Anatomy (2023) - SEM 1 Exam Review
sympathetic
*fight-or-flight -dilate pupil,stop salivating, raise heartbeat, raise glucose
Parasympathetic
*rest-&-digest -contract pupils, raise saliva, lower heartbeat
Example of Organ System
-11 total -lymphatic/immune
Example of organ
-2+ tissues w/ function -heart
astrocyte
-CNS -Star shape; connect to capillaries -protect & heal
microglia
-CNS -clean debris (dead brain cells & bacteria) -dif from astrocytes in shape bc astrocytes attach to blood capillaries; microglia=floaters
oligodendrocyte
-CNS -myelin & insulation
motor (somatic) neurons
-Impulse: CNS--> PNS -voluntary -movement
Superior (cranial)
-above Closer to head; higher body
sensory neuron
-afferent (towards) -found in ganglion -Impulse: PNS--> CNS -what's happening outside body
Positive feedback loop
-amplify body change (temporary) -if pregnant —> contractions -Does NOT maintain homeostasis
Inferior (caudal)
-below -closer to feet; lower body
Negative feedback loop
-body brings BACK -more common -body shivers when cold—> bring body to warm -Homeostasis Glucose & Glucagon *Glycogen (stored glucose) *Glucogen (alpha cells) (inc blood bc low glucose) *Insulin (beta cells) (dec in blood bc high glucose)
medulla oblongata
-brainstem -control vomitting, heart beat, breathing, blood pressure
associative (interneuron)
-connect motor & sensory neurons
cerebellum
-control movement,balance,posture -balance & equilibrium -posterior of brain (use as reference)
autonomic
-controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands -involuntary -automatic
Frontal Section
-coronal -divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
What is the function of osteoblast
-create bone
Differentiate between epiphysis & diaphysis
-divided by epiphyseal line -epiphysis: ends; spongy bone; thin layer of compact; shape=joint -diaphysis: shaft; walls of compact bone
myelin sheath
-fatty tissue around axon of neuron -help to speed signals
cerebrum
-largest part of brain (80%) -coord movement -4 lobes (temporal,parietal, frontal,occipital)
neuromuscular junction
-open gap between 2 neurons; communication point -neurotransmitters pass through
temporal lobe
-perception & recognition of auditory & olfactory (smell)
Schwann cells
-produce myelin in PNS -clear debris
hypothalamus
-regulate body temp,emotions,hunger,thirst,circadian rythm *homeostasis *pituitary gland & endocrine system
Dorsal
-think dorsal fin -back of body
Proximal
-use for limbs -closer to trunk/medial area -"the proximal end of femur joins w/ pelvic bone"
Distal
-use for limbs -structure FAR from trunk of median plane -"fingers are distal to shoulder"
Function of muscular system
1) motor power for movement of body parts 2) produce heat
Function of skeletal system
1) provide shape & body support 2)stores minerals
2 structures of pectoral girdle
1) scapula (shoulder blade) 2)clavicle (collar bone) Function: support the left & right of the body *single point of attachment of shoulder girdle to axial skeleton: clavicle
Function of nervous system
1)Allow body to respond to stimuli 2)monitors internal/external environment
Nerve Impulse Steps
1. The resting membrane is polarized 2. Stimulus initiates local depolarization 3. Depolarization and generation of an action potential 4. Propagation of the action potential 5. Repolarization 6. Initial ionic conditions restored
how many pairs of ribs do humans have
12
how many vertebrae are in the adult skeleton
3
Example of tissue
3 in muscular: smooth, cardiac, skeletal
Sagittal
A plane that divides the body into right and left portions.
What is yellow marrow composed of
Adipose fat
Where on a long bone would you find hyaline cartilage
Articular cartilage: surface of epiphysis covered w/ hyaline
What is another name for Joint
Articulation
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
neuroglia
CANT transmit impulses; can reproduce
sarcomere
Contractile unit of muscle
Transverse
Divides body into upper and lower parts
Diarthroses (synovial joints)
Freely movable Shoulder
Anterior (Ventral)
Front of the body
Synarthroses (Fibrous Joints)
Immovable joint -Fibrous Joints (structure classification): syndesmosis (between long bones) & Gomphosis (hold teeth) Skull sutures
function of CNS
Integration; command center Interpret incoming sensory information Issues outgoing instructions
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
Example of cell
Nerve cell
Function of PNS (peripheral nervous system)
PNS carries sensory messages TO the CNS FROM sensory receptors PNS carries motor functions FROM the CNS OUT to muscles and glands PNS sends autonomic messages TO internal organs and blood vessels
Pronation
Palms down Inward rolling palm down
Where do you find a suture
Skull
Ampiarthroses (cartilaginous joints)
Slightly movable -cartilaginous (structure classification): pubic symphysis Ribs/vertebrae
Extension
Straightening of a joint
Insertion
The attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone or the end opposite the origin
Anatomical position
To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inward
How is vitamin D beneficial to your bones
W/o vitamin D our body doesn't absorb calcium (bone builders)
action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
brainstem
the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions -midbrain,pons,medulla oblongata
sliding filament theory
theory that actin filaments slide toward each other during muscle contraction, while the myosin filaments are still
myosin
thick filament
actin
thin filaments
pia mater
thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
function of neurotransmitters
to transmit nerve impulses across synapses
Supination
turning the palm upward Holding bowl of soup
Eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward
occipital lobe
vision
6 types of neuroglia
astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, satellite cells, schwann cells -the 2 "S" neuroglia are in the PNS
origin
attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction
strongest bone in the body
femur
which bone is not attached to any other bones
hyoid
Which bones support the body's weight?
lumbar
cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
made in *choroid plexus 1) Protection; keeps brain from hitting skull 2)lines spinal cord
Adduction
movement toward the midline
synergist
muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation
prime mover
muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement
how does myelin affect nerve transmission
neurons w/ myelin are able to send signals more quickly
antagonist
oppose agonist
ascending pathways of spinal cord
post central gyrus; primary somatosensory complex; senses come in
descending pathways of spinal cord
pre central gyrus; primary motor complex; effect (movement)
thalamus
process info for movement -sensory: touch & feel
frontal lobe
reasoning,planning,pts of speech & movement (motor cortex), emotions, problem solving
ligaments
connect bone to bone
Flexion
bending a joint
somatic
body movement -voluntary
2 structures of central nervous system (CNS)
brain & spinal cord
neuron
can transmit impulses; CANT reproduce