Anatomy 1 exam 1-motlow

denaturation

A drastic conformational change in a protein in response to extreme heat or pH is called __________.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell, dna

Nuclear membrane/envelope

Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus through the pores

Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm toyield 2 daughter cells

valence electrons

Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom and involved in chemical bonding

potential energy

Energy that is stored and held in readiness

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. NaCl- 10%

hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution. NaCl .1%

Lemon juice- 2.3

Which of these is has the highest concentration?

fat

Which of these is hydrophobic?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus

account for 98.5% of the body's weight.

Ionic bond

ionic bonds are formed between two or more atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons between atoms.

free radical

unstable, highly reactive chemical particles with an odd number of electrons.

molecule

2 or more atoms sharing electrons (o2)

Purines (have a double-ringed chemicalstructure)• Adenine (A)• Guanine (G)- Pyrimidines (have a single-ringed chemicalstructure)• Cytosine (C)• Thymine (T)

4 nitrogenous bases

Epithelial- Connective- Muscular- Nervous

4 types of tissues

atoms tend to have how many valence electrons

8

polar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which the electrons are drawn to one nucleus more than the other, resulting in an unequal distribution of charge.

Disaccharide

A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis. - sucrose

tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

karyotype

A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs

glycoprotein

A protein that is bound to a carbohydrate is called a _________.

Specificity

A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. This property is called _________.

cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers- the 3 simplest carbohydrates that are monomers are glucose, galatose, fructose

buffer

A solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added to it is a(n)

organ, organelle

An __________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas __________ are microscopic structures in a cell.

lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

negative feedback

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________.

4

Carbon is very versatile in forming bonds with other atoms because it has __________ valence electrons.

nutreints, proteins

Cellular membranes are permeable to __________, but impermeable to __________.

high to low

Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient. This means the chemical will move from the area of __________ concentration to the area of _________ concentration.

proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

negative feedback

During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of __________.

facilitated diffusion

Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane. Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport. - glucose moves into and out of cells this way

telophase

Final stage of mitosis• Opposite of prophase• Chromosomes return to their previous chromatin state• Nucleolus and nuclear membrane re-form• Spindle disappears• Cytokinesis occurs

organs

Groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or related functions

46, 23

Human somatic cells normally contain _____ chromosomes, but human gametes normally contain _____

carbs

In general, __________ have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.

inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

anabolism; catabolism

Metabolism is the sum of __________ and __________.

interphase

Most of the life of a cell is spent in thisstage (the longest stage of the cell cycle)• The cell is growing and carrying out itsnormal activities necessary for daily life• This stage is subdivided into:- G1 (first gap phase)- S (synthesis phase)- G2 (second gap phase) DNA REPLICATION DURING S PHASE

give up one electron; accept one electron

Na (atomic no. 11) reacts with Cl (atomic no. 17) to become stable. In the reaction, Na will ____________, while Cl will ____________.

homeostatic mechanisms

Negative feedback loops are __________.

polymers; nucleotides

Nucleic acids are __________ of __________.

6

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16. How many valence electrons does it have?

nonpolar covalent

Oxygen has an atomic number of eight. When two oxygen atoms come together, they form a(n) __________ bond.

mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

polymers, 20

Proteins are __________ built from __________ different amino acids. 0

peripheral proteins

Proteins that do not protrude into the phospholipid bilayer, but adhere to the surface of the plasma membrane, are called __________.

enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

receptor protein function

Receive signals from other cells Cell communication

negative feedback

Reverse a change in a controlled condition

chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis

12 nuetrons, 11 protons

Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23. Sodium has

positive feedback

Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions(ex. normal child birth)

sucrose; glucose and fructose

Table sugar is a disaccharide called __________ and is made up of the monomer(s) __________.

electrons

The bonding properties of an atom are determined by its __________.

catabolic and exergonic

The breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ATP can be described as __________.

electrons

The chemical properties of an atom are determined by its

squamous

The flat-shaped cells found covering the skin are _________ in shape.

Terminologia Anatomica (TA) and derived from greek and latin

The lexicon of standard international anatomical terms is __________.

oxygen

The most abundant element in the human body, by weight, is

Phosopholipids

The most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane are __________.

phospholipids

The plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called _________.

hypo- below hyper-above

The prefix hypo- means __________, whereas hyper- means __________.

peripheral proteins

The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.

up, active transport

The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium __________ their concentration gradients in a process called __________.

physiology

The study of body function

anatomy

The study of normal body structures is called ___________.

ventral

Toward the belly

glycerol; fatty acids

Triglycerides consist of a 3-carbon compound called __________ bound to three __________.

van der Waals forces

Weak, brief attraction due to random disturbances in the electron clouds of adjacent atoms. Weakest of all bonds.

prophase

What phase does the spindle form?

positive feedback

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of __________.

ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are broken

When table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), is placed in water __________.

lactose

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

Phagocytosis

White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of __________.

metaphase

X-shaped, double-stranded chromosomes lineup (single file and unpaired) at the equator of the cell• Chromosomes can be seen best during metaphase

isotopes

__________ differ from one another in their number of neutrons and atomic mass.

glucose, starch

__________ is a monosaccharide, whereas __________ is a polysaccharide.

Glycocalyx

a bacterial capsule that is made of a fuzzy coat of sticky sugars

nonpolar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms, strongest pair

Vaculoes

a membrane-covered structure used for storage (water, food, and wastes)plants - large center vacuole holds water

selectively permeable

a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot

carrier proteins

a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane, binds to glucose, electrolytes, ect..

squamous

a thin, flat, scaly shape, often with a bulge where the nucleus is, shaped like a fried egg.

protiens

all enzymes are

somatic cell

any cell of a living organism EXCEPT the reproductive cells.

Oxidation

any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy

centrioles

bundles of hollow proteintubes (microtubules) involved in celldivision; involved in formation of cilia andflagella, hair-like extensions of the cellsurface

what are the 4 main groups of organic compounds

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

nucleotide

consists of a sugar(deoxyribose), phosphate group, and anitrogenous base

chromatin

contains dna, rna, protien. in the nucleus of the cell

cubiodal cells

cube-like cells, squarish, in frontal sections, liver cells are cuboidal

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, an organic composed of repeating monomers (building blocks) called nucleotides

mitosis

division of the nucleus

smooth ER function

doesn't have ribosomes; transportsother materials (lipids); also stores calcium andsynthesizes lipids and steroids

kinetic energy

energy due to motion

catobolism

energy releasing process that breaks down large molecules.

Anabolism

energy storing synthesis reactions

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

zygote

fertilized egg

prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus.

reduction

gain of electrons

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose, simple sugars

rough ER

has ribosomes attached to it;synthesizes phospholipids and proteins; transports proteins

channel proteins

have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel

polygonal cells

having irregularly angular shapes with four, five, or more sides

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

human structure from most complex to least complex

microvilli function

increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials

fibrous cells

long, slender, and threadlike, as in skeletal muscle cells and the axons of nerve cells

prone

lying face down

supine

lying face up

disacharidases

maltose, sucrose, lactose. complex sugars, 2 monosaccharides bonded to each other

cell adhesion molecules

mechanically link cell to extracellular material

compound

molecules composed of two or more elements (co2)

diffusion

net movement of the particles of a substance from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated, (high to low) until an equalibrium is reached. gases move in and out of cells this way

Cytoskeleton

net-like arrangement ofprotein fibers/filaments throughout thecytoplasm of cells; believed to help position and move organelles

what are the 3 main parts of a cell

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

discodial cells

red blood cells, disc shaped

tonicity

refers to the concentration of a solution

Spheriodal cells

round, egg cells, and white blood cells

gametes

sex cells

covalent bond

sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between nuclei

anaphase

shortest phase of the cycle, The microtubules of the spindle move the newsingle-stranded chromosomes toward oppositepoles of the cell

RNA

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

what factors determine what can enter and leave a cell

size, shape, charge, concentration

stellate cells

small star-shaped interneurons

Nucleolus

smaller area within the nucleusthat contains RNA and produces ribosomes

fusiform cells

spindle-shaped; elongated, with a thick middle and tapered ends, as in smooth muscle cells

golgi body

stacks offlattened sacs; process, package, andsecrete cell-produced substances

Polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose. most abundant in food. long chain polymeric carbs linked together by glycosidic linkages

cytology

study of structure and function of cells

Endoplasmic Reticulum

system of tubes, channels, orcanals passing through the cytoplasm; functions in intracellular transport of various materials.

columnar cells

tall and column shaped cells- inner lining of stomach and intestines

osmosis

the diffusion of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane and is a passive process

ribosomes

tiny organelles composed of protein andRNA; involved in protein synthesis; located within cytoplasm or ER

main function of the cell membrane

to control what enters and leaves the cell.

dorsal

toward the back

posterior

toward the back of the body

anterior

toward the front of the body

superior

toward the head

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between polar molecules

mitochondria and chloroplasts

what are the 2 most complex organells?

Nerve cells, skeletal muscle cells, and red blood cells

what cells do not divide?

somatic

what cells have a diploid chromosome number

gamete

what cells have a haploid chromosome number

for growth and repair

what is the purpose of mitosis

what makes materials moving in and out of a cell active?

when the cell must use some of its atp energy storage. usually low to high

isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same - 0.9%

squamous cells form the epidermis ( surface level) of the skin - line the esophagus

where are squamous cells on the skin?

flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement