Anatomy (2023) - SEM 1 Exam Review

sympathetic

*fight-or-flight -dilate pupil,stop salivating, raise heartbeat, raise glucose

Parasympathetic

*rest-&-digest -contract pupils, raise saliva, lower heartbeat

Example of Organ System

-11 total -lymphatic/immune

Example of organ

-2+ tissues w/ function -heart

astrocyte

-CNS -Star shape; connect to capillaries -protect & heal

microglia

-CNS -clean debris (dead brain cells & bacteria) -dif from astrocytes in shape bc astrocytes attach to blood capillaries; microglia=floaters

oligodendrocyte

-CNS -myelin & insulation

motor (somatic) neurons

-Impulse: CNS--> PNS -voluntary -movement

Superior (cranial)

-above Closer to head; higher body

sensory neuron

-afferent (towards) -found in ganglion -Impulse: PNS--> CNS -what's happening outside body

Positive feedback loop

-amplify body change (temporary) -if pregnant —> contractions -Does NOT maintain homeostasis

Inferior (caudal)

-below -closer to feet; lower body

Negative feedback loop

-body brings BACK -more common -body shivers when cold—> bring body to warm -Homeostasis Glucose & Glucagon *Glycogen (stored glucose) *Glucogen (alpha cells) (inc blood bc low glucose) *Insulin (beta cells) (dec in blood bc high glucose)

medulla oblongata

-brainstem -control vomitting, heart beat, breathing, blood pressure

associative (interneuron)

-connect motor & sensory neurons

cerebellum

-control movement,balance,posture -balance & equilibrium -posterior of brain (use as reference)

autonomic

-controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands -involuntary -automatic

Frontal Section

-coronal -divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

What is the function of osteoblast

-create bone

Differentiate between epiphysis & diaphysis

-divided by epiphyseal line -epiphysis: ends; spongy bone; thin layer of compact; shape=joint -diaphysis: shaft; walls of compact bone

myelin sheath

-fatty tissue around axon of neuron -help to speed signals

cerebrum

-largest part of brain (80%) -coord movement -4 lobes (temporal,parietal, frontal,occipital)

neuromuscular junction

-open gap between 2 neurons; communication point -neurotransmitters pass through

temporal lobe

-perception & recognition of auditory & olfactory (smell)

Schwann cells

-produce myelin in PNS -clear debris

hypothalamus

-regulate body temp,emotions,hunger,thirst,circadian rythm *homeostasis *pituitary gland & endocrine system

Dorsal

-think dorsal fin -back of body

Proximal

-use for limbs -closer to trunk/medial area -"the proximal end of femur joins w/ pelvic bone"

Distal

-use for limbs -structure FAR from trunk of median plane -"fingers are distal to shoulder"

Function of muscular system

1) motor power for movement of body parts 2) produce heat

Function of skeletal system

1) provide shape & body support 2)stores minerals

2 structures of pectoral girdle

1) scapula (shoulder blade) 2)clavicle (collar bone) Function: support the left & right of the body *single point of attachment of shoulder girdle to axial skeleton: clavicle

Function of nervous system

1)Allow body to respond to stimuli 2)monitors internal/external environment

Nerve Impulse Steps

1. The resting membrane is polarized 2. Stimulus initiates local depolarization 3. Depolarization and generation of an action potential 4. Propagation of the action potential 5. Repolarization 6. Initial ionic conditions restored

how many pairs of ribs do humans have

12

how many vertebrae are in the adult skeleton

3

Example of tissue

3 in muscular: smooth, cardiac, skeletal

Sagittal

A plane that divides the body into right and left portions.

What is yellow marrow composed of

Adipose fat

Where on a long bone would you find hyaline cartilage

Articular cartilage: surface of epiphysis covered w/ hyaline

What is another name for Joint

Articulation

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

neuroglia

CANT transmit impulses; can reproduce

sarcomere

Contractile unit of muscle

Transverse

Divides body into upper and lower parts

Diarthroses (synovial joints)

Freely movable Shoulder

Anterior (Ventral)

Front of the body

Synarthroses (Fibrous Joints)

Immovable joint -Fibrous Joints (structure classification): syndesmosis (between long bones) & Gomphosis (hold teeth) Skull sutures

function of CNS

Integration; command center Interpret incoming sensory information Issues outgoing instructions

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Example of cell

Nerve cell

Function of PNS (peripheral nervous system)

PNS carries sensory messages TO the CNS FROM sensory receptors PNS carries motor functions FROM the CNS OUT to muscles and glands PNS sends autonomic messages TO internal organs and blood vessels

Pronation

Palms down Inward rolling palm down

Where do you find a suture

Skull

Ampiarthroses (cartilaginous joints)

Slightly movable -cartilaginous (structure classification): pubic symphysis Ribs/vertebrae

Extension

Straightening of a joint

Insertion

The attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone or the end opposite the origin

Anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

How is vitamin D beneficial to your bones

W/o vitamin D our body doesn't absorb calcium (bone builders)

action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

brainstem

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions -midbrain,pons,medulla oblongata

sliding filament theory

theory that actin filaments slide toward each other during muscle contraction, while the myosin filaments are still

myosin

thick filament

actin

thin filaments

pia mater

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

function of neurotransmitters

to transmit nerve impulses across synapses

Supination

turning the palm upward Holding bowl of soup

Eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

occipital lobe

vision

6 types of neuroglia

astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, satellite cells, schwann cells -the 2 "S" neuroglia are in the PNS

origin

attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction

strongest bone in the body

femur

which bone is not attached to any other bones

hyoid

Which bones support the body's weight?

lumbar

cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

made in *choroid plexus 1) Protection; keeps brain from hitting skull 2)lines spinal cord

Adduction

movement toward the midline

synergist

muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation

prime mover

muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement

how does myelin affect nerve transmission

neurons w/ myelin are able to send signals more quickly

antagonist

oppose agonist

ascending pathways of spinal cord

post central gyrus; primary somatosensory complex; senses come in

descending pathways of spinal cord

pre central gyrus; primary motor complex; effect (movement)

thalamus

process info for movement -sensory: touch & feel

frontal lobe

reasoning,planning,pts of speech & movement (motor cortex), emotions, problem solving

ligaments

connect bone to bone

Flexion

bending a joint

somatic

body movement -voluntary

2 structures of central nervous system (CNS)

brain & spinal cord

neuron

can transmit impulses; CANT reproduce