anatomy and physiology

organ system level

organs work closely with one another to accomplish common purpose

organ level

structure composed of 2 or more tissue types that perform specific function for body - stomach

organ

structure composed of 2 or more tissue types that perform specific function of body

ribose mitochondria nucleus Golgi complex

what are examples of things in the cellular level?

4 basic tissue types epithelium connective muscle nervous

what are is the example of the tissue level?

H20, CO2, glucose

what are some examples of things from the chemical level?

- body temperature - glucose level - hear rate - blood pressure

what are some of the many examples of negative feedback?

1. maintaining boundaries 2. movement 3. responsiveness 4. digestion 5. metabolism 6. excretion 7. reproductions 8. growth

what are the eight life functions?

- blood clotting - enhancement of labor contractions during birth

what are the few examples of positive feedback?

1. nutrients 2. oxygen 3. water 4. normal body temperature 5. atmospheric pressure

what are the five survival needs?

- oral cavity (mouth) - esophagus - stomach - small and large intestines - rectum - accessory organs: liver, salivary glands, pancreas

what are the organs involved in the digestive system?

cardiovascular system

- Blood vessels transport, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood. - The heart acts as a blood pump, propelling blood out of its chambers into the blood vessels to be transported to all body tissues.

integumentary system

- It waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury. - It also excretes salts and urea in perspiration and helps regulate body temperature.

endocrine system

- Like the nervous system controls body activities, but it acts much more slowly. - Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells

female reproductive system

- Overall function of the reproductive system is production of offspring. - Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. - Mammary glands of female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn. Uterus provides the size for the development of fetus.

male reproductive system

- Overall function of the reproductive system is production of offspring. - Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract.

urinary system

- Removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine. - Maintaining the body's water and salt (electrolyte) balance and regulating the acid-base balance of the blood.

Skeletal System

- Supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movements. - Has a protective function or formation of blood cells, take place within the cavities of the skeleton.

muscular sytem

- The muscles of the body have only one function to contract or shorten. - Muscles can be viewed as "machines" of the body. The mobility of the body as a whole reflects the activity of skeletal muscles the large, fleshy muscles attached to bones. - When these contact, you are able to stand erect, walk learp, grasp, throw a ball, or smile.

water

- accounts for 60 to 80 percent of body weight - it is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body and provides the fluid base for body secretions and excretions

growth

- is an increase in size, usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells - cell-constructing activities must occur at a faster rate than cell-destroying ones

positive feedback

- responsive enhances the original stimuli so activity (output) is accelerated - change that occurs proceeds in same direction as initial change/causing it to deviate further from "ideal value" - sets off a series of events or "cascades"

negative feedback

- the output of the system decreases or shuts off the original stimuli or reduces its intensity - Changes in direction opposite to that of initial change/return to its "ideal" value

organismal level

-highest level - sum total of many organ systems which all promote life

cellular level

-organelles lead to development of cells -cells: smallest living unit - vary in size & shape; related to unique functions

chemical level

-simplest level - atoms combine to form molecules

digestive system

Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

nervous system

Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

respiratory system

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

lymphatic system

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity

control center effector efferent

The ___________ analyzes the input, determines the appropriate response, and activates the ____________ by sending information along the ___________ pathway.

negative

When the response causes the initial stimulus to decline, the homeostatic mechanism is referred to as a _________ feedback mechanism.

negative

_________ feedback mechanism are more common in the body

function, structure

____________ always reflects ______________.

structure, function

____________ determines what _________ takes place.

oxygen

all the nutrients in the world are useless unless this is available

responsiveness

also known as irritability, it is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them

control center

analyzes info and determines appropriate response

ana

apart

homeostasis

body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions even though external conditions are changing

maintaining boundaries

every living organism must be able to maintain its boundaries so that its "insides" remains distinct from its "outside"

tissue

group of similar cells with a common function

tissue level

group of similar cells with a common function four basic tissues

normal body temperature

if chemical reactions are to continue at life sustaining levels this must be maintained

increase glucose

if you ingest 4 donuts then....

decrease glucose

if you skipped breakfast, and late for lunch then.....

movement

includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another and manipulating the external environment with our fingers

metabolism

is a broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the body

digestion

is the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood

excretion

is the process of removing excreta or water from the body

physio

nature

effector

provides means for response (output) to stimuli

receptor control center

responds to initial stimuli and sends information (input to) the...

"feed back"

results of the response _______ to influence stimuli either by depressing it or enhancing it

homeo

same

cells

smallest living units

stasis

standing still

receptor control center afferent

the _________ senses changes in the environment and responds by sending information (input) to the ____________ along the ____________ pathway.

nutrients

the body take in through food, contain the chemical used for energy and cell building

atmospheric pressure

the force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air

consists of three components

the homeostatic control mechanism consists of....

nervous and endocrine system

the homeostatic control mechanism is regulated by what organ system?

ology

the study of

physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

anatomy

the study of the structure and shape of the body, body parts, and their relationships to each other

tomy

to cut

microscopic anatomy

use the microscope to look at things at the cellular level

- thoracic duct - lymph nodes - lymphatic vessels - spleen - tonsils

what are the organs involved in the lymphatic system?

- seminal vessels - prostate gland - penis - vas deferens - testis - scrotum - accessory glands - duct system

what are the organs involved in the male reproductive system?

- nasal passages - pharynx - trachea - bronchi - lungs

what are the organs involved in the respiratory system?

- kidney - ureter - urinary - bladder - urethra

what are the organs involved in the urinary system?

- heart - blood vessels

what are the organs that are involved in the cardiovascular system?

- mammary glands (in breast) - uterine tube - ovary - uterus - vagina

what are the organs that are involved in the female reproductive system?

gross and microscopic

what are the subdivisions of anatomy?

neurophysiology cardiac physiology renal physiology

what are the subdivisions of physiology?

receptor control center effector

what are the three components involved in homeostatic control mechanism?

digestive

what is an example of an organ system level?

stomach: all 4 basic types

what is an example of organ level?

YOU! made up of 11 organ systems

what is the example of organismal level?

1. chemical 2. cellular 3. tissue 4. organ 5. organ system 6. organismal

what is the order of the levels of structural organization?

skin

what organ is involved in the integumentary system?

respiratory system

what organ system pertains to atmospheric pressure?

digestion system and cardiovascular system

what organ system pertains to digestion?

digestive system urinary system

what organ system pertains to excretion?

endocrine system reproductive system

what organ system pertains to growth?

integumentary system

what organ system pertains to maintaining boundaries?

digestive system cardiovascular system endocrine respiratory system

what organ system pertains to metabolism?

skeletal system and muscular system

what organ system pertains to movement?

skeletal muscles and muscular system

what organ system pertains to normal body temperature?

skeletal system cardiovascular

what organ system pertains to nutrients?

cardiovascular system respiratory system

what organ system pertains to oxygen?

nervous system

what organ system pertains to responsiveness?

integumentary system urinary system

what organ system pertains to water?

- Pineal gland - pituitary gland - thyroid gland - thymus gland - adrenal glands pancreas - testis (male) - ovary (female)

what organs are involved in the endocrine system?

- skeletal muscles

what organs are involved in the muscular system?

- brain - spinal cord - nerves - sensory receptors

what organs are involved in the nervous system?

- cartilage - joint - bones

what organs are involved in the skeletal system?

gross anatomy

what you can see with the naked eye

needs

when ___________ are adequately met, functions occur smoothly.

positive

when the response enhances the initial stimulus, the mechanism is called a ________ feedback mechanism.