Anatomy 1 Practical 1

dorsal cavity

(surrounded by meninges*) Cranial cavity (contains brain), Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord)

Ventral cavity

(surrounded by serous membranes*) contains thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavities

Stratum corneum

20-30 layers of dead, flat cells; replaced every 3-4 weeks; dead cells contain glycolipids and keratin to create waterproof coat

Connective tissue proper loose types

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

4 Anatomical position criteria

Body erect, Feet slightly apart, Palms face forward, Thumbs point away from the body

Sweat glands

Eccrine, Apocrine

Body Planes

Frontal (coronal), Sagittal, Mid-sagittal, Transverse

Projections and opening for passage of blood vessels and nerves

Groove, Fissure, Foramen, Notch

Canaliculi

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

Projections that help form joints

Head, Facet, Condyle, Ramus

Cartilage types

Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage

Cell types of the epidermis

Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Dendritic cells(Langerhans cells, immune response), Tactile epithelial cells (Merkelcells)

4 major classes of bones

Long, short, flat, irregular

Other types of bone markings

Meatus, Sinus, Fossa

Appendicular

Pectoral girdle(clavicle, scapula), Upper extremities (Humerus, radius, ulna, carpal, metacarpal, phalanges), Pelvic girdle(2 coxal bones), Lower extremities (femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges)

Major types of Bone Markings

Projections that are sites of muscle & ligament attachment, Projections that help form joints, Projections and opening for passage of blood vessels and nerves, Others

Nail matrix

Proximal part of the nail bed responsible for nail growth; matrix produces nail cells that become keratinized and dies

Stratified columnar epithelium location

Rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands

Dense connective tissue proper

Regular, irregular, elastic

Abdominopelvic Divisions 9 Regions

Right hypochondriac, Right lateral (lumbar), Right inguinal (iliac), Epigastric, Umbilical, Hypogastric (pubic), Left hypochondriac, Left lateral (lumbar), Left inguinal (iliac)

Abdominopelvic Divisions 4 Quadrants

Right upper, Left upper, Right lower, Left lower

Merocrine

Secretions are exocytosed from into a duct lined with epithelial cells and then onto a bodily surface; secreting cell is not damaged

Holocrine

Secretions are produced in the cytoplasm and then released by cell lysis; Secreting cell is destroyed in the process

Muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle

Axial

Skull, Auditory ossicles, Hyoid bone, Vertebral column, Bony thorax (ribs,sternum), Sacrum & coccyx

2 types of osseous tissue found in bones

Spongy bone, Compact bone

Nervous structures of the skin

Tactile corpuscles (Meissner's corpuscles), Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells), Root hair plexus, Lamellar corpuscles (Pacinian corpuscles)

Projections that are sites of muscle & ligament attachment

Tuberosity, Crest, Trochanter, Line, Tubercle, Epicondyle, Spine, Process

Superior/inferior

above/below

Simple columnar epithelium function

absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, other substances; ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells (contains goblet cells)

dense Elastic Connective tissue proper function

allows tissue to recoil after stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

nail Body

also called nail plate, the visible attached portion

Sebaceous glands

alveolar glands, found everywhere except soles of feet and palms, empty into hair follicle usually;produce sebum: mix of oil and fragmented cells; keeps skin soft and moist; use holocrine mode of secretion

Simple squamous epithelium location

alveoli of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serous membranes)

Lunule

an opaque white crescent at proximal end of nail. appear white due to blood supply

Tarsal

ankle

Antecubital

anterior surface of the elbow

Brachial

arm (upper portion of the upper limb)

Axillary

armpit

Dense regular Connective tissue proper Function

attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

Epidermis

avascular, 4 distinct cell types (keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic cells, tactile epithelial cells) 4/5 distinct layer

2 major divisions of the skeleton

axial, appendicular

Olecranal

back of the elbow

Occipital

back of the head

Popliteal

back of the knee

Dorsal/ ventral

backside/belly side

Hair root

beneath the surface of the skin and is embedded within the hair follicle; made of cuticle, cortex, medulla,

Perineal

between anus and external genitalia

osseous tissue (bone) location

bones

osseous tissue location and function

bones; internal framework, movement, hematopoiesis, storage of lipids/minerals

Orbital

bony eye socket

nervous tissue location

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Mammary

breast

Sternal

breastbone

Adipose Connective Tissue Proper Loose Location

breasts, under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen

Gluteal

buttocks

Sural

calf

Volkmann's canal (perforating canal)

canals that run at right angles to the shaft and connect blood and nerve supply from medullary cavity to central canals

Articular cartilage

cartilage on the ends of long bones

Medullary cavity

cavity in diaphysis, lined by endosteum. stores yellow bone marrow

Stratum spinosum

cells connected by desmosomes (make it spiny), cells contain tonofilaments), contain dendritic (langerhans) cells that act as macrophages

Stratum granulosum

cells contain 2 types of granules: lamellated granules (contain glycolipids), keratohyaline granules (contain keratin)

Buccal

cheek

Thoracic

chest

Mental

chin

Perforating (sharpey's) fibers

collagen fibers that hold periosteum to the bone

Papillary layer

composed of areolar connective tissue, has dermal papillae that produce epidermal ridges, also contain free nerve endings, and tactile corpuscles

Reticular layer

composed of dense irregular connective tissue, contains arteries, veins, sweat, sebaceous glands, lamellar corpuscles

Blood Location

contained within blood vessels

Hypodermis

contains adipose tissue, also called subcutaneous tissue

pelvic cavity

contains bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

Cranial cavity

contains brain

abdominal cavity

contains digestive viscera

Hair follicle

contains hair root, made of epidermal and demal cells

Thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity

contains most of the digestive organs, urinary system, and reproductive organs

Vertebral cavity

contains spinal cord

nervous tissue main function

control

epithelium main function

covering

Short bone

cube shaped; tarsals, carpals

Areolar Connective Tissue Proper Loose Function

cushions organs macrophages phagocytize bacteria; involved in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid

Eponychium

cuticle

Compact bone

dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

Hair papilla

dermal tissue that protrudes into hair bulb that provides nutrition to hair

Simple squamous epithelium function

diffusion and filtration, secretion in serous membranes

Dorsum

dorsal surface

Otic

ear

mesenchyme

embryonic connective tissue, gives rise to all other connective tissue types

epiphysis (proximal and distal)

ends of long bone

nail bed

extension of the stratum basale beneath the nail

Elastic Cartilage Location

external ear, epiglottis

Reticular Connective Tissue Proper Loose Function

fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, macrophages

Dense Irregular Connective tissue proper Location

fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract

Periosteum

fibrous membrane on outside of bone, made of dense irregular connective tissue

Digital

fingers or toes

Pedal

foot

Antebrachial

forearm

Frontal

forehead

Hyaline Cartilage Location

forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx

Anterior/posterior

front and back

Root hair plexus

function as nervous structure, wrapped around the base of a hair follicle, stimulated when the hair bends.

Pubic

genital

integumentary system Accessory structures

glands, hair, nails

Hallux

great toe

Inguinal

groin

Functions of the accessory glands, hair, and nails

hair: protection, insulation; nail: protection; glands: secretion, excretion, protection from desiccation

Manus

hand

Cephalic

head

Calcaneal

heel of foot

Coxal

hip

Modes of secretion

holocrine, merocrine

Apocrine glands location

in anogenital and axillary regions

Intermediate

in between, between a more medial and more lateral structure

Skeletal muscle location

in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

Acne

inflammation of sebaceous glands caused by bacteria

Hair medulla

inner most portion of hair root

Fibrocartilage Location

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint

Irregular bone

irregularly shaped; coccyx and vertebrae

Simple cuboidal epithelium location

kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface

Patellar

kneecap

Stratified cuboidal epithelium function

largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands

Hair matrix

layer of actively dividing epithelial cells located on top of hair papilla

Midsagittal

left and right sides are cut into equal parts

Crural

leg (anterior lower portion)

transitional epithelium location

lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

Abdominal

located below the ribs and above the hips

Long bone

longer than they are wide; femur, phalanges

Lumbar

lower back

Reticular Connective Tissue Proper Loose Location

lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen

Dermis

made up of papillary dermis and reticular dermis

Elastic Cartilage Function

maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

meninges

membranes that surround structures located int he dorsal body cavity

Endosteum

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone. also covers trabeculae of spongy bone and central and perforating canals in compact

Simple columnar epithelium location

most of the digestive tract (stomach down); gall baldder, excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, parts of the uterus

Oral

mouth

muscle tissue main function

movement

Umbilical

naval

Proximal/distal

nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of attachment

Cervical

neck

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium location

nonciliated is in male's sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines trachea, upper respiratory tract

Stratified squamous epithelium location

nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane

Nasal

nose

Osteon (haversian system)

only in compact bone; central canal and lamellae that surround it

Central (Haversian) canal

opening in the center of an osteon, carries blood vessels and nerves

Palmar

palm of the hand

Eccrine glands location

palms, soles, forehead are places where most abundant

Lower extremities (femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges)

part of appendicular skeleton

Pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula)

part of appendicular skeleton

Pelvic girdle (2 coxal bones)

part of appendicular skeleton

Upper extremities (Humerus, radius, ulna, carpal, metacarpal, phalanges)

part of appendicular skeleton

Auditory ossicles

part of axial skeleton

Bony thorax (ribs,sternum)

part of axial skeleton

Hyoid bone

part of axial skeleton

Sacrum & coccyx

part of axial skeleton

Skull

part of axial skeleton

Vertebral column

part of axial skeleton

Free edge

part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe

Root of nail

part of the nail that is embedded in the skin

Pelvic

pelvis

Acromial

point of shoulder

Blackheads

popped whiteheads that result in oxidation and darkening

Sacral

posterior region between the hip bones

Stratum lucidum

present only in thick skin, palms and soles

Melanocyte

produce melanin

Cardiac muscle function

propels blood into circulation; involuntary control

Smooth muscle function

propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control in hollow organs

Stratified cuboidal epithelium location

protection

Stratified columnar epithelium function

protection, secretion

Stratified squamous epithelium function

protects underlying tissues from abrasion

Adipose Connective Tissue Proper Loose Function

provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs

Proximal nail fold

proximal skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail

Hyponychium of Nailbed

region beneath free edge of the nail

Hair shaft

region projecting from skin

Epiphyseal line

remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones. at end of diaphysis

Lamellar corpuscles (Pacinian corpuscles)

respond to deep pressure, located in reticular layer of the dermis

Lamellae

rings around the central canal, sites of lacunae

Transverse

runs horizontally, divides body into superior and inferior

Frontal (coronal)

runs longitudinally, divides body into anterior and posterior

Sagittal

runs longitudinally, divides body into left and right

Whiteheads

sebum accumulated in the ducts of the sebaceous glands

Eccrine glands function

secrete sweat with water, sodium, urea; use the merocrine mode of secretion

Simple cuboidal epithelium function

secretion and absorption

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium function

secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

nervous tissue function

send and receive messages; glial cells support and protect neurons

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

Scapular

shoulder blade

Fibular or peroneal

side of the leg (lateral)

Stratum basale

single layer of cells containing keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells. Keratinocytes (mitotically active cells), melanocytes produce melanin in melanosomes, melanosomes accumulate at superficial surface of keratinocytes, merkel cells are involved in touch and sensory function

Lateral nail fold

skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail

Lacunae

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

Arrector pili muscle

smooth muscle that connect each hair follicle ot the papillary layer of dermis; creates goosebumps

Plantar

sole of the foot

Ceruminous glands function

specialized apocrine sweat glands, in external ear canal, secrete cerumen (ear wax) which prevents entry of foreign objects to ear

Mammary glands function

specialized apocrine sweat glands, located in breasts, secrete milk to feed young

Vertebral

spine

Apocrine glands function

stimulated by sex steroid hormones, secrete a viscous, yellowish fluid onto follicles; use merocrine mode of secretion; also knowm as odoriferous glands

Yellow bone marrow

stores fat

Transitional epithelium function

stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

connective tissue main function

support

ossesous tissue Function

supports and protects; provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals/fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation

Hyaline Cartilage Function

supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists compressive stress

Hair Cuticle

surrounding cortex

hair Cortex

surrounding medulla

Dense regular Connective tissue proper location

tendons and ligaments

Fibrocartilage Function

tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

Femoral

thigh

Flat bone

thin; sternum and scapula

Pollex

thumb

Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)

together with free nerve endings form merkel discs, which act as touch receptors. located in epidermal-dermal junction,

Tactile corpuscles (Meissner's corpuscles)

touch receptors located in papillary layer

Functions of the skin

tough outer protective layer, insulation, cushion, protection from exposure to harmful chemicals, temperature extremes, bacteria, desiccation, metabolic processes, sensory

Superficial (external)/deep (internal)

toward or at the body surface/away from the body surface

Cranial (cephalad) /caudal

toward the head/toward the tail

Medial/lateral

toward the midline/away from the midline

Spongy bone

trabeculae (holes) of bone with spaces between. Looks like a sponge. Found inside bones and on ends. does not contain osteons

Blood Function

transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

Areolar Connective Tissue Proper Loose Location

under epithelia; packages organs; surrounds capillaries

Skeletal muscle function

voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control

Smooth muscle location

walls of hollow organs

dense Elastic Connective tissue proper location

walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes

Cardiac muscle location

walls of the heart

Dense Irregular Connective tissue proper Function

withstands tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength

Carpal

wrist