Anatomy 1 exam 1-motlow
denaturation
A drastic conformational change in a protein in response to extreme heat or pH is called __________.
Nucleus
Control center of the cell, dna
Nuclear membrane/envelope
Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus through the pores
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm toyield 2 daughter cells
valence electrons
Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom and involved in chemical bonding
potential energy
Energy that is stored and held in readiness
Cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
hypertonic
Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. NaCl- 10%
hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution. NaCl .1%
Lemon juice- 2.3
Which of these is has the highest concentration?
fat
Which of these is hydrophobic?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus
account for 98.5% of the body's weight.
Ionic bond
ionic bonds are formed between two or more atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons between atoms.
free radical
unstable, highly reactive chemical particles with an odd number of electrons.
molecule
2 or more atoms sharing electrons (o2)
Purines (have a double-ringed chemicalstructure)• Adenine (A)• Guanine (G)- Pyrimidines (have a single-ringed chemicalstructure)• Cytosine (C)• Thymine (T)
4 nitrogenous bases
Epithelial- Connective- Muscular- Nervous
4 types of tissues
atoms tend to have how many valence electrons
8
polar covalent bond
A covalent bond in which the electrons are drawn to one nucleus more than the other, resulting in an unequal distribution of charge.
Disaccharide
A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis. - sucrose
tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
karyotype
A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs
glycoprotein
A protein that is bound to a carbohydrate is called a _________.
Specificity
A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. This property is called _________.
cell wall
A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers- the 3 simplest carbohydrates that are monomers are glucose, galatose, fructose
buffer
A solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added to it is a(n)
organ, organelle
An __________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas __________ are microscopic structures in a cell.
lysosomes
An organelle containing digestive enzymes
negative feedback
Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________.
4
Carbon is very versatile in forming bonds with other atoms because it has __________ valence electrons.
nutreints, proteins
Cellular membranes are permeable to __________, but impermeable to __________.
high to low
Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient. This means the chemical will move from the area of __________ concentration to the area of _________ concentration.
proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
negative feedback
During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of __________.
facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane. Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport. - glucose moves into and out of cells this way
telophase
Final stage of mitosis• Opposite of prophase• Chromosomes return to their previous chromatin state• Nucleolus and nuclear membrane re-form• Spindle disappears• Cytokinesis occurs
organs
Groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or related functions
46, 23
Human somatic cells normally contain _____ chromosomes, but human gametes normally contain _____
carbs
In general, __________ have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.
inferior
Lower on the body, farther from the head
anabolism; catabolism
Metabolism is the sum of __________ and __________.
interphase
Most of the life of a cell is spent in thisstage (the longest stage of the cell cycle)• The cell is growing and carrying out itsnormal activities necessary for daily life• This stage is subdivided into:- G1 (first gap phase)- S (synthesis phase)- G2 (second gap phase) DNA REPLICATION DURING S PHASE
give up one electron; accept one electron
Na (atomic no. 11) reacts with Cl (atomic no. 17) to become stable. In the reaction, Na will ____________, while Cl will ____________.
homeostatic mechanisms
Negative feedback loops are __________.
polymers; nucleotides
Nucleic acids are __________ of __________.
6
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16. How many valence electrons does it have?
nonpolar covalent
Oxygen has an atomic number of eight. When two oxygen atoms come together, they form a(n) __________ bond.
mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
polymers, 20
Proteins are __________ built from __________ different amino acids. 0
peripheral proteins
Proteins that do not protrude into the phospholipid bilayer, but adhere to the surface of the plasma membrane, are called __________.
enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
receptor protein function
Receive signals from other cells Cell communication
negative feedback
Reverse a change in a controlled condition
chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis
12 nuetrons, 11 protons
Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23. Sodium has
positive feedback
Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions(ex. normal child birth)
sucrose; glucose and fructose
Table sugar is a disaccharide called __________ and is made up of the monomer(s) __________.
electrons
The bonding properties of an atom are determined by its __________.
catabolic and exergonic
The breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ATP can be described as __________.
electrons
The chemical properties of an atom are determined by its
squamous
The flat-shaped cells found covering the skin are _________ in shape.
Terminologia Anatomica (TA) and derived from greek and latin
The lexicon of standard international anatomical terms is __________.
oxygen
The most abundant element in the human body, by weight, is
Phosopholipids
The most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane are __________.
phospholipids
The plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called _________.
hypo- below hyper-above
The prefix hypo- means __________, whereas hyper- means __________.
peripheral proteins
The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.
up, active transport
The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium __________ their concentration gradients in a process called __________.
physiology
The study of body function
anatomy
The study of normal body structures is called ___________.
ventral
Toward the belly
glycerol; fatty acids
Triglycerides consist of a 3-carbon compound called __________ bound to three __________.
van der Waals forces
Weak, brief attraction due to random disturbances in the electron clouds of adjacent atoms. Weakest of all bonds.
prophase
What phase does the spindle form?
positive feedback
When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of __________.
ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are broken
When table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), is placed in water __________.
lactose
Which of the following is a disaccharide?
Phagocytosis
White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of __________.
metaphase
X-shaped, double-stranded chromosomes lineup (single file and unpaired) at the equator of the cell• Chromosomes can be seen best during metaphase
isotopes
__________ differ from one another in their number of neutrons and atomic mass.
glucose, starch
__________ is a monosaccharide, whereas __________ is a polysaccharide.
Glycocalyx
a bacterial capsule that is made of a fuzzy coat of sticky sugars
nonpolar covalent bond
a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms, strongest pair
Vaculoes
a membrane-covered structure used for storage (water, food, and wastes)plants - large center vacuole holds water
selectively permeable
a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot
carrier proteins
a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane, binds to glucose, electrolytes, ect..
squamous
a thin, flat, scaly shape, often with a bulge where the nucleus is, shaped like a fried egg.
protiens
all enzymes are
somatic cell
any cell of a living organism EXCEPT the reproductive cells.
Oxidation
any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy
centrioles
bundles of hollow proteintubes (microtubules) involved in celldivision; involved in formation of cilia andflagella, hair-like extensions of the cellsurface
what are the 4 main groups of organic compounds
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
nucleotide
consists of a sugar(deoxyribose), phosphate group, and anitrogenous base
chromatin
contains dna, rna, protien. in the nucleus of the cell
cubiodal cells
cube-like cells, squarish, in frontal sections, liver cells are cuboidal
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, an organic composed of repeating monomers (building blocks) called nucleotides
mitosis
division of the nucleus
smooth ER function
doesn't have ribosomes; transportsother materials (lipids); also stores calcium andsynthesizes lipids and steroids
kinetic energy
energy due to motion
catobolism
energy releasing process that breaks down large molecules.
Anabolism
energy storing synthesis reactions
distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
zygote
fertilized egg
prophase
first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus.
reduction
gain of electrons
Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose, simple sugars
rough ER
has ribosomes attached to it;synthesizes phospholipids and proteins; transports proteins
channel proteins
have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel
polygonal cells
having irregularly angular shapes with four, five, or more sides
atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
human structure from most complex to least complex
microvilli function
increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials
fibrous cells
long, slender, and threadlike, as in skeletal muscle cells and the axons of nerve cells
prone
lying face down
supine
lying face up
disacharidases
maltose, sucrose, lactose. complex sugars, 2 monosaccharides bonded to each other
cell adhesion molecules
mechanically link cell to extracellular material
compound
molecules composed of two or more elements (co2)
diffusion
net movement of the particles of a substance from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated, (high to low) until an equalibrium is reached. gases move in and out of cells this way
Cytoskeleton
net-like arrangement ofprotein fibers/filaments throughout thecytoplasm of cells; believed to help position and move organelles
what are the 3 main parts of a cell
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
homeostasis
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
discodial cells
red blood cells, disc shaped
tonicity
refers to the concentration of a solution
Spheriodal cells
round, egg cells, and white blood cells
gametes
sex cells
covalent bond
sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between nuclei
anaphase
shortest phase of the cycle, The microtubules of the spindle move the newsingle-stranded chromosomes toward oppositepoles of the cell
RNA
single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
what factors determine what can enter and leave a cell
size, shape, charge, concentration
stellate cells
small star-shaped interneurons
Nucleolus
smaller area within the nucleusthat contains RNA and produces ribosomes
fusiform cells
spindle-shaped; elongated, with a thick middle and tapered ends, as in smooth muscle cells
golgi body
stacks offlattened sacs; process, package, andsecrete cell-produced substances
Polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose. most abundant in food. long chain polymeric carbs linked together by glycosidic linkages
cytology
study of structure and function of cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum
system of tubes, channels, orcanals passing through the cytoplasm; functions in intracellular transport of various materials.
columnar cells
tall and column shaped cells- inner lining of stomach and intestines
osmosis
the diffusion of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane and is a passive process
ribosomes
tiny organelles composed of protein andRNA; involved in protein synthesis; located within cytoplasm or ER
main function of the cell membrane
to control what enters and leaves the cell.
dorsal
toward the back
posterior
toward the back of the body
anterior
toward the front of the body
superior
toward the head
hydrogen bond
weak attraction between polar molecules
mitochondria and chloroplasts
what are the 2 most complex organells?
Nerve cells, skeletal muscle cells, and red blood cells
what cells do not divide?
somatic
what cells have a diploid chromosome number
gamete
what cells have a haploid chromosome number
for growth and repair
what is the purpose of mitosis
what makes materials moving in and out of a cell active?
when the cell must use some of its atp energy storage. usually low to high
isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same - 0.9%
squamous cells form the epidermis ( surface level) of the skin - line the esophagus
where are squamous cells on the skin?
flagella
whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement