Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 6
Paranasal sinuses are located within which of the following bones? 1. frontal bone 2. sphenoid 3. ethmoid 4. maxilla 5. nasal bone
1, 2, 3, 4
Older individuals suffer from a much higher proportion of hip fractures than the young. Why?
Older people have less bone density than the young.
________ are giant bone cells with 50 or more nuclei.
Osteoclasts
Why is the elbow joint considered to be extremely stable?
The bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock.
The organic component of the matrix, which makes up around one-third of the mass of bone, is dominated by
collagen fibers.
The smooth, rounded, or oval articular process of a bone is termed a
condyle.
Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following?
connective tissue
The frontal and parietal bones articulate at the ________ suture.
coronal
The depression on the distal end of the anterior humerus is the
coronoid fossa.
Which feature is the attachment point for the temporalis muscle, a powerful muscle that closes the jaw?
coronoid process
True ribs are directly connected to the sternum by
costal cartilages.
The bony compartment that supports the brain is called the
cranium.
The ________ ligaments of the knee cross each other as they attach the tibia to the femur.
cruciate
Which structural feature(s) of the knee function(s) in limiting the anterior and posterior movement of the femur?
cruciate ligaments
The C1 vertebra forms a pivot joint with the C2 vertebra through a projection called the
dens.
The hormone calcitonin functions to
depress calcium levels in body fluids.
The shaft of a long bone is called the
diaphysis
(Structure of a Long Bone) Structure B is the
diaphysis.
Which of the following associations is most accurate?
diarthroses; synovial
When one closes the mouth, the movement is called
elevation
(Structure of a Long Bone)Structure F is the
endosteum.
The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with
endosteum.
Compared with the male pelvis, the female pelvis has a
larger pelvic outlet.
The primary function of ________ is exemplified when bones function as to change the magnitude and direction of the forces generated by skeletal muscle.
leverage
Found outside or inside a joint capsule, structures that join bone to bone are called
ligaments.
On the posterior aspect of the femur, the ________ marks the attachment of powerful muscles that adduct the femur.
linea aspera
The bones of the upper arms and thighs are classified as
long bones.
The typical vertebra's ________, projecting laterally or dorsolaterally from the pedicles, serves as a site for muscle attachment.
transverse process
The ribs articulate with the
transverse processes of vertebrae
Which two features make up the hinge joint at the elbow?
trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
Ribs that are connected to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions are called ________ ribs.
true
A Cervical Vertebra (Superior View) Structure A is the
vertebral arch.
A Cervical Vertebra (Superior View) Structure B is the
vertebral foramen.
The spinal cord lies within the
vertebral foramen.
Rickets is a condition marked by a softening and bending of bones that occurs in growing children, as a result of ________ deficiency.
vitamin D3
The bony portion of the nasal septum includes which of the following?
vomer and ethmoid
In the skeletal system, compact bone is usually located
where stresses come from a limited range of directions.
Jason fractured his pisiform bone in an accident. What part of his body is injured?
wrist
Which of the following is most likely to be damaged during CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)?
xiphoid process
The most inferior portion of the sternum is called the
xiphoid process.
Which type of synovial joint is described as an oval articular face nestling within a depression on the opposing surface?
condylar
The patella
glides over the smooth anterior surface, between the lateral and medial condyles.
A joint with flattened or slightly curved articulating surfaces is called a ________ joint.
gliding
The joints between the phalanges are classified as
hinges.
The paired ________ form(s) the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, and function(s) in slowing airflow and deflecting inhaled air toward the olfactory receptors.
inferior nasal conchae
Osteocytes
maintain normal bone structure by recycling the calcium salts in the bony matrix around themselves.
Which of the following is formed via intramembranous ossification?
mandible
Bones of the skull that articulate with the nasal bones include (the)
maxillary bone.
Which is the anatomical term for a passageway through a bone?
meatus
Synovial Joint (Sagittal Section) Structure C is the
periosteum.
Your doctor suggests that you increase your calcium intake to maintain your healthy bones. You do not understand why the doctor suggested this since you are a healthy 32-year-old. What was the doctor's reasoning?
You are at an age where calcium levels in the bone may start to subside, producing weaker bones later in life.
A structure often associated with synovial joints, but not found in all, is
a fibrocartilage pad.
An upward movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane is
abduction
The depression that receives the head of the femur is the
acetabulum
A downward movement toward the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane is termed
adduction
Pads of ________ are often found around the edges of diarthrotic joints to provide protection for the articular cartilages.
adipose tissue
Functions of the curves of the vertebral column include which of the following?
aligns the body's weight in line with the body axis
Which joint type can perform rotation movements?
ball and socket
Which of the following primary functions of the skeletal system applies to the role of red bone marrow?
blood cell production
Red bone marrow functions in the formation of
blood cells.
What is defined as a small packet of connective tissue containing synovial fluid, which reduces friction in a joint and acts as a shock absorber?
bursa
The process of depositing calcium salts into a tissue is called
calcification.
Which of the following accounts for almost two-thirds of the mass of bone tissue?
calcium phosphate
Channels within bone, involved with cell-to-cell communication, are called
canaliculi.
The bones of the wrist form the
carpus.
Moving the arm in a loop is an example of which angular movement?
circumduction
The pectoral girdle consists of the
clavicle and scapula.
The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is where the
clavicle articulates with the manubrium.
(Structure of a Long Bone) The bone tissue at E is ________ bone.
compact
Compared with the pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle is
comprised of more massive bones, which are adapted for weight bearing.
Which of the following is a function of synovial fluid?
decrease friction within joint
The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates
epiphyseal growth has ended
(Structure of a Long Bone) Structure H is the
epiphyseal line.
(Structure of a Long Bone) Structure A is the
epiphysis.
Adult Skull (Lateral View) Structure J is the
ethmoid
Which of the following bones contain the cribriform foramina?
ethmoid
Movement in the anterior-posterior plane that decreases the angle between articulating bones is which movement?
flexion
Which of the following is the most important normal hip movement, one that is primarily limited by the surrounding muscles?
flexion
Ribs that have no connection to the sternum are called
floating ribs.
The areas of fibrous connective tissue that exist between cranial bones at birth are called
fontanels.
Which structural feature of the scapula articulates with the humerus?
glenoid cavity
The intervertebral articulations are classified as ________ joints.
gliding and symphysis
The trochlea is a structural feature of which bone?
humerus
The bones of the pelvis
include portions of both axial and appendicular elements.
Which maxillary region feature serves as an opening for a major sensory nerve from the face?
infra-orbital foramen
Superior and inferior to the vertebral body lie the
intervertebral discs.
A twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole inward is termed
inversion.
Which coxal bone feature supports the body's weight when one is sitting?
ischial tuberosity
Synovial Joint (Sagittal Section) Structure D is the
joint capsule.
The structure that surrounds a diarthrotic joint is called a(n)
joint capsule.
Adult Skull (Lateral View) Structure I is the
lacrimal.
Which suture connects the occipital bone to the parietal bones?
lambdoid
Narrow sheets of calcified matrix are referred to as
lamellae.
A Cervical Vertebra (Superior View) Structure F is the
lamina
Which of the following curves develops as a child begins to stand and walk?
lumbar
The bone that makes up the lower jaw is the
mandible.
The maxillary bones articulate with all other facial bones except the
mandible.
The clavicle articulates with the
manubrium
(Structure of a Long Bone)What is located at structure G?
marrow
Synovial Joint (Sagittal Section) Structure A is the
marrow cavity.
Adult Skull (Lateral View) Structure D is the
mastoid process.
Humans have ________ pairs of ribs.
12
The appendicular skeleton contains ________ bones.
206
Adult Skull (Lateral View) Structure L is the
maxilla.
Considering the bony structure of the palate, a cleft palate is a malformation of which bone?
maxillary
Fibrous cartilage discs that act as shock absorbers in joints are called
menisci.
The bones that form the palms of the hands are the
metacarpals
The sole of the foot is supported by the
metatarsal bones.
Which cells are very sensitive to calcium levels in the blood?
muscle cells
The inferior margin of the vomer articulates with which bone(s)?
palatine bones
The posterior surface of the bony roof of the mouth is formed by the
palatine bones.
Two hormones that work together to elevate calcium levels in the body are ________ and ________.
parathyroid hormone; calcitriol
(Structure of a Long Bone) Structure D is the
periosteum.
The connective tissue covering the outer surface of a bone is (the)
periosteum.
Which feature of the ethmoid bone contributes to the nasal septum?
perpendicular plate
A crest on a bone is defined as a(n)
prominent ridge.
In anatomical position, when the palm is moved to face posteriorly, the movement of the wrist and hand is called
pronation
Moving a part of the body anteriorly in the horizontal plane is called
protraction
When one crosses his/her arms, which movement is performed by the clavicles?
protraction
Perforating canals
provide passageways for linking the blood vessels of the central canals with those of the periosteum and the marrow cavity.
The fibula
provides lateral stability to the ankle.
An arch on the underside of the foot is important because it
provides room for blood vessels and nerves on the inferior aspect of the foot.
You look directly at your hand, then turn the palm away from you to look at the dorsal side. This movement is the radius rotating around the ulna and is occurring at the
radial notch.
Which structural feature of the upper limb marks the attachment site of the biceps brachii muscle, a flexor of the forearm?
radial tuberosity
Posteriorly, the coxal bones articulate with the sacrum at the ________ joints.
sacroiliac
Which of the following is a carpal bone?
scaphoid
A distinct bone marking on the dorsal surface of the scapula is the
scapular spine.
An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is termed
scoliosis.
The pituitary gland is located in the
sella turcica.
The hyoid bone
serves as a base for muscles associated with the larynx, tongue, and pharynx.
The ankle consists of ________ tarsal bones.
seven
The ________ joint is the most frequently dislocated joint of the body as it provides an excellent demonstration of the principle that stability must be sacrificed to obtain mobility.
shoulder
Which joint permits the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body?
shoulder
Adult Skull (Lateral View) Structure F is the
sphenoid bone.
The vertebral arches contribute structurally to surround and protect the
spinal cord.
A Cervical Vertebra (Superior View) Structure E is the
spinous process.
The ridges that can be felt along the backbone, on the dorsal aspect of the body, are produced by the
spinous processes.
(Structure of a Long Bone) The bone tissue at J is ________ bone.
spongy
Adult Skull (Lateral View) Structure A is a
suture.
Most skull bones are joined by tight connections called
sutures.
Which of the following joints is located between the spinal vertebrae?
symphysis
A joint that permits no movement and is described as an interposition of cartilage plates is called a
synchondrosis.
Which of the following joints permits slight movement?
syndesmosis
A fibrous joint in which the bones are held together by a ligamentous connection is a
syndesmosis.
Synovial Joint (Sagittal Section) What is found within the space at G?
synovial fluid
Synovial Joint (Sagittal Section) Structure E is the
synovial membrane.
Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia and fibula, transmitting the body's weight from the tibia toward the toes?
talus
The coxal bone forms by the fusion of which components?
the ilium, ischium, and pubis
(Structure of a Long Bone) Structure K (articular cartilage) is where
the long bone joins with another bone.
A Cervical Vertebra (Superior View) This diagram shows a cervical vertebra. What feature would identify it as such?
the presence of the transverse foramen
Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton?
the scapula
Costal facets are distinctive features of ________ vertebrae.
thoracic
The primary curves of the vertebral column that develop before birth are the
thoracic and sacral.
The patellar ligament connects the patella to the ________ just below the knee joint.
tibial tuberosity
Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony rods or plates called
trabeculae.
Which facial bone articulates with the frontal bone and the maxilla to complete the lateral wall of the orbit?
zygomatic bone
Adult Skull (Lateral View) Structure M is the
zygomatic.
Essay Questions. When playing a contact sport, which injury would one expect to occur more frequently: a dislocated shoulder or a dislocated hip? Why?
Shoulder dislocations would occur more frequently than hip dislocations because the shoulder is a more mobile joint. Because of its mobility, the shoulder joint is not bound tightly by ligaments or other structures and is, therefore, easier to dislocate when excessive forces are applied. The hip joint, although mobile, is stabilized by four heavy ligaments; bones fit together snugly in the joint. The synovial capsule of the hip joint is larger than the shoulder, and the range of motion is not as great. These factors contribute to the joint being more stable and less easily dislocated.
Essay Questions. Jennifer undergoes a pelvic scan to determine if she sustained any fractures as a result of a car accident. To her surprise, the technician does not find any fractures. He does note, however, that Jennifer's acetabulae are markedly shallow bilaterally. What might the technician conclude about Jennifer's pelvic bone structure, as a result of this finding?
The technician should explain to Jennifer that she may have rather flexible hip joints. As the head of the femur fits into the acetabulum of the coxal bone, the ligament of the femoral head and the bones of the acetabulum limit the movements of the femur in such an articulation. Since Jennifer's acetabulae are shallow, this limiting factor would be reduced. Thus, the increased flexibility may have prevented any fractures during the accident.
The following are major steps in the process of endochondral ossification: 1. Bone forms at the diaphysis surface. 2. Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify. 4. Osteoclasts create a marrow cavity. 5. Blood vessels invade the inner cartilage and new osteoblasts form spongy bone at a primary ossification center.
3, 1, 5, 4, 2.
The coccyx is typically composed of ________ fused vertebrae.
3-5
The vertebral column contains ________ lumbar vertebrae.
5
The vertebral column contains ________ cervical vertebrae.
7
________ is a movement that occurs in the anterior-posterior plane and increases the angle between the articulating bones.
Extension
(Structure of a Long Bone) Where would the osteoclasts be located?
F
Which of the following occurs in intramembranous ossification?
Fibrous connective tissue is converted to bone tissue, which first resembles spongy bone.
Which of the following is an example of the skeletal system's primary function of providing structural support?
Individual bones provide a framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs.
What is the function of the sphenoid bone?
It acts like a bridge uniting the cranial and facial bones.
Essay Questions. Mary has just finished pitching a fast-pitch softball game. What joint is most likely to be sore, and why?
Pitching a softball repeatedly requires the shoulder's ball-and-socket joint to sustain a great deal of circumductive forces. The shoulder is most likely to be sore as a result of these repeated forced circumductions and the friction and tension associated with them.
One role of the fontanels is to
allow for the change in shape of the skull during childbirth.
The presence of ________ strongly indicates that the long bone is still growing.
an epiphyseal plate
The anterior connection between the two pubic bones is
an example of a symphysis.
An increase in the diameter of growing bone is termed ________ growth.
appositional
Synovial Joint (Sagittal Section) Structure F is
articular cartilage.
Which of the following is an example of a synchondrosis?
articulation between the diaphysis and epiphysis in a growing long bone
Bones encased within the temporal bone that are involved in sound detection are called
auditory ossicles.
The occipital bone articulates with the first cervical vertebra at the
occipital condyles.
Adult Skull (Lateral View) Structure B is the joint between the ________ and ________ bones.
occipital; parietal
The special movement of the thumb that allows it to grasp an object and hold onto it is called
opposition
During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced with bone.
ossification
Bone-forming cells are called
osteoblasts
Immature, active bone cells that produce new bone matrix are termed
osteoblasts.
The bone cells that contribute to increases in calcium in blood are the
osteoclasts.
Which of the following is found only in compact bone?
osteons
Dorsiflexion involves ________ at the ankle joint and ________ of the foot.
flexion; elevation of the sole
The ________ of the humerus establishes the lateral contour of the shoulder.
greater tubercle
Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton?
ribs
The movement of turning your head is called
rotation
Which feature is an important landmark in females during pelvic examinations, and during labor and delivery?
sacral promontory
Tarsal bones are classified as ________ bones.
short
Synovial Joint (Sagittal Section) Label B is pointing to
spongy bone.
A joint that binds each tooth within a bony socket is called a
gomphosis.
The fibular collateral ligament is part of which joint?
knee
The paranasal sinuses function in
lightening the skull and providing an extensive area of mucous epithelium.
Adult Skull (Lateral View) The lower jawbone seen in the picture is the
mandible.
The point of attachment for muscles that extend and rotate the head is the
mastoid process.
Adult Skull (Lateral View) Structure E is the joint between the ________ and ________ bones.
parietal; frontal
The ________ ligament of the knee continues its attachment on the anterior surface of the tibia and provides support to the front of the knee.
patellar
A compound fracture
results in bone projecting through the skin
The suture that forms the articulation of the parietal bone with the temporal bone is the ________ suture.
squamous
What is the function of the tibial and fibular collateral ligaments?
stabilize the joint at full extension
The jugular notch is a structural feature of the
sternum.
Near the external auditory meatus, the long, sharp process called the ________ process is an attachment site for ligaments that support the hyoid bone.
styloid
The ________ of the radius assists in the stabilization of the wrist joint by preventing lateral movement of the bones of the wrist.
styloid process
Which structural feature of the humerus is a common fracture site?
surgical neck
Adult Skull (Lateral View) The bone that articulates with the bone marked M to form the cheek is the
temporal.
Essay Questions. Billy is injured during a high school football game. His chest is badly bruised, and he is experiencing difficulty breathing. What might be the problem?
Billy has probably broken one or more of his ribs. Movement of the ribs changes the size of the thoracic cavity, which is an important part of breathing. When the ribs are broken, breathing can become difficult (labored) because the ribs cannot function properly. It is also possible that the injury caused a rib to pierce one of the lungs, resulting in a condition known as a pneumothorax, or collapsed lung, due to air in the pleural cavity.
Essay Questions. Why might a person suffering from osteoporosis benefit from increased calcium ingestion?
In osteoporosis, a decrease in the calcium content of bones leads to bones that are weak and brittle. Increased calcium ingestion raises blood calcium levels and triggers osteoblasts to form new bone. This new formation of bone can help diminish the bone decrease due to overactive osteoclasts.
Choose the distinctive feature of lumbar vertebrae.
relatively massive, stumpy spinous process that projects posteriorly
Adult Skull (Lateral View) Structure H is the
nasal.
Essay Questions. Differentiate between compact bone and spongy bone.
Compact bone has osteons situated in closely packed areas and is found where stresses come from a limited range of directions. Spongy bone has large spaces between thin, bony plates and is found where stresses are few or come from many different directions. Compact bone provides strength, whereas spongy bone serves to reduce the weight of bones.
You and your twin sister, both 18 years of age, were in a car accident. She had a clean break across the humerus and the upper arm bone-no bleeding, no break in the skin. However, you have a very messy break of the distal tibia in the lower leg, requiring pins to be inserted. Which statement is true regarding the differences in your break and your sister's break?
You will be given antibiotics to reduce bacterial infection, whereas your sister will not.
A primary function of the skeletal system is
absorbing the shock of unexpected rapid body movements.
A Cervical Vertebra (Superior View) What type of vertebra is this?
cervical
The atlas is classified as a ________ vertebra.
cervical
Typical movements at a hinge joint include
extension and flexion.
Adult Skull (Lateral View) Structure C is the
external auditory meatus.