Anatomy 2 Lab Practical 2: Ch 42 Reproductive System Anatomy

tunica albuginea aka white tunic

connective tissue that covers each testis -this tissue divides into 4 lobes to form the seminiferous tubules

intestinal endocrine cells

produce testosterone, the main hormonal product of the testis.

structure of mammary glands

-Areola: pigmented area located at the center of each breast -Nipple: protruding area surrounded by the areola -Lobes: 15-25 dots that radiate around the nipple and is separated by fibrous connective tissue and fat -Lobules: smaller chambers located in lobules that contain glandular alveoli that produce milk during lactation. The alveoli of each lobule pass the milk into a number of lactiferous ducts -Lacterifus ducts: join to form an expanded storage chamber, the lactiferous sinus which open to the outside at the nipple

Supporting structures for the uterus, uterine tubes and ovaries

-Broad ligament: Fold of the peritoneum that drapes over the superior uterus to enclose the uterus and uterine tubes and anchors them to the lateral body walls -Mesometrium: Portion of the broad ligament that supports the uterus laterally (mesentery of the uterus) -Round ligaments: Anchor the uterus to the anterior pelvic wall by descending through the mesometrium and the inguinal canal; attach to the skin of one of the labia majora -Uterosacral ligaments: Secure the inferior uterus to the sacrum posteriorly -Cardinal ligaments: Connect the cervix and vagina to the pelvic wall laterally -Mesosalpinx: Portion of the broad ligament that anchors the uterine tube (mesentery of the uterine tube) -Mesovarium: Posterior fold of the broad ligament that supports the ovaries (mesentery of the ovaries) -Suspensory ligaments: A lateral continuation of the broad ligament that attaches the ovaries to the lateral pelvic wall -Ovarian ligaments: Anchors the ovaries to the uterus medially and is enclosed within the broad ligament

Path of an egg

-Follicle within the ovary: where the egg is matured and sent down the fallopian tube -Pelvic cavity: An ovulated egg aka secondary occyte enters the pelvic cavity -Uterine tube: The waving fimbriae of the uterine tubes create fluid currents that, if successful, draw the egg into the lumen of the uterine tube. -Uterus: Once in the uterine tube, the egg begins its passage to the uterus, propelled by the cilia of the tubule walls. -Uterine wall: The usual and most desirable site of fertilization, specifically in the endometrium is the uterine tube, because the journey to the uterus takes about 3 to 4 days and an egg is viable only for up to 24 hours after it is expelled from the ovary. Thus, sperm must swim upward through the vagina and uterus and into the uterine tubes to reach the egg.

Primary reproductive organs of the female

-Ovaries: they produce gametes (eggs, or ova) and also sex hormones (estrogens and progesterone) -Other accessory structures: functions to transport, house, nurture, or otherwise serve the needs of the reproductive cells and/or the developing fetus

Primary reproductive organs of the male

-Testes: they produce sperm and the male sex hormones -All other reproductive structures: are ducts or secretions which aid in the safe delivery of the sperm to the body exterior or female reproductive tract

3 layers of uterine wall PMe

1. perimetrium 2. myometrium: smooth muscle layer that expands during child birth 3. endometrium

Erection

3 elongated cylinders of erectile tissue engorge with blood during sexual excitement -This causes the penis to become rigid and enlarged so that it may more adequately serve as a penetrating device

Scrotum

External sac outside of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the testes - the temp there is 94F or 34C which is slightly lower than body temp bc its a requirement for producing viable spem

Uterus

Female organ of reproduction used to house the developing embryo or fetus. -a fertilized egg is implanted in the uterus -is located between the bladder and rectum -Cervix: the narrow end of the uterus -Body: major portion of the uterus -Fundus: superior rounded region above the entrance of the uterine tubes

semineferous tubules

Narrow, coiled tubules that function to produce sperm in the testes -The semi-niferous tubules of each lobe converge to empty the sperm into another set of tubules, the rete testis -Rete testis: allows sperm to travel into the epididymis

External genitalia continued: Vestibule

Region located between the two labia minora. -From anterior to posterior, it contains: clitoris, the external urethral orifice, and the vaginal orifice. -Clitoris: Small mass of erectile tissue located where the labia minora meet anteriorly. It is homologous to the penis. + Prepuce of the clit: Skin folds formed by the union of the labia minora; they serve to hood the clitoris. -External urethral orfrice: Serves as the outlet for the urinary system. It has no reproductive function in the female. -Hymen: thin fold of vascular mucous membrane that may partially cover the vaginal opening. -Greater vestibular glands: mucus-secreting glands located on either side of the hymen. They lubricate the distal end of the vagina during coitus. They are homologous to the bulbo-urethral glands of males.

External genitalia aka vulva

consists of mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, the external urethral and vaginal orifices, hymen, and greater vestibular glands -Mons pubis (hairy part of the vagina): cushions the pubic symphysis; covered with coarse pubic hair -Labia majora (external lips): Two elongated hair-covered skin folds that extend from the mons pubis. They contain sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, and adipose tissue. They are homologous to the scrotum. -Labia minora: Two smaller folds located medial to the labia majora. They don't have hair or adipose tissue, but they do have many sebaceous glands.

Semen

consists of sperm and seminal fluid. -is overall alkaline, which buffers the sperm against the acidity of the female vagina.

Perineum

diamond-shaped region between the anterior end of the labial folds, the ischial tuberosities laterally, and the anus posteriorly

Accessory structures forming the duct system EDAEU

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the urethra. -Epididymis: forms the first portion of the duct system and provides a site for immature sperm entering it from the testis to complete their maturation process. -Ductus deferens aka vas deferens: arches superiorly from the epididymis, passes through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity and over the urinary bladder. It is is enclosed along with blood vessels and nerves in a connective tissue sheath called the spermatic cord -Ampulla: formed by the enlargement of the terminus of the ductus deferens, empties into the ejaculatory duct -Ejaculatory duct: During ejaculation, contraction of the ejaculatory duct propels the sperm through the prostate to the prostatic urethra -Urethra: turn empties into the intermediate part of the urethra and then into the spongy urethra, which runs through the length of the penis to the body exterior

Vagina

extends for 10cm aka 4 inches from the vestibule to the uterus -Functions: serves as copulatory organ bc it receives the penis (and semen) during sexual intercourse. The vagina also provides a passageway for delivery of an infant and for menstrual flow

Mammary glands

function is to produce milk to nourish the newborn infant -their importance is more closely associated with events that occur when reproduction has already been accomplished -are present in both sexes but only have a reproductive function in females -Periodic stimulation by the female sex hormones, especially estrogens, increases the size of the female mammary glands at puberty. + During this period, the duct system becomes more elaborate, and fat is deposited + fat deposition is the more important contributor to increased breast size

ectopic pregnancy

implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location -In some cases, the fertilized egg may implant in a uterine tube or even on the abdominal viscera -these implantations are usually unsuccessful and may even endanger the mother's life because the uterine tubes cannot accommodate the increasing size of the fetus

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region and fallopian tubes -caused by STD's like gonorrhea that can cause widespread inflammation of the pelvic viscera

Penis

is the copulatory organ of the male designed to deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract -it is part of the external genitalia of the male along with the scrotal sac -Body aka shaft: terminates in an enlarged tip, the glans penis -Prepuce aka foreskin: loose skin that covers the penis. May be removed with a circumcision -Internal structure: consists of 3 elongated cylinders of erectile tissue, which engorge with blood during sexual excitement. + consists of corpora cavernosa (2 dorsal cylinders) and a ventral corpus spongiosum that surrounds the spongy urethra

Accessory glands

prostate, seminal glands, and the bulbo-urethral glands. These glands produce seminal fluid, the liquid medium in which sperm leave the body -Seminal glands: The duct of each gland merges with a ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct, located posterior to the urinary bladder. + Secretion: yellow alkaline secretion with fructose and citric acid, which nourish the sperm, and prostaglandins for enhanced sperm motility. Its secretion has the largest contribution to the volume of semen. -Prostate: secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid that contains citric acid, several enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Its secretion plays a role in activating the sperm. -Bulbourethral glands: Pair of tiny glands that drain into the intermediate part of the urethra. Secretes a clear alkaline mucus that lubricates the tip of the penis for copulation and neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra prior to ejaculation.

Follicles

structure within the ovary where eggs begin their development -also function is producing estrogen -Ovulation: event in which a follicle is ruptured to eject a mature developing egg. -Corpus luteum: what the ruptured follicle is converted to that functions in the secretion of progesterone and estrogens

Reproductive System

system of organs involved in producing offspring at puberty

endometrium

thick mucosal lining of the uterus -Stratum functionalis: superficial functional layer of the uterus that sheds every 28 days in response to cyclic changes in the levels of ovarian hormones in the woman's blood +Menstruation aka menses: shedding of this layer accompanied with bleeding -Stratum basilis: deeper basal layer that forms a new functional layer after menstruation ends.

Uterine aka fallopian tubes

tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs -extend from the ovaries in the peritoneal cavity to the superolateral region of the uterus -Fimbrae: fingerlike projections -there is no actual contact between the female gonad and the initial part of the female duct system—the uterine tube

Internal female organs VUFO

vagina, uterus, fallopian aka uterine tubes, ovaries and supporting structures that suspend the organs in the pelvic cavity -internal female organs are all retroperitoneal, except the ovaries. They are supported and suspended somewhat freely by ligamentous folds of peritoneum.