anatomy and physiology
organ system level
organs work closely with one another to accomplish common purpose
organ level
structure composed of 2 or more tissue types that perform specific function for body - stomach
organ
structure composed of 2 or more tissue types that perform specific function of body
ribose mitochondria nucleus Golgi complex
what are examples of things in the cellular level?
4 basic tissue types epithelium connective muscle nervous
what are is the example of the tissue level?
H20, CO2, glucose
what are some examples of things from the chemical level?
- body temperature - glucose level - hear rate - blood pressure
what are some of the many examples of negative feedback?
1. maintaining boundaries 2. movement 3. responsiveness 4. digestion 5. metabolism 6. excretion 7. reproductions 8. growth
what are the eight life functions?
- blood clotting - enhancement of labor contractions during birth
what are the few examples of positive feedback?
1. nutrients 2. oxygen 3. water 4. normal body temperature 5. atmospheric pressure
what are the five survival needs?
- oral cavity (mouth) - esophagus - stomach - small and large intestines - rectum - accessory organs: liver, salivary glands, pancreas
what are the organs involved in the digestive system?
cardiovascular system
- Blood vessels transport, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood. - The heart acts as a blood pump, propelling blood out of its chambers into the blood vessels to be transported to all body tissues.
integumentary system
- It waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury. - It also excretes salts and urea in perspiration and helps regulate body temperature.
endocrine system
- Like the nervous system controls body activities, but it acts much more slowly. - Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
female reproductive system
- Overall function of the reproductive system is production of offspring. - Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. - Mammary glands of female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn. Uterus provides the size for the development of fetus.
male reproductive system
- Overall function of the reproductive system is production of offspring. - Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract.
urinary system
- Removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine. - Maintaining the body's water and salt (electrolyte) balance and regulating the acid-base balance of the blood.
Skeletal System
- Supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movements. - Has a protective function or formation of blood cells, take place within the cavities of the skeleton.
muscular sytem
- The muscles of the body have only one function to contract or shorten. - Muscles can be viewed as "machines" of the body. The mobility of the body as a whole reflects the activity of skeletal muscles the large, fleshy muscles attached to bones. - When these contact, you are able to stand erect, walk learp, grasp, throw a ball, or smile.
water
- accounts for 60 to 80 percent of body weight - it is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body and provides the fluid base for body secretions and excretions
growth
- is an increase in size, usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells - cell-constructing activities must occur at a faster rate than cell-destroying ones
positive feedback
- responsive enhances the original stimuli so activity (output) is accelerated - change that occurs proceeds in same direction as initial change/causing it to deviate further from "ideal value" - sets off a series of events or "cascades"
negative feedback
- the output of the system decreases or shuts off the original stimuli or reduces its intensity - Changes in direction opposite to that of initial change/return to its "ideal" value
organismal level
-highest level - sum total of many organ systems which all promote life
cellular level
-organelles lead to development of cells -cells: smallest living unit - vary in size & shape; related to unique functions
chemical level
-simplest level - atoms combine to form molecules
digestive system
Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
nervous system
Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
respiratory system
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
lymphatic system
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity
control center effector efferent
The ___________ analyzes the input, determines the appropriate response, and activates the ____________ by sending information along the ___________ pathway.
negative
When the response causes the initial stimulus to decline, the homeostatic mechanism is referred to as a _________ feedback mechanism.
negative
_________ feedback mechanism are more common in the body
function, structure
____________ always reflects ______________.
structure, function
____________ determines what _________ takes place.
oxygen
all the nutrients in the world are useless unless this is available
responsiveness
also known as irritability, it is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them
control center
analyzes info and determines appropriate response
ana
apart
homeostasis
body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions even though external conditions are changing
maintaining boundaries
every living organism must be able to maintain its boundaries so that its "insides" remains distinct from its "outside"
tissue
group of similar cells with a common function
tissue level
group of similar cells with a common function four basic tissues
normal body temperature
if chemical reactions are to continue at life sustaining levels this must be maintained
increase glucose
if you ingest 4 donuts then....
decrease glucose
if you skipped breakfast, and late for lunch then.....
movement
includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another and manipulating the external environment with our fingers
metabolism
is a broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the body
digestion
is the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood
excretion
is the process of removing excreta or water from the body
physio
nature
effector
provides means for response (output) to stimuli
receptor control center
responds to initial stimuli and sends information (input to) the...
"feed back"
results of the response _______ to influence stimuli either by depressing it or enhancing it
homeo
same
cells
smallest living units
stasis
standing still
receptor control center afferent
the _________ senses changes in the environment and responds by sending information (input) to the ____________ along the ____________ pathway.
nutrients
the body take in through food, contain the chemical used for energy and cell building
atmospheric pressure
the force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air
consists of three components
the homeostatic control mechanism consists of....
nervous and endocrine system
the homeostatic control mechanism is regulated by what organ system?
ology
the study of
physiology
the study of how the body and its parts work or function
anatomy
the study of the structure and shape of the body, body parts, and their relationships to each other
tomy
to cut
microscopic anatomy
use the microscope to look at things at the cellular level
- thoracic duct - lymph nodes - lymphatic vessels - spleen - tonsils
what are the organs involved in the lymphatic system?
- seminal vessels - prostate gland - penis - vas deferens - testis - scrotum - accessory glands - duct system
what are the organs involved in the male reproductive system?
- nasal passages - pharynx - trachea - bronchi - lungs
what are the organs involved in the respiratory system?
- kidney - ureter - urinary - bladder - urethra
what are the organs involved in the urinary system?
- heart - blood vessels
what are the organs that are involved in the cardiovascular system?
- mammary glands (in breast) - uterine tube - ovary - uterus - vagina
what are the organs that are involved in the female reproductive system?
gross and microscopic
what are the subdivisions of anatomy?
neurophysiology cardiac physiology renal physiology
what are the subdivisions of physiology?
receptor control center effector
what are the three components involved in homeostatic control mechanism?
digestive
what is an example of an organ system level?
stomach: all 4 basic types
what is an example of organ level?
YOU! made up of 11 organ systems
what is the example of organismal level?
1. chemical 2. cellular 3. tissue 4. organ 5. organ system 6. organismal
what is the order of the levels of structural organization?
skin
what organ is involved in the integumentary system?
respiratory system
what organ system pertains to atmospheric pressure?
digestion system and cardiovascular system
what organ system pertains to digestion?
digestive system urinary system
what organ system pertains to excretion?
endocrine system reproductive system
what organ system pertains to growth?
integumentary system
what organ system pertains to maintaining boundaries?
digestive system cardiovascular system endocrine respiratory system
what organ system pertains to metabolism?
skeletal system and muscular system
what organ system pertains to movement?
skeletal muscles and muscular system
what organ system pertains to normal body temperature?
skeletal system cardiovascular
what organ system pertains to nutrients?
cardiovascular system respiratory system
what organ system pertains to oxygen?
nervous system
what organ system pertains to responsiveness?
integumentary system urinary system
what organ system pertains to water?
- Pineal gland - pituitary gland - thyroid gland - thymus gland - adrenal glands pancreas - testis (male) - ovary (female)
what organs are involved in the endocrine system?
- skeletal muscles
what organs are involved in the muscular system?
- brain - spinal cord - nerves - sensory receptors
what organs are involved in the nervous system?
- cartilage - joint - bones
what organs are involved in the skeletal system?
gross anatomy
what you can see with the naked eye
needs
when ___________ are adequately met, functions occur smoothly.
positive
when the response enhances the initial stimulus, the mechanism is called a ________ feedback mechanism.