Anatomy and Physiology 2
The ratio of intracellular to extracellular fluids in the body of an average male is
2:1
The normal white blood cell count is
4,500-10,000 cells per microliter of blood.
Deficiency of vitamin ___ causes night blindness.
A
Which of the following vitamins can promote intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus?
D
The pituitary hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis is
FSH
Hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates HCL and pepsin production?
Gastrin
B lymphocytes proliferate within which area of a lymph node?
Germinal center
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in childhood causes
Gigantism
Activation of what starts the intrinsic clotting cascade?
Hageman factor (XII)
The circulation from the digestive tract to the liver is called the ______ circulation.
Hepatic portal
Which of the following functions to attack pathogens before they enter body tissues?
IgA
Immunoglobulins that primarily occur in exocrine secretions are
IgD.
Immunoglobulins that can bind to antigens, stimulating basophils and mast cells, are called ________ antibodies.
IgE
Which of the following correctly matches the valve to its function?
Mitral valve—permits one—way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
The lymphatic capillaries are:
More permeable than blood capillaries
Which blood type is generally called the universal donor?
O
Impulses carried to the heart by means of fibers that secrete acetylcholine are
Parasympathetic impulses and cause the heart rate to decrease
________ is a condition in which there is air inside the thoracic cavity and outside of the lungs.
Pneumothorax
The chordae tendineae
Prevent AV valve flaps from swinging back into the atrium
Which part of the renal tubular system reabsorbs or secretes the most substances?
Proximal tubule
Which of the following is not a branch of the aorta?
Pulmonary artery
Which of the following is the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves from the vena cava to the lungs?
Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve
A thrombus in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the
Right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
The correct sequence of parts that carry cardiac impulses is
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers
Male sex chromosomes are represented by:
XY
Hemophilia A is
a defect in the clotting mechanism.
Interleukin-1 secretion causes
a fever.
An antigen is ______, whereas an antibody is ______
a foreign substance such as a protein or a polysaccharide to which lymphocytes respond; a globular protein that reacts with an antigen to eliminate the antigen
Sickle cell disease is caused by
a mutation
Problems caused by a blockage of the hepatopancreatic sphincter would include
a reduced availability of pancreatic juice and bile
Erythroblastosis fetalis may occur in
a second Rh-positive fetus developing in an Rh-negative woman.
Edema is
abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid.
Edema is defined as a(n)
abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in the tissues.
The primary function of the small intestine is:
absorption of nutrients
Electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of ________ across the digestive tract with rates of ________ at the kidneys.
absorption; loss
A primary function of lymphocytes is to
act against foreign substances.
Which would be most affected by oversecretion of CRH?
adrenal
The process whereby the binding of antibodies to antigens causes RBCs to clump is called
agglutination
Gas exchange occurs in the:
alveoli
Terminal bronchioles eventually terminate in:
alveoli
A human cell that has 47 chromosomes is
aneuploid
Recessive x-linked traits
are more likely to be expressed in males.
Impulses that the vagus nerve carries to the heart
are parasympathetic and decrease heart rate.
The seminiferous tubules
are the site of production of spermatozoa.
A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________.
be unable to produce viable sperm
The tricuspid valve is located
between the right atrium and right ventricle.
"Formed elements" are
blood cells and platelets.
Normally menstruation occurs when ________.
blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
Carbon dioxide dissolves in blood plasma for transport as:
both lungs have two lobes
Which one of the following is NOT true of the lungs
both lungs have two lobes
Which of the following regimens should lead to the loss of one pound of fat in one week?
burning 500 calories a day running or eating 500 fewer calories a day
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute is called the
cardiac output.
Steroid hormones
cause messenger RNA synthesis. combine with protein receptor molecules. are soluble in lipids.
The detrusor muscle
compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
Insulin causes
conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles.
The countercurrent mechanism in the nephron
creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts when they are permeable to water.
Platelets are best described as
cytoplasmic fragments of cells
Relaxation of the heart chambers is called
diastole
A steroid hormone acts on a target cell by
directly causing protein synthesis.
Menstruation is the actual shedding of the ________.
endometrium
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Gastrin is produced in the stomach by:
enteroendocrine cells
The hormone that regulates the rate of erythrocyte production is called:
erythropoietin
Which hormone is released by the kidneys when blood pressure falls or the oxygen content of the blood becomes abnormally low?
erythropoietin
The hormone that is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues is
erythropoietin.
A sweat gland is an example of a(n) _______ gland.
exocrine
Plasma and interstitial fluid account for most of the volume of ________ in the body.
extracellular fluid
Fertilization normally occurs in the
fallopian tube.
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are
fats
The nonselective, passive process performed by the glomerulus that forms blood plasma without blood proteins is called:
filtration
The process of emptying the bladder is referred to as voiding or:
filtration
The liver
forms glucose from noncarbohydrates
When blood glucose levels fall,
glucagon is released.
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?
growth hormone
The origin of the 46 chromosomes in a human zygote is
half from the sperm and half from the egg.
Hormones
have functions in growth, reproduction, and development.
Extracellular fluids have relatively
high sodium and low potassium ion concentrations.
The parietal cells of gastric glands secrete
hydrochloric acid.
The brush border cells of the small intestine
increase surface area
Carbon dioxide is sometimes added to the air that a patient breathes in order to
increase the rate and depth of breathing
With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see ________.
increased hematocrit
Athletes abuse erythropoietin (EPO) because this hormone
increases the number of red blood cells.
Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.
inhibits the release of ADH
Which of the following is the pancreatic hormone that is released when blood glucose levels rise?
insulin
Which of the following is the most diverse and important group of chemical messengers in the immune system?
interleukins
"Endocrine" mean
internal secretion.
The second intestinal segment is (the)
jejunum
If a digital image is made of chromosomes in a cell going through mitosis, and the chromosomes are sorted and paired, the resulting display is a ________.
karyotype
The organ responsible for drying out indigestible food residue through water absorption and the elimination of feces is the:
large intestine
Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as ________.
lipid emulsification
Bile is produced by the __________ but stored in the __________.
liver; gallbladder
Platelets are fragments of multinucleate cells called:
megakaryocytes
A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________.
molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,
more urine is produced (polyuria)
Which one of the following represents the correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal:
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
The major body parts derived from mesoderm are the
muscle tissue, bone tissue, and bone marrow.
The countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the
nephron loop.
The most active phagocytic cells in circulating blood are
neutrophils and monocytes
Blood platelets
number from 150,000 - 450,000 per microliter blood. release serotonin. form from megakaryocytes.
Meiosis is necessary because
otherwise the fertilized ovum will have too much genetic material.
Erythropoeitin is a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to low levels of:
oxygen
The placenta allows
oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from maternal blood to the embryo.
Secretions that affect only nearby cells are termed
paracrine.
The loose-fitting sac around the heart is the
pericardium
The propulsive process that moves food from one organ to the next is called:
peristalsis
Amniotic fluid
protects the embryo against being jarred by movements.
Kwashiorkor may develop in children who have dietary deficiencies of
proteins
Pepsin is necessary for the stomach to break down:
proteins
Antidiuretic hormone prevents excessive water loss by promoting water reabsorption in the:
proximal convoluted tubule
The hormone aldosterone promotes the
reabsorption of sodium ions.
In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the
red bone marrow.
Exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands in that exocrine glands
secrete through ducts or tubes to the body's exterior.
When sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are
secreted.
The major mixing movement in the small intestine is accomplished by
segmentation
The tubular gland that produces a secretion that contains fructose, is slightly alkaline, and contributes about 60 percent to the volume of the semen is the
seminal vesicle.
The two general types of chromosomes are
sex chromosomes and autosomes.
Jeff made a detailed pedigree of his extended family over several generations. He noted all of the family members who expressed a specific genetic trait. He noted that this trait was not observed in every generation, and that it was expressed far more frequently in the males of the family. Based on this information alone, what terms would best describe this trait?
sex-linked recessive
Which disease is characterized by defective hemoglobin that results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one pair of the globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule resulting in stiff, markedly curved red blood cells?
sickle cell anemia
The normal pacemaker of the heart is the
sinoatrial node
The molecule that prevents lung collapse by lowering the surface tension of the water film lining each alveolar sac is called:
surfactant
Respiration is
the entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells.
Fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by
the lymphatic system
When the ventricular walls contract,
the mitral and tricuspid valves close.
Hematocrit is
the percent of red blood cells in a blood sample.
T lymphocytes mature in the thymus in response to
thymosins
In edema
tissues swell with fluid
The functions of the lymphatic system do not include
transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle
The ________ is the tube that conveys urine outside the body.
urethra
The detrusor muscle is in the
urinary bladder.
Oxytocin is administered to women following childbirth to stimulate
uterine contractions
The atrioventricular (AV) valves are closed ________.
when the ventricles are in systole
Which of the following is not a function of the mucus-covered nasal passages?
Cooling exhaled air
Cartilage is the landmark for a tracheostomy
Cricoid
Deficiency of vitamin ___ causes osteomalacia.
D
Which is the largest compartment of extracellular water?
Interstitial fluid
Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur?
LH
Which choice describes the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop?
Water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb
Which of the following is important in maintaining the pH of blood?
Carbon dioxide
The universal recipient has blood type:
AB
Which gland is located at the top of each kidney?
Adrenal
Which hormone increases the permeability of the collecting ducts and distal tubules so that more water is reabsorbed, thereby increasing the blood volume and blood pressure and diluting the ionic concentration?
Antidiuretic hormone
Which hormone tends to increase the amount of urine produced?
Atrial natriuretic hormone
A person with type AB blood can successfully receive blood from a person with type ___________ blood.
B A O
Select the correct statement about lymphocytes.
B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood.
Vitamins is given to pregnant women to support the growth and development of the fetus
B12
A deficiency in what vitamin causes scurvy
C
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
C-shaped cartilage rings
What tissue lines the trachea?
Cilitaed epithelium
Which is true regarding pyrogens?
They are particularly sensitive to chemicals released by other body cells or by pathogens
What is the function of IgG antibodies?
They are responsible for defense against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins.
How are sperm acted upon by the reproductive system of the female?
They undergo capacitation in the vagina
The hormone TSH acts upon what gland?
Thyroid
