Anaphy: Skeletal System

Is movement away from median or midsagittal plane

Abduction

movement to one side

Excursion

Calcium homeostasis is maintained by these three hormones

(PTH) Parathyroid hormone -from parathyroid glands Vitamin D -from skin or diet Calcitonin -from thyroid gland

Enumerate the structure of a long bone superficial to deep with description

1. Articular cartilage - covers the ends of the epiphyses the bone joins with other bones 2. Epiphyseal plate( young LB) / Epiphyseal lines (adult LB) -where bones grow in length 3. Spongy bone -consists of delicate interconnected rods or plates of bone called trabeculae -consists of a lacy network of bone w/ many small, narrow-filled spaces In Diaphysis: 4. Compact bone/ cortical bone -mostly solid matrix and cells -denser -forms the perimeter of diaphysis LB and thinner surfaces of other bones - repeating units called OSTEONS w/c consists of concentric rings of lamellae surrounding CENTRAL / HAVERSIAN CANAL 5. Medullary Cavity -contains red marrow in young LB(blood-forming cells, only site of blood formation in adults) -Yellow marrow in adult LB (adipose tissue) 6. Periosteum -dense connective tissue that covers outer surface of bone -consists of 2 layers and contains blood vessels and nerves 7. Endosteum -lined the surface of medullary cavity -thinner connective tissue membrane

Describe the process of bone repair

1. Hematoma formation -blood released from damaged blood vessels 2. Callus formation - the internal callus forms b/w the ends of the bones and the external callus forms a collar around the break 3. Callus ossification - woven, spongy bone replaces internal and external calluses 4. Bone remodeling -compact bone replaces woven bone and part of the internal callus is removed restoring the medullary cavity

Enumerate effects of aging on the skeletal system

1. bone matrix becomes more brittle and decrease in total amount during aging 2. Joints lose articular cartilage and become less flexible with age 3. prevention measures include exercise, calcium and vitamin D supplements

Ribs ____ do not attach to the sternum and are called floating ribs

11 & 12

_____ facial bones (viscerocranium) form the structure of the face

14

There are _____ bones of the skull

22

Enumerate the five regions of the vertebral column with the number of bones per region that is consist of 26 bones in adults tip: remember the number of vertebrae in the non-fused regions of the spine by remembering MEAL TIMES: 7, 12, 5

7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar 1 sacral bone 1 coccyx bone

The braincase (neurocranium) which encloses the cranial cavity, consists of __- bones that surround and protect the brain

8 bones

Enumerate the Complete Skeleton based on the axial and appendicular skeleton Mnemonic (Anterior) : Mnemonic (Posterior) :

Anterior : Skull Mandible Hyoid bone Clavicle Scapula Sternum ribs Vertibral column Humerus Radius Ulna Carpal Metacarpals Phalanges Hipbone Sacrum Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Posterior : Skull Mandible Clavicle Scapula Sternum ribs vertibral column Humerus Radius Ulna Carpal Metacarpals Phalanges Hipbone Sacrum COCCYX Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs as well as the girdles which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

the first cervical vertebra is called ___ because it holds up the head

Atlas

Is the Bone formation by osteoblasts

Bone Ossification

occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae onto existing bone or other connective tissue

Bone growth

Is the removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the deposition of new bone by osteoblasts and occurs in all bone

Bone remodeling

means imperfect bone formation is a rare disorder caused by any one of a number of faulty genes that results in either too little or poor quality collagen formation

Brittle bone disease or Osteogenesis imperfecta

_____ are secreted when blood calcium levels are too high

Calcitonin

Unite two bones by cartilage that can be either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

Cartilaginous joints

occurs at freely movable joints such as the shoulder

Circumduction

A tough ropelike protein found in the extracellular matrix makes cartilage tough

Collagen

Two major types of bone tissue based of histological structure

Compact bone Spongy bone

movement of a structure in a superior direction, in an inferior direction

Elevation, Depression

___ is turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally, ____plantar surface faces medially

Eversion and inversion

is a straightening movement that increases the angle of the joint to extend the articulating bones

Extension

A prominent feature of the temporal bone is a large opening, a canal that enables sound waves to reach the eardrum

External auditory canal

It always contains collagen, ground substance and other organic molecules as well as water and minerals

Extracellular matrix

Contains collagen and minerals including calcium and phosphate

Extracellular matrix of bone

Contains collagen and proteoglycans

Extracellular matrix of cartillage

It contains large amounts of collagen fibers

Extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments

Classification of joints according to the major connective tissue type

Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

are the articulating surfaces of two bones united by fibrous connective tissue

Fibrous joints

a bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint to bring the articulating bones closer together

Flexion

Major structures seen from the frontal view of the skull are?

Frontal Zygomatic maxillae mandible

Enumerate the bones in the skull

Frontal bone Parietal Sphenoid Temporal Nasal Lacrimal Zygomatic Ethmoid Vomer Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Mandible

is a movement glides anteriorly such as mandible

Protraction

Most of the mineral in bone is in the form of calcium phosphate crystals called?

Hydroxyapatite

is an unpaired, U-shaped bone and is not part of the skull that has no direct bony attachment to the skull or any other bones

Hyoid bone

is usally defined as extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees

Hyperextension

fracture that does not extend completely across the bone

Incomplete fracture

Bone formation that occurs primarily in the bones of the skull within connective tissue membranes is called?

Intramembranous ossification

Are commonly named according to the bones or portions of bones that join together

Joints or articulations

Four categories of bone based on their shape

Lost Sophie Felt Irked Long - bones longer than wide - enhances movement of appendages - upper and lower limbs Short - approximately as wide as they are long - transfer force between long bones - wrists and ankles Flat - relatively thin, flattened shape - provide strong barrier around soft organs - Skull bones, ribs, scapulae and sternum Irregular -have shapes not fit in the three other categories - specialized functions, provide protection, allows bending and flexing

The flat condylar surface of the knee joint is modified to a concave surface by shock-absorbing fibrocartilage pads called

Menisci

Divides the nasal cavity into right and left halves

Nasal Septum

The most prominent openings into the skull in frontal view are the?

Orbits Nasal cavity

bone-destroying cells that contribute to bone repair and remodeling byremoving existing bone called bone reabsorption

Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts surrounded by matrix are referred to as?

Osteocytes

found in the extracellular matrix that are large molecules consisting of many polysaccharides attaching to and encircling core proteins forms large aggregates makes cartilage smooth and resilient

Proteoglycans

____ and ____ are secreted when blood calcium levels are too low

PTH and Vitamin D

Enumerate the Cranial bones Hint: PEST OF

Parietal Ethmoid Sphenoid Temporal Occipital Frontal

Is the place where the lower limbs attach to the body

Pelvic girdle

Is formed by the pelvic brim and the sacral promontory

Pelvic inlet

Types of synovial joints classified according to the shape of the adjorning articular surfaces

Plane joints or gliding joints Saddle joints Hinge joints Pivot joints Ball-and-socket joints Ellipsoid joints

elbow flexed at 90-degree angle. when the elbow is flexed, ___rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down and ___ is rotation of the forearm so the palms face up

Pronation and Supination

movement that returns the digits to anatomical position

Reposition

glides posteriorly

Retraction

It protects the vital organs within the thorax and prevents collapseof the throat during respiration and consists of thoracic vertebrae, the ribs with associated cartilages and sternum

Rib cage

12 pairs of ribs can be divided into true ribs and false ribs, the true ribs are ____

Ribs 1-7

____ are attached to the sternum by common cartilage

Ribs 8-10

False ribs do not attach directly to the sternum are

Ribs 8-12

is the turning of the structure around its long axis as shaking the head no

Rotation

Enumerate the carpal bones Hint: So Long Top Part, Here Comes The Thumb

Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium

What are the functions of the skeletal system? Mnemonics

Some Men Prefer Shorts, But Can't Find Enough Skin 1. Support 2. Movement 3. Protection 4. Storage 5. Blood cell formation

parietal and temporal bones make up a large portion of the side of the head. These are joined together on the side of the head at the?

Squamous suture

Each orbit has several openings through which communicat with other cavities and the largest of these are?

Superior and inferior orbital fissures

Fibrous Joints are furtger subdivided on the bsis of structure as?

Sutures - b/w bone of the skull Syndesmoses - the bones are separated by some distance and held together by ligaments Gomphoses -consists of pegs fitted into sockets and held in place by ligaments

ars freely movable joints that contain fluid in a cavity surrounding the ends of articulating bones unite bones of the appendicular skeleton

Synovial joints

Lines the joint cavity everywhere except over the articular cartilage membrane produces synovial fluid w/c is a complex mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and cells

Synovial membrane

Is the central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis

Vertebral column or spine

What are the facial bones? hint: VAIN MM PLZ

Vomer Auditory Ossicles Inferior Nasal Concha Nasal Mandible Maxillae Palatine Lacrimal Zygomatic

Two structures that form the nasal septum

Vomer bone the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

is movement toward median plane

adduction

Describe the hiatology of bone formation

bones are formed in thin sheets of extracellular matrix called lamellae with osteocytes located b/w lamellae within spaces called lacunae. cell processes extend from the osteocytes across extracellular matrix of lamellae within tiny canals called canaliculi

During endochondral ossification, cartilage cells or _____ increase in number causing the cartilage model to increase in size

chondrocytes

fracture that the bone is broken into at least two fragments

complete fracture

Anteriorly the parietal bone is joined to the frontal bone by the____ and posteriorly is joined to the occipital bone by the___

coronal suture lambdoid suture

when the end of one bone is pulled out of the socket in a ball-and-socket, ellipsoid or pivot joint

dislocation

movement of the foot toward the shin

dorsiflexion

bone formation that occurs inside hyaline cartilage is called?

endochondral ossification

These are joints that have little or no movement

fibrous cartilaginous

this is done to avoid movement that can refracture the delicate new matrix as the bone recovers for 4-6 weeks minimum

immobilization of the bone

Differentiate pelvic girdle of males from females

male pelvis: larger, more massive smaller inlet and outletof the pelvis female pelvis: smaller but broader both inlet and outlet of pelvis is larger than male pelvis

Is a joint uniting bones of the skull

suture

is a movement unique to the thumb and little finger, occurs when the tips of the thumb and little finger are brought towards each other across the palm of hand

opposition

Intramembranous ossification begins in areas called?

ossification centers

The periosteum and endoateum contains _____ w/c function in the formation, repair and remodeling of bone

osteoblast

Consists of four bones, two scapulae and two clavicles wich attach the upper limb to the body

pectorial girdle or shoulder girdle

Is bounded by the ischial spines, the pubic symphysis and coccyx

pelvic outlet

Movement of the foot toward tge plantar surface as when standing on rge toes

plantar flexion

th center of the diaphysis where the bone begins to appear is called?

primary ossification center

Forms the epiphyses

secondary ossification center

when bones remain apart after injury to a joint

separation

Bones of a joint are forcefully pulled apart and ligaments are pulled or torn

sprain