Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 10 LS Q&A

ATP is generated when the enzyme creatine kinase transfers Pi from __________ to ADP

phosphate

The striated appearance in skeletal muscle cells is due to size and density differences between ______ and ______ filaments

thick; thin.

In which activities are muscles in a isometric contraction

-pushing on a locked door -holding a yoga pose -sitting up very straight

A neuromuscular junction contains a(n) ____.

-synaptic knob -motor end plate -synaptic cleft

Thin filaments in smooth muscle cells contain which proteins?

Actin; tropomyosin.

Slow muscle fibers are about ______ the diameter of fast muscle fibers.

Half

Match the duration of a single muscle contraction (Immediate, short term, long term) with the source of ATP (aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, creatine phosphate)

Immediate: Creatine phosphate Short term: Anaerobic respiration Long term: Aerobic respiration

Smooth muscle is found where?

In the wall of the small intestine, around the blood vessels, in the wall of the uterus.

What can cause muscle fatigue?

Insufficient Ca2+ Na+ or Ka+ imbalances Build up of intracellular Pi

Match the structures with their functions. Structures: Intermediate filaments, Dense Body, Dense Plaque. Functions: Anchoring point between intermediate filaments and the sacroplasm; Anchoring point between intermediate filaments and the sacrolemma; Cytoskeletal network.

Intermediate filaments: Cytoskeletal network. Dense Body: Anchoring point between intermediate filaments and the sacroplasm Dense Plaque: Anchoring point between intermediate filaments and the sacrolemma

Smooth muscle contraction is under ______ control of the nervous system.

Involunatry

During a(n) _________ contraction, the length of the muscle does NOT change.

Isometric.

Match each protein (MLCK, Calmodulin, MLCP) with its function (Phosphorylates myosin, binds calcium, dephosphorylates myosin)

MLCK: Phosphaorylates myosin Calmodulin: binds calcium MLCP: dephosphorylates myosin

In a motor unit, a single ___________ neuron typically controls numerous muscle fibers in a muscle.

Motor

skeletal muscle contraction is controlled by ______ neurons.

Motor.

Match the name of the muscle cell component (muscle fiber; sarcolemma; sarcoplasm; sarcoplasmic reticulum; T-tubule) to its function (regulates entry and exit of materials; site of metabolic processes for normal muscle fiber activities; transports the action potention from the sarcolemma throughout the entire muscle fiber; metabolic activities & contraction; stores calcium ions needed for muscle contraction.)

Muscle Fiber: metabolic activities & contraction Sarcolemma: regulates entry and exit of materials Sarcoplasm: site of metabolic processes for normal muscle fiber activities Sarcoplasmic reticulum: stores calcium ions needed for muscle contraction T-Tubule: transports the action potention from the sarcolemma throughout the entire muscle fiber

Match each muscle component (muscle, fascicle, muscle cell) with the connective tissue layer that surrounds it (epimysium, perimysium, endomysium)

Muscle: Epimysium Fascicle: Perimysium Muscle cell: Endomysium

Match the muscle component (Muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, and myofilament) with its description (multiple bundles housing many muscle fibers; short contractile proteins of 2 types: thick & thin; long cyndrical contractile element within muscle fiber; elongated, multi-nucleated, cylindrical cells; a bundle of muscle fibers.)

Muscle: multiple bundles housing many muscle fibers Fascicle: a bundle of muscle fibers Muscle fiber: elongated, multi-nucleated Myofibril: long cyndrical contractile element within muscle fiber Myofilament: short contractile protiend of 2 types: thick & thin

During development, many groups of __________ fuse to form single skeletal muscle fibers.

Myoblasts

The cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell has a specific name and is known as _____________.

Sarcoplasm

Match the muscle tissue: (skeletal, cardiac, smooth) With its conduction speed: (moderate, fast, slow)

Skeletal: Fast. Cardiac: Moderate. Smooth: Slow.

The ______ filament theory explains how muscle fibers shorten during contraction

Sliding

What type of muscle forms the majority of the walls in the digestive tract?

Smooth muscle

The muscle that surrounds the opening to your esophagus and opens reflexively to allow you to swallow food is what type of muscle?

Sphincter

TRUE OR FALSE? Smooth muscle cells retains its mitotic ability

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE?: smooth muscle cells lack transverse tubules

True

TRUE OR FALSE? Skeletal muscles are usually attached to the skeleton, but it is also found at the openings between the digestive tract and the external environment and the urinary tract and the opening to the external environment.

True. (Skeletal muscles make up the sphincters that guard the opening to the u.t. and digestive system.

ACh is an acronym for:

acetylcholine

Receptors in the motor plate end bind with the neurotransmitter __________ released from the synaptic knob.

acetylcholine

Contraction of a muscle fiber requires that the myosin heads in the thick filament bind to active sites on _______ molecules within the thin filaments.

actin

In a muscle cell, the short term energy is supplied by______ respiration, while long term energy is supplied by______.

anaerobic/aerobic

The invaginations of the sacrolemma on smooth muscle cell is called:

caveolae

In a muscle there are concentric layer of connective tissue. from deep to superficial these connective tissue layers are the ______, the ______, and the _______

endomysium/ perimysium/ epimysium

Intermediate fibers have a high resistance to

fatigue

Order of occurrence once ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft of the NMJ

1. ACh binds to receptors on the motor plate end 2. The resulting action potential moves down the sarcolemma 3. The action potential moves down the t-tubules. 4. The action potential reaches the terminal cisterenae of the SR 5. Calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm.

Order of the cross-bridge cycling stages?

1. Calcium binds troponin; myosin binding site uncovered. 2. Cross-bridge formation. 3. Power stroke. 4. Release of myosin head by ATP 5. Reset of myosin head.

Order the steps of Neuromusclular junction: Excitation of skeletal muscle fiber

1. Nerve impulse arrives at synoptic nerve. 2. Ca2+ enters and binds synaptic vesicles. 3. ACh is released in synaptic cleft. 4. ACh binds receptors on the motor end plate.

Describe the following functions: Body movement. Posture. Temp. regulation. Storage and movement of materials.

Body movement: Muscles contract and pull on the tendons that attach the muscles to the bones. Posture: Contraction of specific skeletal muscles stabilizes joints. Temp. Regulation: Heat is produced as a waste product of energy usage. Storage & movement of materials: Voluntary sphincter muscles of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts can be kept opened or closed.

the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores _______ ions needed to initiate muscle contraction.

Calcium

The enzyme acetylcholinesterase resides in the synaptic _______.

Cleft. (The neurotransmitter, acetycholine, is found in the synaptic knob. The enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, is found in the synaptic cleft.)

the amount of additional oxygen that must be inhaled in order to restore pre-exercise levels is called oxygen ________.

Debt

Muscle tissue demonstrates the property of _______ when it is done contracting and returns to its resting length.

Elasticity

Myofibrils are made of...

Myofilaments

Thick myofilaments are composed of a bundle of which protein molecule?

Myosin

The point where a motor neuron meets a skeletal muscle fiber is called the ____ junction.

Neuromuscular

Skeletal muscle is arranged in layers along the walls of the abdominal cavity and the floor of the pelvic cavity perform what function(s)?

Protection, support, and contraction.

The motor end plate is a specialized region of the...

Sacrolemma

The functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is known as a

Sacromere