 1946 Fulton, Missouri speech.
TRUE
34) George Herbert Walker Bush won the popular vote but was defeated in the Electoral College by William Jefferson (Bill) Clinton in the 1992 Presidential election.
TRUE
35) On September 11th, 2001, the World Trade Center towers in New York City were destroyed by Islamic suicide attacks.
TRUE
6) On February 22, 1946, less than a year after the end of the war, the chargé d'affaires of the U.S. embassy in Moscow, George Kennan sent a famously lengthy telegra-literally referred to as the Long Telegram-to the State Department denouncing the Soviet Union.
TRUE
7) According to our text, "The Cold War grew out of a failure to achieve a durable settlement among leaders from the Big Three Allies-the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union-as they met at Yalta in Russian Crimea and at Potsdam in occupied Germany to shape the postwar order."
TRUE
9) According to our text, the practice of real estate "Redlining", where the racial/ethnic composition of a neighborhood was one of the factors used to determine mortgage "risk", was implemented on a national scale by the Federal government through the policies of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC), the Veterans Administration (VA) and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA).
TRUE
47) Harvard economist and public intellectual John Kenneth Galbraith's celebrated book _____ examined America's new post-World War II consumer economy and political culture.
The Affluent Society (A)
54) One of the most dangerous nuclear confrontations between the USSR and the US occurred in October 1962 and is known as _____.
The Cuban Missile Crisis (B)
55) According to our authors, a key work in launching the so-called "Second-Wave Feminist" movement of the 1960's and early 1970's was Betty Friedan's book _____.
The Feminine Mystique (B)
65) One of the most notable diplomatic accomplishments of the Reagan Presidential Administration was:
The Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (C)
36) The proximate cause of the US entry into the Second World War was:
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 as well as Japanese attacks on the Philippines and other US possessions in the Pacific. (C)
41) One of the first major Post World War I Supreme Court decisions relating to the constitutionality of segregation was the _____.
The Shelley vs Kramer decision, which declared race-based real estate covenants unconstitutional and legally unenforceable, (B)
52) On 2 August 1964, the US Navy destroyer USS Maddox came under fire in uncertain circumstances. As a result, the US Congress passed the _____, which was used as justification by US President Lyndon Johnson to deploy US ground combat forces to Vietnam following the 1964 Presidential election.
The Tonkin Gulf Resolution (C)
56) According to our texts, the main factor driving both radicalism and reaction during the second half of the 1960's and the early 1970's was:
The Vietnam Conflict (A)
59) 1968 is considered the year in which the world seemed to be unraveling, as many terrible events unfolded. Which of the following destabilizing factors did NOT occur in 1968?
The inauguration of Richard Nixon and President. (C)
44) The Korean Conflict was triggered by:
The military invasion on 25 June 1950 of the UN-recognized Republic of Korea (South) by the Communist Peoples Democratic Republic of Korea (North). (C)
57) One of the major driving forces of the 1960's and early 1970's that contributed to the Peace Movement, the emergence of the so-called "Generation Gap", and the rise of the Counterculture and increasing radicalism among the young, and a general rejection of both capitalism and traditional values was:
The ongoing Vietnam Conflict (C)
70) One of the major factors that facilitated the electoral victory of Senator Barack Obama over Senator John McCain in the 2008 Presidential election was:
The recession of 2008 triggered by a real estate market crash and resulting US banking crisis (A)
74) Upon the death of Franklin Roosevelt, _____ was sworn in as the 33rd President of the United States and represented the United States at the post-World War I Potsdam Conference, and left office in 1953, during the Korean Conflict. He is the only American President to date who has ordered the use of nuclear weapons in combat, which resulted in the nearly complete destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Truman
83) Despite his desire to focus on domestic policy, social welfare, and civil rights, President Johnson's administration came to be defined by US Participation in the _____ conflict.
Vietnam
95) One controversial aspect of Bill Clinton's candidacy during the 1992 election was when evidence emerged that he had accepted an Army ROTC scholarship while a student at Yale while not intending to serve in the military in order to avoid conscription during the _____ conflict.
Vietnam
67) The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Treaty was submitted to and ratified by the US Senate during the Presidential administration of _____.
William J. "Bill" Clinton (B)
60) According to our text, despite the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act, Civil Rights leaders such as Martin Luther King were perturbed by the lack of _____ resulting from the efforts of the Civil Rights Movement.
economic Justice/Wealth Redistribution (A)
48) By the mid-1950's, much of the nation's advertising, especially for automobiles, household products and appliances, was targeted towards _____.
female Consumers (C)
45) According to out text, the exploits of Senator Joseph McCarthy are often used to symbolize the "excesses" of Anti-Communism;
however, despite Senator McCarthy's political grandstanding and overreach, which damaged the reputation of the anti-Communist cause, there were many Americans who did cooperate to commit espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union and other Communist nations. (C)
42) The US, British and French response to the road, waterway, and rail blockade of the city of Berlin in 1948 was the _____.
largest military airlift in history, as measured by duration and aircraft sorties, to successfully supply the Western sectors of Berlin (B)
64) One of the most controversial aspects of the so-called "Reagan Defense Build-up" was _____.
the "Star Wars" Missile Defense System (A)
62) One of the major issues that affected the gay male population and brought the so-called "Gay Liberation" movement of sexual permissiveness to a halt was _____.
the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Epidemic of the 1980's (B)
58) One of the key factors of ongoing opposition to the Vietnam Conflict by the young, particularly college-aged men, was _____.
the Military Draft (D)
