Anatomy and Physiology 2

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The ratio of intracellular to extracellular fluids in the body of an average male is

2:1

The normal white blood cell count is

4,500-10,000 cells per microliter of blood.

Deficiency of vitamin ___ causes night blindness.

A

Which of the following vitamins can promote intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus?

D

The pituitary hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis is

FSH

Hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates HCL and pepsin production?

Gastrin

B lymphocytes proliferate within which area of a lymph node?

Germinal center

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in childhood causes

Gigantism

Activation of what starts the intrinsic clotting cascade?

Hageman factor (XII)

The circulation from the digestive tract to the liver is called the ______ circulation.

Hepatic portal

Which of the following functions to attack pathogens before they enter body tissues?

IgA

Immunoglobulins that primarily occur in exocrine secretions are

IgD.

Immunoglobulins that can bind to antigens, stimulating basophils and mast cells, are called ________ antibodies.

IgE

Which of the following correctly matches the valve to its function?

Mitral valve—permits one—way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

The lymphatic capillaries are:

More permeable than blood capillaries

Which blood type is generally called the universal donor?

O

Impulses carried to the heart by means of fibers that secrete acetylcholine are

Parasympathetic impulses and cause the heart rate to decrease

________ is a condition in which there is air inside the thoracic cavity and outside of the lungs.

Pneumothorax

The chordae tendineae

Prevent AV valve flaps from swinging back into the atrium

Which part of the renal tubular system reabsorbs or secretes the most substances?

Proximal tubule

Which of the following is not a branch of the aorta?

Pulmonary artery

Which of the following is the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves from the vena cava to the lungs?

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve

A thrombus in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the

Right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

The correct sequence of parts that carry cardiac impulses is

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

Male sex chromosomes are represented by:

XY

Hemophilia A is

a defect in the clotting mechanism.

Interleukin-1 secretion causes

a fever.

An antigen is ______, whereas an antibody is ______

a foreign substance such as a protein or a polysaccharide to which lymphocytes respond; a globular protein that reacts with an antigen to eliminate the antigen

Sickle cell disease is caused by

a mutation

Problems caused by a blockage of the hepatopancreatic sphincter would include

a reduced availability of pancreatic juice and bile

Erythroblastosis fetalis may occur in

a second Rh-positive fetus developing in an Rh-negative woman.

Edema is

abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid.

Edema is defined as a(n)

abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in the tissues.

The primary function of the small intestine is:

absorption of nutrients

Electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of ________ across the digestive tract with rates of ________ at the kidneys.

absorption; loss

A primary function of lymphocytes is to

act against foreign substances.

Which would be most affected by oversecretion of CRH?

adrenal

The process whereby the binding of antibodies to antigens causes RBCs to clump is called

agglutination

Gas exchange occurs in the:

alveoli

Terminal bronchioles eventually terminate in:

alveoli

A human cell that has 47 chromosomes is

aneuploid

Recessive x-linked traits

are more likely to be expressed in males.

Impulses that the vagus nerve carries to the heart

are parasympathetic and decrease heart rate.

The seminiferous tubules

are the site of production of spermatozoa.

A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________.

be unable to produce viable sperm

The tricuspid valve is located

between the right atrium and right ventricle.

"Formed elements" are

blood cells and platelets.

Normally menstruation occurs when ________.

blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

Carbon dioxide dissolves in blood plasma for transport as:

both lungs have two lobes

Which one of the following is NOT true of the lungs

both lungs have two lobes

Which of the following regimens should lead to the loss of one pound of fat in one week?

burning 500 calories a day running or eating 500 fewer calories a day

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute is called the

cardiac output.

Steroid hormones

cause messenger RNA synthesis. combine with protein receptor molecules. are soluble in lipids.

The detrusor muscle

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

Insulin causes

conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles.

The countercurrent mechanism in the nephron

creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts when they are permeable to water.

Platelets are best described as

cytoplasmic fragments of cells

Relaxation of the heart chambers is called

diastole

A steroid hormone acts on a target cell by

directly causing protein synthesis.

Menstruation is the actual shedding of the ________.

endometrium

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Gastrin is produced in the stomach by:

enteroendocrine cells

The hormone that regulates the rate of erythrocyte production is called:

erythropoietin

Which hormone is released by the kidneys when blood pressure falls or the oxygen content of the blood becomes abnormally low?

erythropoietin

The hormone that is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues is

erythropoietin.

A sweat gland is an example of a(n) _______ gland.

exocrine

Plasma and interstitial fluid account for most of the volume of ________ in the body.

extracellular fluid

Fertilization normally occurs in the

fallopian tube.

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

fats

The nonselective, passive process performed by the glomerulus that forms blood plasma without blood proteins is called:

filtration

The process of emptying the bladder is referred to as voiding or:

filtration

The liver

forms glucose from noncarbohydrates

When blood glucose levels fall,

glucagon is released.

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?

growth hormone

The origin of the 46 chromosomes in a human zygote is

half from the sperm and half from the egg.

Hormones

have functions in growth, reproduction, and development.

Extracellular fluids have relatively

high sodium and low potassium ion concentrations.

The parietal cells of gastric glands secrete

hydrochloric acid.

The brush border cells of the small intestine

increase surface area

Carbon dioxide is sometimes added to the air that a patient breathes in order to

increase the rate and depth of breathing

With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see ________.

increased hematocrit

Athletes abuse erythropoietin (EPO) because this hormone

increases the number of red blood cells.

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.

inhibits the release of ADH

Which of the following is the pancreatic hormone that is released when blood glucose levels rise?

insulin

Which of the following is the most diverse and important group of chemical messengers in the immune system?

interleukins

"Endocrine" mean

internal secretion.

The second intestinal segment is (the)

jejunum

If a digital image is made of chromosomes in a cell going through mitosis, and the chromosomes are sorted and paired, the resulting display is a ________.

karyotype

The organ responsible for drying out indigestible food residue through water absorption and the elimination of feces is the:

large intestine

Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as ________.

lipid emulsification

Bile is produced by the __________ but stored in the __________.

liver; gallbladder

Platelets are fragments of multinucleate cells called:

megakaryocytes

A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________.

molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

more urine is produced (polyuria)

Which one of the following represents the correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal:

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

The major body parts derived from mesoderm are the

muscle tissue, bone tissue, and bone marrow.

The countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the

nephron loop.

The most active phagocytic cells in circulating blood are

neutrophils and monocytes

Blood platelets

number from 150,000 - 450,000 per microliter blood. release serotonin. form from megakaryocytes.

Meiosis is necessary because

otherwise the fertilized ovum will have too much genetic material.

Erythropoeitin is a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to low levels of:

oxygen

The placenta allows

oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from maternal blood to the embryo.

Secretions that affect only nearby cells are termed

paracrine.

The loose-fitting sac around the heart is the

pericardium

The propulsive process that moves food from one organ to the next is called:

peristalsis

Amniotic fluid

protects the embryo against being jarred by movements.

Kwashiorkor may develop in children who have dietary deficiencies of

proteins

Pepsin is necessary for the stomach to break down:

proteins

Antidiuretic hormone prevents excessive water loss by promoting water reabsorption in the:

proximal convoluted tubule

The hormone aldosterone promotes the

reabsorption of sodium ions.

In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the

red bone marrow.

Exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands in that exocrine glands

secrete through ducts or tubes to the body's exterior.

When sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are

secreted.

The major mixing movement in the small intestine is accomplished by

segmentation

The tubular gland that produces a secretion that contains fructose, is slightly alkaline, and contributes about 60 percent to the volume of the semen is the

seminal vesicle.

The two general types of chromosomes are

sex chromosomes and autosomes.

Jeff made a detailed pedigree of his extended family over several generations. He noted all of the family members who expressed a specific genetic trait. He noted that this trait was not observed in every generation, and that it was expressed far more frequently in the males of the family. Based on this information alone, what terms would best describe this trait?

sex-linked recessive

Which disease is characterized by defective hemoglobin that results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one pair of the globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule resulting in stiff, markedly curved red blood cells?

sickle cell anemia

The normal pacemaker of the heart is the

sinoatrial node

The molecule that prevents lung collapse by lowering the surface tension of the water film lining each alveolar sac is called:

surfactant

Respiration is

the entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells.

Fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by

the lymphatic system

When the ventricular walls contract,

the mitral and tricuspid valves close.

Hematocrit is

the percent of red blood cells in a blood sample.

T lymphocytes mature in the thymus in response to

thymosins

In edema

tissues swell with fluid

The functions of the lymphatic system do not include

transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle

The ________ is the tube that conveys urine outside the body.

urethra

The detrusor muscle is in the

urinary bladder.

Oxytocin is administered to women following childbirth to stimulate

uterine contractions

The atrioventricular (AV) valves are closed ________.

when the ventricles are in systole

Which of the following is not a function of the mucus-covered nasal passages?

Cooling exhaled air

Cartilage is the landmark for a tracheostomy

Cricoid

Deficiency of vitamin ___ causes osteomalacia.

D

Which is the largest compartment of extracellular water?

Interstitial fluid

Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur?

LH

Which choice describes the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop?

Water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb

Which of the following is important in maintaining the pH of blood?

Carbon dioxide

The universal recipient has blood type:

AB

Which gland is located at the top of each kidney?

Adrenal

Which hormone increases the permeability of the collecting ducts and distal tubules so that more water is reabsorbed, thereby increasing the blood volume and blood pressure and diluting the ionic concentration?

Antidiuretic hormone

Which hormone tends to increase the amount of urine produced?

Atrial natriuretic hormone

A person with type AB blood can successfully receive blood from a person with type ___________ blood.

B A O

Select the correct statement about lymphocytes.

B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood.

Vitamins is given to pregnant women to support the growth and development of the fetus

B12

A deficiency in what vitamin causes scurvy

C

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

C-shaped cartilage rings

What tissue lines the trachea?

Cilitaed epithelium

Which is true regarding pyrogens?

They are particularly sensitive to chemicals released by other body cells or by pathogens

What is the function of IgG antibodies?

They are responsible for defense against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins.

How are sperm acted upon by the reproductive system of the female?

They undergo capacitation in the vagina

The hormone TSH acts upon what gland?

Thyroid


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