PSYC 3102

A small group of squirrels gets separated from the rest of the population due to a large flood. These squirrels, now confined to this new island, begin to start a new population. This is an example of which of the following? (Note: make sure your answer reflects the new population rather than the makeup of the original population). Sympatric speciation x Bottleneck effect x Genetic drift Founder effect

Founder effect

The figure demonstrates the fixation founder effect bottleneck effect

Founder effect

What mechanism of evolution occurs when allele frequencies change over generations due to random chance? Natural selection Genetic drift Gene flow Mutation

Genetic drift

Given assortative mating in a population, we expect that a genotypic score (such as a PGS) for mate 1 will be __________ correlated with a genotypic score for mate 2. True False

True

Reprogramming refers to removal of epigenetic changes in gamates. True False

True

A mutation can be ___________ to an organism (select all that apply): beneficial harmful neutral

all three

When individuals tend to mate with those that have the same phenotype with respect to some characteristic _____ occurs. assortative mating random mating

assortative mating

The various alleles at all the gene loci in all individuals make up the _____ of the population. zygotes x gamates phenotypes gene pool

gene pool

In assortative mating, individuals typically select mates with similar __________, which leads to a correlation in _________. phenotypes, genotypes genotypes, phenotypes

phenotypes, genotypes

When assortative mating increases for a trait in a population, the _______ also increases. phenotypic correlation between mates number of phenotypically discordant pairs

phenotypic correlation between mates

Which of the following situations is an example of artificial selection? A species of mouse develops lighter fur, reducing the likeliness that it will be seen by predators. x A species of spider develops the ability to produce thousands of eggs, ensuring that some of its offspring will survive. x A species of anteaters develops narrower snouts, making it easier to reach ants in their anthills. A farmer breeds cows, developing larger, more muscled calves.

A farmer breeds cows, developing larger, more muscled calves.

Horses that have been bred by humans in captivity have more variation of coat colors than wild horses. What process most likely led to the greater coat color variation in domestic horses? Artificial selection Cloning Natural selection Inbreeding

Artificial selection

Which of the following best explains how an individual's evolutionary fitness is measured? By the ease of its survival x By its ability to reproduce By its fighting abilities By its hunting strategies

By its ability to reproduce

A population of birds live on an island where seeds are their primary food source. Birds with smaller beaks can eat small seeds more easily and birds with larger beaks can eat large seeds more easily. A fungus destroys the plants that make large seeds, leaving only the small seeds as food. Which type of natural selection will most likely occur? Artificial selection Disruptive selection Directional selection Stabilizing selection

Directional selection

Which of the following are true about natural selection? It acts on existing heritable variation. It can cause an individual to become better adapted over its lifetime. x It means that certain species have a programmed plan for evolution. It always results in bigger, stronger individuals.

It acts on existing heritable variation.

Which of the following are true about natural selection? It means that certain species have a programmed plan for evolution. x It always results in bigger, stronger individuals. x It acts on existing heritable variation. It can cause an individual to become better adapted over its lifetime.

It can cause an individual to become better adapted over its lifetime.

Which of the following is true about natural selection? It acts on individual organisms, helping them become better adapted to their environment. It always favors large, strong individuals. It can only act on traits that are heritable and show variation. It allows species to choose what adaptations are passed on to offspring.

It can only act on traits that are heritable and show variation.

Which of the following best describes a difference between artificial and natural selection? Natural selection leads to lower fitness over time, while artificial selection improves fitness of the selected group. Only artificial selection leads to evolution. Natural selection involves selective breeding while artificial selection does not. Natural selection leads to greater fitness over time, while artificial selection has no (or sometimes a damaging) effect on fitness.

Natural selection leads to greater fitness over time, while artificial selection has no (or sometimes a damaging) effect on fitness.

A genetic mutation causes a newt to have faster reflexes. After many generations, most of the newt population has the reflex mutation. Which of the following most likely caused this change? The newt passed on its mutated gene to other adult newts. x The mutation was contagious. x Newts with the mutation are better able to survive and reproduce than newts without the mutation. Other newts learned to copy the strategies of the mutated newt.

Newts with the mutation are better able to survive and reproduce than newts without the mutation.

Which of the following is an example of genetic variation? One child has blue eyes and the other has brown eyes. x One child eats meat and the other is a vegetarian. One child is older than another. One child has a scar and the other does not.

One child has blue eyes and the other has brown eyes.

Which of the following is true regarding Darwin's theory of evolution? Darwinʼs views are no longer accepted by the scientific community. Characteristics acquired during an individual's life are always passed on to future generations. Pure chance determines which species evolve. Species change over long periods of time, giving rise to new species.

Species change over long periods of time, giving rise to new species.

In humans, babies that are born too small often lack the reserves to thrive, and babies that are too large are prone to difficult births. Since babies at the extremes are less likely to survive, evolutionary pressures favor moderately-sized babies. What type of selection is this an example of? Stabilizing selection Artificial selection Directional selection Disruptive selection

Stabilizing selection

Epigenetic modifications refers to changes to: genomic sequence gene expression and translation

gene expression and translation

Personality factors are thought to be: measured on a continuum fixed throughout the life highly heritable, not shaped by the environment

measured on a continuum

Assortative mating is a type of random mating non-random mating

non-random mating

Which type of testing matches the following situation: used in the process of in-vitro fertilization to determine which embryos might have genetic defects or differences. newborn screening preimplantation testing diagnostic testing

preimplantation testing

Epigenetic modifications can be passed down to successive generations. True False

true

Genetic drift is a random process. True False

true

If there is migration of individuals into or out of a population evolution will occur. True False

true

In direct-to-consumer testing (DTC), different companies and products have different standards for return of results. True False

true

Low neuroticism, or low negative emotionality, significantly predicts high life-satisfaction. True False

true

One reason someone might engage in direct-to-consumer testing (DTC) is for the purpose of ancestry or genealogy testing. True False

true

A main consideration for newborn screening is: how rare the disorder is whether the disorder can be treated

whether the disorder can be treated