AMH 2020 Test 1

Blacks owned more land in 1900 than they had at the end of Reconstruction.

False

Booker T. Washington urged blacks to try to combat segregation and become active in political affairs.

False

By the turn of the century, most Americans still worked for themselves as small-business owners or as farmers.

False

Charlotte Perkins Gilman argued that economic independence for women did not necessarily mean a change in the home and family relationships.

False

Compared with the American Federation of Labor, the Industrial Workers of the World union was conservative for its day.

False

Education flourished in the South, with approximately one black high school for each county by 1900.

False

Henry Ford paid his employees five dollars a day because he wished to avoid strikes at his factory.

False

Louis Brandeis was an enemy of the labor movement and led the Supreme Court in its many pro- business decisions.

False

Male farmers experienced the most hardship on the Great Plains, because farm women did not experience long days in the fields.

False

Most nineteenth-century Indians were willing to assimilate and give up their tribal identity for citizenship.

False

New immigrants were welcomed and treated with respect because their labor was desperately needed in the cities.

False

New sexual attitudes during the Progressive age were limited to the radical bohemia of New York's Greenwich Village.

False

The American Federation of Labor was very much like the Knights of Labor.

False

The Chinese in the late-nineteenth-century West rarely resisted exclusion laws for fear of mob violence against them.

False

The Dawes Act was an extension of the treaty system practiced by the American government since the Revolutionary War.

False

The Morrill Land-Grant Act, passed during the Civil War, prohibited mining and railroad companies from continued use of public lands.

False

The Women's Christian Temperance Union was a small but effective organization that won the vote for women in many of the Midwestern states.

False

The ability to buy consumer goods had nothing to do with the Progressive-era union fight for higher wages.

False

The coming of the railroad to the Far West had little to do with the rapid expansion of corporate timber production.

False

The doors were locked at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company on the day of the fire because the manager tragically forgot to unlock them when he arrived in the morning.

False

The economy surged forward between 1870 and 1890, bringing prosperity and growth with only minor disruptions.

False

William McKinley championed a government that would help ordinary Americans.

False

After the 1896 election, voter participation began a steady downhill trend that continues to this day.

True

American workers received higher pay than their European counterparts, but their working conditions were more dangerous.

True

Before the Civil War, most Chinese arrivals in the American West were single men, but by the 1870s, Chinese families had begun to arrive.

True

Both Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller amassed huge fortunes through vertical integration.

True

By 1880, a majority of Americans worked in non-farm activities.

True

By 1914, socialism had made such inroads in popularity that the U.S. Congress had a Socialist representative.

True

Chinese demands for equal rights forced the Supreme Court to define the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment.

True

During the Progressive era, the working woman became a symbol of female emancipation.

True

Elk v. Wilkins (1884) agreed with lower court rulings that the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did not apply to Indians.

True

In 1896, in the landmark decision of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Court gave its approval of state laws requiring separate facilities for blacks and whites.

True

In 1912, the socialist weekly newspaper Appeal to Reason was the largest paper in the country.

True

John Wesley Powell warned that the western region's arid land would require large-scale irrigation projects and cooperative, communal farming to prosper.

True

Like the abolitionist movement before it, the labor movement, in the name of freedom, demanded the right to assemble, organize, and spread its views.

True

Margaret Sanger was sentenced to a month in jail for opening a clinic in Brooklyn that distributed birth-control devices to poor immigrant women.

True

One particularly influential muckraker was Ida Tarbell, whose book The History of the Standard Oil Company appeared in 1904.

True

Progressive-era immigration formed part of a larger process of worldwide migration that was set in motion by industrial expansion and the decline of traditional agriculture.

True

Socialism flourished in cities such as Milwaukee and New York during the first two decades of the twentieth century.

True

Some view L. Frank Baum's book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a commentary on the election of 1896 and its aftermath.

True

The Homestead Strike demonstrated that neither a powerful union nor public opinion could influence the conduct of the largest corporations.

True

The Populists made remarkable efforts to unite black and white small farmers on a common political and economic program.

True

The idea for the Statue of Liberty originated as a response to the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.

True

The spread of electricity was essential to industrial and urban growth.

True

Through a network of women's clubs, temperance associations, and social reform organizations, women exerted a growing influence on public affairs.

True

The "living wage" and the "American standard of living" were an outgrowth of what?

a. A mature consumer economy.

How did the Civil War come to be remembered by the 1890s as the white North and South moved toward reconciliation?

a. As a tragic family quarrel among white Americans, in which blacks played no significant part.

How did mass consumption in the Progressive era result in new consumer freedoms?

a. Farmers in the heartland had more time and money to attend nickelodeon shows. b. Department stores provided city residents with access to electric washing machines and vacuum cleaners. d. A and B only

With the Redeemers in power in the South:

a. Louisiana became the only state in the Union where white illiteracy rates actually increased. b. convict labor, rented out to private business owners, became a profitable venture for railroad, mining, and lumber companies. d. A and B

Why did western territories take longer than eastern territories to achieve statehood?

a. Many easterners were wary of granting statehood until white and non-Mormon settlers counterbalanced the large Latino and Mormon populations.

An example of what the economist and social historian Thorstein Veblen meant by "conspicuous consumption" is:

a. Mrs. Bradley Martin's costume ball.

Which of the following statements about mass consumption in the early twentieth century is NOT true?

a. Southerners fully participated in the mass-consumption society.

How were skilled workers able to secure new freedoms for themselves in rapidly expanding industries?

a. Their knowledge allowed them to control the production process and the training of apprentices.

Industrial freedom in the Progressive era meant:

a. a rise in union activism. b. a loss of personal autonomy for skilled workers working under scientific management. d. A and B

The word "Progressivism" came into common use around 1910:

a. as a way of describing a loosely defined political movement.

The impact of the second industrial revolution on the trans-Mississippi West was:

a. dramatic as an agricultural empire grew.

Birds of passage were:

a. immigrants who planned on returning to their homeland.

During the Progressive era:

a. new immigration from southern and eastern Europe reached its peak.

Artists captured the transformation of urban landscapes in the Progressive era through all of the following EXCEPT:

a. photographs of theaters.

The Farmers' Alliance hoped to improve American farmers' economic stress by:

a. proposing the creation of government-sponsored crop warehouses.

The Supreme Court decision United States v. Wong Kim Ark ruled that:

a. the Fourteenth Amendment gave Asians born in the United States citizenship.

Progressive-era immigration was part of a larger process of worldwide migration set in motion by all of the following forces EXCEPT:

a. the annexation of the Philippines.

The Ghost Dance:

a. was a religious revitalization campaign among Indians, feared by whites.

Working women experienced new freedoms in the Progressive era because:

a. young immigrant factory workers gained independence from the traditional control of their fathers. b. employment opened up to married white women. d. A and B only

On what grounds did Justice David J. Brewer dissent from the majority opinion in the case of Fong Yue Ting (1893) that authorized the federal government to expel Chinese aliens without due process of law?

b. Brewer worried that a similar rationale could be used in the future to subvert the rights to due process of other people.

Why did millions of American farm families migrate westward from 1900 to 1910?

b. Irrigation technology was successfully implemented in the American Southwest. c. The availability of free land meant more opportunities for commercial farming in the West. d. Population growth on the Atlantic Seaboard made eastern farmland increasingly scarce. e. B and C

Why did the Socialist Party gain significant political influence during the Progressive era?

b. Jewish and other immigrant laborers across the country supported its fight against economic exploitation of workers.

Why was the Hollywood version of the western "cowboy" based more on fantasy than reality?

b. Most cowboys were low-paid workers, some of whom even went on strike for higher wages.

Which institution was hardest hit by the Redeemers once they assumed power in the South?

b. Public schools.

How did the expansion of railroads accelerate the second industrial revolution in America?

b. Railroads created a true national market for U.S. goods.

Why did the Populist movement energize thousands of American women?

b. Talented, reform-minded women organized and strategized for Populism. c. Western Populists supported woman's suffrage. e. B and C

Why did railroad companies and other businesses form "pools" during the American Gilded Age?

b. They hoped to escape the chaos of market forces by fixing prices with their competitors.

How were federal troops used in the Pullman Strike of 1894?

b. To help suppress the strikers on behalf of the owners.

William Jennings Bryan:

b. angered Populists after giving a fiery convention speech denouncing the "free coinage" of silver.

"New immigrants":

b. arrived in large numbers from the Russian and the Austro-Hungarian empires.

The Triangle Shirtwaist fire:

b. brought in its wake much-needed safety legislation.

Asian and Mexican immigrants in the early twentieth century:

b. clustered in the West as agricultural workers.

William Cody:

b. created a "Wild West" show that toured the United States and Europe.

The 1894 Pullman Strike:

b. crippled national rail service and triggered the arrest of union president Eugene V. Debs.

One significant economic impact of the second industrial revolution was:

b. frequent and prolonged economic depressions.

Nineteenth-century Americans imagined the "Wild West" as all of the following EXCEPT:

b. isolated farms, where men and women carved out difficult lives on the Great Plains.

The Indian victory at the Little Bighorn:

b. only temporarily delayed the advance of white settlement.

Plessy v. Ferguson:

b. sanctioned racial segregation.

By 1900, in both the North and South:

b. the role of black soldiers in ensuring Union victory in the Civil War was all but forgotten.

The battle for free speech among workers in the early twentieth century:

b. was led by the Industrial Workers of the World.

By the end of the nineteenth century, African-American men in the South:

b. were forced out of politics and passed leadership to female African-American activists.

How did the displacement of native peoples in Australia differ from the experience of Indians in the American West?

c. Government policy orchestrated the removal of Aboriginal children from their homes for official adoption by whites.

Why was William Tweed so popular with the city's immigrant poor?

c. He had provided food, fuel, and patronage to them in exchange for their votes.

Why did Samuel Gompers seek to forge closer ties with forward-looking corporate leaders?

c. He wanted to stabilize employer-employee relations.

How did expanding agricultural production in places like Argentina and the American West lead to the migration of rural populations to cities?

c. Increasing output worldwide pushed down the prices of farm products, making it more difficult for farmers to make ends meet.

According to the authors of the Dawes Severalty Act, what constituted a civilized life for Native Americans in the later nineteenth century?

c. Individual property ownership and farming on family plots.

Why did the South fail to attract significant economic development in the wake of Reconstruction?

c. Investors came to the South for cheap labor and low taxes, so they made few capital investments in the region.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the significance of the 1892 strike in Homestead, Pennsylvania?

c. It demonstrated the enormous power of large corporations and reflected the belief of many working Americans that they were being denied economic independence and self-governance.

How did nickelodeons reflect a mass-consumption society in the Progressive era?

c. Nickelodeons offered a popular and less expensive leisure activity for urban residents.

How did economic development in Brazil during and after the American Civil War affect the lives of southern cotton farmers?

c. The expansion of Brazilian cotton cultivation lowered global prices for the crop and led to indebtedness and loss of land for southern farmers.

Which statement about the textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, in 1912 is FALSE?

c. The strikers asked the American Federation of Labor for assistance.

How did Populists hope to guarantee farmers inexpensive access to markets for their crops?

c. They called for public ownership of the railroads.

What did Native Americans have in common with the Zulu of South Africa and the aboriginal people in Australia?

c. They found themselves pushed aside by centralizing government trying to control large interior regions.

How did black women challenge the racial ideology of the Jim Crow South?

c. They insisted on the equal respectability of black women by working for "racial uplift."

The writer whose work encouraged the passage of the Meat Inspection Act was:

c. Upton Sinclair.

Which of the following does NOT describe the impact of corporations on the American West?

c. Urban populations in California declined as people moved to the centers of agricultural production.

Republican presidential candidate William McKinley:

c. argued in favor of the gold standard.

An all-encompassing system of white domination in the South was achieved through:

c. businesses serving whites before blacks.

In the first decade of the twentieth century, American farm communities:

c. entered a "golden age" because of rising urban demand for farm goods.

In How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis:

c. focused on the wretched conditions of New York City slums.

By 1912, the Socialist Party:

c. had elected scores of local officials.

The Progressive movement drew its strength from:

c. middle-class reformers.

Labor agents:

c. provided American employers with workers who signed long-term labor contracts.

The "Kansas Exodus" meant all of the following EXCEPT:

c. the eventual return of most black migrants to the South.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman claimed that the road to woman's freedom lay through:

c. the workplace.

Bonanza farms:

c. typically had thousands of acres of land or more.

Which of the following was included in theatrical and dime novel depictions of the American West?

d. Amazing feats of skilled horseback riding, roping, and shooting.

Which of the following statements about nineteenth-century Chinese immigrants to the United States is accurate?

d. By 1880, three-fourths of Chinese immigrants lived in California, where many worked on farms.

Which of the following does NOT describe an effect of U.S. Chinese exclusion policies of the late nineteenth century?

d. Eastern cities experienced a dramatic increase in Chinese immigration.

Which was NOT part of the Populist platform?

d. Higher tariffs.

Why did President James Buchanan replace Utah's territorial governor Brigham Young with a non- Mormon appointee in 1857?

d. It became known that the work of federal judges in Utah was being obstructed.

Which statement about the People's Party is FALSE?

d. It emerged as an urban, middle-class vehicle for social, economic, and political reform.

What explains the appeal of the Lost Cause mythology for Southern whites in the late nineteenth century?

d. It helped southern whites cope with defeat but preserve white supremacy.

Why did workers experience the introduction of scientific management as a loss of freedom?

d. Skilled workers under scientific management had to obey very detailed instructions.

Critics later interpreted the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a commentary on the 1896 presidential election in which of the following ways?

d. The Emerald City suggests a green, unspoiled landscape still sought after by western voters.

Apart from the racial identity of victims, what typically triggered the lynch violence of southern white mobs?

d. The victim's alleged sexual conduct.

Why did new products like Ivory Soap and Quaker Oats symbolize the continuing integration of the economy in America's Gilded Age?

d. These products were national brands, sold everywhere across the United States thanks to the expanding railroad network.

What was the aim of Carlisle, a boarding school for Indians?

d. To civilize the Indians, making them "American," as whites defined the term.

Why was "the city" the focus of Progressive politics?

d. Urban populations experienced the most dramatic growth and the most significant changes.

The term "Gilded Age" describes all of the following EXCEPT:

d. an era where the scramble for wealth benefited all Americans equally.

Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller:

d. built up giant corporations that dominated their respective markets.

During the Progressive era:

d. growing numbers of native-born white women worked in offices.

The Plains Indians:

d. included the Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Kiowa, and Sioux.

All of the following factors contributed to explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age EXCEPT:

d. low tariffs.

Newspaper and magazine writers who exposed the ills of industrial and urban life, fueling the Progressive movement, were known as:

d. muckrakers.

In the early twentieth century, the Socialist Party advocated for all of the following EXCEPT:

d. national health insurance.

The second industrial revolution was marked by:

d. the acceleration of factory production and increased activity in the mining and railroad industries.

The Immigration Restriction League:

d. wanted to bar immigrants who were illiterate.

Chinese immigrants to the West:

d. worked in shoe and cigar factories in western cities

The Ludlow Massacre was a tragic confrontation between:

e. Colorado mine workers and militia.

What criticism did Henry Demarest Lloyd leverage against Rockefeller's Standard Oil in Wealth against Commonwealth (1892)?

e. Standard Oil was undermining fair competition in the marketplace.

Which statement about the American Federation of Labor in the early twentieth century is FALSE?

e. The AFL proposed an overthrow of the capitalist system.

Which statement about the disenfranchisement of blacks in the South is FALSE?

e. The Supreme Court upheld the grandfather clause.

What brought about a new wave of sympathy for the plight of women in the garment industry in Lawrence, Massachusetts?

e. The appearance of malnourished children who had been evacuated from Lawrence shocked the public.

Which statement about the 1896 election is FALSE?

e. William Jennings Bryan lost because he supported the gold standard.

The Industrial Workers of the World:

e. advocated a workers' revolution.

The term "Fordism":

e. describes an economic system based on mass production and mass consumption.

Thomas Edison:

e. invented, among other things, a system for generating and distributing electricity.

The severe depression of 1893:

e. led to increased conflict between capital and labor.

Most new immigrants who arrived during the early years of the twentieth century:

e. lived in close-knit communities.

The New South as promoted by Henry Grady:

e. promised prosperity based on industrial expansion.

Farmers believed that their plight derived from all of the following EXCEPT:

e. the free and unlimited coinage of silver.

Chief Joseph:

e. wanted freedom for his people, the Nez Percé.

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882:

e. was the first time race was used to exclude an entire group of people from entering the United States.

By 1890, the majority of Americans:

e. worked for wages.