Anatomy 1 Practical 1
dorsal cavity
(surrounded by meninges*) Cranial cavity (contains brain), Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord)
Ventral cavity
(surrounded by serous membranes*) contains thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavities
Stratum corneum
20-30 layers of dead, flat cells; replaced every 3-4 weeks; dead cells contain glycolipids and keratin to create waterproof coat
Connective tissue proper loose types
Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
4 Anatomical position criteria
Body erect, Feet slightly apart, Palms face forward, Thumbs point away from the body
Sweat glands
Eccrine, Apocrine
Body Planes
Frontal (coronal), Sagittal, Mid-sagittal, Transverse
Projections and opening for passage of blood vessels and nerves
Groove, Fissure, Foramen, Notch
Canaliculi
Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
Projections that help form joints
Head, Facet, Condyle, Ramus
Cartilage types
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
Cell types of the epidermis
Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Dendritic cells(Langerhans cells, immune response), Tactile epithelial cells (Merkelcells)
4 major classes of bones
Long, short, flat, irregular
Other types of bone markings
Meatus, Sinus, Fossa
Appendicular
Pectoral girdle(clavicle, scapula), Upper extremities (Humerus, radius, ulna, carpal, metacarpal, phalanges), Pelvic girdle(2 coxal bones), Lower extremities (femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges)
Major types of Bone Markings
Projections that are sites of muscle & ligament attachment, Projections that help form joints, Projections and opening for passage of blood vessels and nerves, Others
Nail matrix
Proximal part of the nail bed responsible for nail growth; matrix produces nail cells that become keratinized and dies
Stratified columnar epithelium location
Rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
Dense connective tissue proper
Regular, irregular, elastic
Abdominopelvic Divisions 9 Regions
Right hypochondriac, Right lateral (lumbar), Right inguinal (iliac), Epigastric, Umbilical, Hypogastric (pubic), Left hypochondriac, Left lateral (lumbar), Left inguinal (iliac)
Abdominopelvic Divisions 4 Quadrants
Right upper, Left upper, Right lower, Left lower
Merocrine
Secretions are exocytosed from into a duct lined with epithelial cells and then onto a bodily surface; secreting cell is not damaged
Holocrine
Secretions are produced in the cytoplasm and then released by cell lysis; Secreting cell is destroyed in the process
Muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle
Axial
Skull, Auditory ossicles, Hyoid bone, Vertebral column, Bony thorax (ribs,sternum), Sacrum & coccyx
2 types of osseous tissue found in bones
Spongy bone, Compact bone
Nervous structures of the skin
Tactile corpuscles (Meissner's corpuscles), Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells), Root hair plexus, Lamellar corpuscles (Pacinian corpuscles)
Projections that are sites of muscle & ligament attachment
Tuberosity, Crest, Trochanter, Line, Tubercle, Epicondyle, Spine, Process
Superior/inferior
above/below
Simple columnar epithelium function
absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, other substances; ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells (contains goblet cells)
dense Elastic Connective tissue proper function
allows tissue to recoil after stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration
nail Body
also called nail plate, the visible attached portion
Sebaceous glands
alveolar glands, found everywhere except soles of feet and palms, empty into hair follicle usually;produce sebum: mix of oil and fragmented cells; keeps skin soft and moist; use holocrine mode of secretion
Simple squamous epithelium location
alveoli of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serous membranes)
Lunule
an opaque white crescent at proximal end of nail. appear white due to blood supply
Tarsal
ankle
Antecubital
anterior surface of the elbow
Brachial
arm (upper portion of the upper limb)
Axillary
armpit
Dense regular Connective tissue proper Function
attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
Epidermis
avascular, 4 distinct cell types (keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic cells, tactile epithelial cells) 4/5 distinct layer
2 major divisions of the skeleton
axial, appendicular
Olecranal
back of the elbow
Occipital
back of the head
Popliteal
back of the knee
Dorsal/ ventral
backside/belly side
Hair root
beneath the surface of the skin and is embedded within the hair follicle; made of cuticle, cortex, medulla,
Perineal
between anus and external genitalia
osseous tissue (bone) location
bones
osseous tissue location and function
bones; internal framework, movement, hematopoiesis, storage of lipids/minerals
Orbital
bony eye socket
nervous tissue location
brain, spinal cord, nerves
Mammary
breast
Sternal
breastbone
Adipose Connective Tissue Proper Loose Location
breasts, under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen
Gluteal
buttocks
Sural
calf
Volkmann's canal (perforating canal)
canals that run at right angles to the shaft and connect blood and nerve supply from medullary cavity to central canals
Articular cartilage
cartilage on the ends of long bones
Medullary cavity
cavity in diaphysis, lined by endosteum. stores yellow bone marrow
Stratum spinosum
cells connected by desmosomes (make it spiny), cells contain tonofilaments), contain dendritic (langerhans) cells that act as macrophages
Stratum granulosum
cells contain 2 types of granules: lamellated granules (contain glycolipids), keratohyaline granules (contain keratin)
Buccal
cheek
Thoracic
chest
Mental
chin
Perforating (sharpey's) fibers
collagen fibers that hold periosteum to the bone
Papillary layer
composed of areolar connective tissue, has dermal papillae that produce epidermal ridges, also contain free nerve endings, and tactile corpuscles
Reticular layer
composed of dense irregular connective tissue, contains arteries, veins, sweat, sebaceous glands, lamellar corpuscles
Blood Location
contained within blood vessels
Hypodermis
contains adipose tissue, also called subcutaneous tissue
pelvic cavity
contains bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
Cranial cavity
contains brain
abdominal cavity
contains digestive viscera
Hair follicle
contains hair root, made of epidermal and demal cells
Thoracic cavity
contains heart and lungs
Abdominopelvic cavity
contains most of the digestive organs, urinary system, and reproductive organs
Vertebral cavity
contains spinal cord
nervous tissue main function
control
epithelium main function
covering
Short bone
cube shaped; tarsals, carpals
Areolar Connective Tissue Proper Loose Function
cushions organs macrophages phagocytize bacteria; involved in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid
Eponychium
cuticle
Compact bone
dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum
Hair papilla
dermal tissue that protrudes into hair bulb that provides nutrition to hair
Simple squamous epithelium function
diffusion and filtration, secretion in serous membranes
Dorsum
dorsal surface
Otic
ear
mesenchyme
embryonic connective tissue, gives rise to all other connective tissue types
epiphysis (proximal and distal)
ends of long bone
nail bed
extension of the stratum basale beneath the nail
Elastic Cartilage Location
external ear, epiglottis
Reticular Connective Tissue Proper Loose Function
fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, macrophages
Dense Irregular Connective tissue proper Location
fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract
Periosteum
fibrous membrane on outside of bone, made of dense irregular connective tissue
Digital
fingers or toes
Pedal
foot
Antebrachial
forearm
Frontal
forehead
Hyaline Cartilage Location
forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
Anterior/posterior
front and back
Root hair plexus
function as nervous structure, wrapped around the base of a hair follicle, stimulated when the hair bends.
Pubic
genital
integumentary system Accessory structures
glands, hair, nails
Hallux
great toe
Inguinal
groin
Functions of the accessory glands, hair, and nails
hair: protection, insulation; nail: protection; glands: secretion, excretion, protection from desiccation
Manus
hand
Cephalic
head
Calcaneal
heel of foot
Coxal
hip
Modes of secretion
holocrine, merocrine
Apocrine glands location
in anogenital and axillary regions
Intermediate
in between, between a more medial and more lateral structure
Skeletal muscle location
in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
Acne
inflammation of sebaceous glands caused by bacteria
Hair medulla
inner most portion of hair root
Fibrocartilage Location
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint
Irregular bone
irregularly shaped; coccyx and vertebrae
Simple cuboidal epithelium location
kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
Patellar
kneecap
Stratified cuboidal epithelium function
largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands
Hair matrix
layer of actively dividing epithelial cells located on top of hair papilla
Midsagittal
left and right sides are cut into equal parts
Crural
leg (anterior lower portion)
transitional epithelium location
lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra
Abdominal
located below the ribs and above the hips
Long bone
longer than they are wide; femur, phalanges
Lumbar
lower back
Reticular Connective Tissue Proper Loose Location
lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen
Dermis
made up of papillary dermis and reticular dermis
Elastic Cartilage Function
maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
meninges
membranes that surround structures located int he dorsal body cavity
Endosteum
membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone. also covers trabeculae of spongy bone and central and perforating canals in compact
Simple columnar epithelium location
most of the digestive tract (stomach down); gall baldder, excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, parts of the uterus
Oral
mouth
muscle tissue main function
movement
Umbilical
naval
Proximal/distal
nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of attachment
Cervical
neck
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium location
nonciliated is in male's sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines trachea, upper respiratory tract
Stratified squamous epithelium location
nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane
Nasal
nose
Osteon (haversian system)
only in compact bone; central canal and lamellae that surround it
Central (Haversian) canal
opening in the center of an osteon, carries blood vessels and nerves
Palmar
palm of the hand
Eccrine glands location
palms, soles, forehead are places where most abundant
Lower extremities (femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges)
part of appendicular skeleton
Pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula)
part of appendicular skeleton
Pelvic girdle (2 coxal bones)
part of appendicular skeleton
Upper extremities (Humerus, radius, ulna, carpal, metacarpal, phalanges)
part of appendicular skeleton
Auditory ossicles
part of axial skeleton
Bony thorax (ribs,sternum)
part of axial skeleton
Hyoid bone
part of axial skeleton
Sacrum & coccyx
part of axial skeleton
Skull
part of axial skeleton
Vertebral column
part of axial skeleton
Free edge
part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe
Root of nail
part of the nail that is embedded in the skin
Pelvic
pelvis
Acromial
point of shoulder
Blackheads
popped whiteheads that result in oxidation and darkening
Sacral
posterior region between the hip bones
Stratum lucidum
present only in thick skin, palms and soles
Melanocyte
produce melanin
Cardiac muscle function
propels blood into circulation; involuntary control
Smooth muscle function
propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control in hollow organs
Stratified cuboidal epithelium location
protection
Stratified columnar epithelium function
protection, secretion
Stratified squamous epithelium function
protects underlying tissues from abrasion
Adipose Connective Tissue Proper Loose Function
provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs
Proximal nail fold
proximal skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail
Hyponychium of Nailbed
region beneath free edge of the nail
Hair shaft
region projecting from skin
Epiphyseal line
remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones. at end of diaphysis
Lamellar corpuscles (Pacinian corpuscles)
respond to deep pressure, located in reticular layer of the dermis
Lamellae
rings around the central canal, sites of lacunae
Transverse
runs horizontally, divides body into superior and inferior
Frontal (coronal)
runs longitudinally, divides body into anterior and posterior
Sagittal
runs longitudinally, divides body into left and right
Whiteheads
sebum accumulated in the ducts of the sebaceous glands
Eccrine glands function
secrete sweat with water, sodium, urea; use the merocrine mode of secretion
Simple cuboidal epithelium function
secretion and absorption
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium function
secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
nervous tissue function
send and receive messages; glial cells support and protect neurons
Diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
Scapular
shoulder blade
Fibular or peroneal
side of the leg (lateral)
Stratum basale
single layer of cells containing keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells. Keratinocytes (mitotically active cells), melanocytes produce melanin in melanosomes, melanosomes accumulate at superficial surface of keratinocytes, merkel cells are involved in touch and sensory function
Lateral nail fold
skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail
Lacunae
small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
Arrector pili muscle
smooth muscle that connect each hair follicle ot the papillary layer of dermis; creates goosebumps
Plantar
sole of the foot
Ceruminous glands function
specialized apocrine sweat glands, in external ear canal, secrete cerumen (ear wax) which prevents entry of foreign objects to ear
Mammary glands function
specialized apocrine sweat glands, located in breasts, secrete milk to feed young
Vertebral
spine
Apocrine glands function
stimulated by sex steroid hormones, secrete a viscous, yellowish fluid onto follicles; use merocrine mode of secretion; also knowm as odoriferous glands
Yellow bone marrow
stores fat
Transitional epithelium function
stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine
connective tissue main function
support
ossesous tissue Function
supports and protects; provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals/fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation
Hyaline Cartilage Function
supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists compressive stress
Hair Cuticle
surrounding cortex
hair Cortex
surrounding medulla
Dense regular Connective tissue proper location
tendons and ligaments
Fibrocartilage Function
tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
Femoral
thigh
Flat bone
thin; sternum and scapula
Pollex
thumb
Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)
together with free nerve endings form merkel discs, which act as touch receptors. located in epidermal-dermal junction,
Tactile corpuscles (Meissner's corpuscles)
touch receptors located in papillary layer
Functions of the skin
tough outer protective layer, insulation, cushion, protection from exposure to harmful chemicals, temperature extremes, bacteria, desiccation, metabolic processes, sensory
Superficial (external)/deep (internal)
toward or at the body surface/away from the body surface
Cranial (cephalad) /caudal
toward the head/toward the tail
Medial/lateral
toward the midline/away from the midline
Spongy bone
trabeculae (holes) of bone with spaces between. Looks like a sponge. Found inside bones and on ends. does not contain osteons
Blood Function
transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
Areolar Connective Tissue Proper Loose Location
under epithelia; packages organs; surrounds capillaries
Skeletal muscle function
voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control
Smooth muscle location
walls of hollow organs
dense Elastic Connective tissue proper location
walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes
Cardiac muscle location
walls of the heart
Dense Irregular Connective tissue proper Function
withstands tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength
Carpal
wrist
