anatomy and physiology chapter 8

progesterone and estrogen

Estrogen plays a key role in the development of the female reproductive glands and secondary sex characteristics. Along with progesterone, estrogen regulates the menstrual cycle and promotes breast development.

gluconeogenesis

GH stimulates fats (in the form of glycerol) and proteins (in the form of amino acids) to be converted into glucose by the liver. This process is called

Endocrine glands

Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream

sex hormones

The adrenal cortex produces small amounts of female sex hormones (estrogens) and male sex hormones (androgens). However, most sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are androgens, primarily testosteron

epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones

Prepare the body to their fight or flight

T lymphocytes, or T cell

T cells play a key role in the body's immune system.

Pheochromocytoma

a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to produce excess epinephrine

Hyperthyroidism

a condition c haracterized by a visibly enlarged thyroid gland in the neck; overactive thyroid gland

Hypothyroidism

a condition ca used by an underactive thyroid gland

Addison's disease,

a condition caused by hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones that causes muscle atrophy, a bronze skin tone, low blood pressure, kidney damage, hypoglycemia, severe loss of fluids and electrolytes, and a general feeling of weakness

hypercalcemia

a condition caused by the hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to increased blood calcium levels and increased calcium absorption by the kidneys

insulin resistance

a condition common in type II diabetes in which the pancreas secretes insulin, but the body's insulin receptors are downregulated, causing elevated blood glucose levels

myxedema

a condition in adults with hyperthyroidism that causes weight gain; a swollen, puffy face; low body temperature; dry skin; and decreased mental acuity

dwarfism

a condition in which the pituitary gland hyposecretes growth hormone, resulting in an adult height of less than four feet

tetany

a condition of sustained muscular contraction

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

a disease that results from the body's inability to produce sufficient amounts of insulin fi to regulate blood glucose levels

Cushing's syndrome

a disorder of the adrenal cortex caused by hypersecretion of cortisol; symptoms include weight gain, high blood glucose levels, hypertension, and osteoporosis

diabetes insipidus

a disorder resulting from hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary

thymus gland

a gland that secretes thymosin, a hormone vital to the body's immune system; functions as both an endocrine gland and a lymphatic organ

calcitonin

a hormone secreted by the thyroid that has the effect of lowering blood calcium. drive our metabolism.

insulin

a hormone that promotes glucose uptake in body tissues

adrenal glands

a pair of glands that sit on top of the kidneys; consist of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

pituitary gland

a pea-sized gland that activates a metabolic response in target tissues or stimulates other endocrine glands to release hormones

pineal gland

a pinecone-shaped gland in the brain that releases the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin

Acromegaly/Gigantism

a rare condition in which the anterior pituitary hypersecretes growth hormone, causing an increase in overall body size; gigantism

scrotum

a sac that encases the pair of oval testes

type II diabetes mellitus

adult-onset diabetes

Graves disease

an autoimmune disorder that causes an overactive thyroid gland and outward bulging of the eyes

goiter

an enlarged thyroid gland caused by insufficient amounts of iodine or a thyroid disorder

6. The posterior pituitary gland stores _____ hormone and oxytocin.

antidiuretic

islets of Langerhans

are composed of alpha cells that secrete glucagon, which increases blood glucose levels, and beta cells that secrete insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels.

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

are responsible for controlling the rate of energy metabolism and heat production in the body.

11. Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone in response to low _____.

blood calcium

2. Hyposecretion of growth hormone (GH) can cause _____.

dwarfism

5. Which of the following disorders is not associated with an underactive thyroid?

dwarfism

polydipsia

excessive thirst to replenish water lost through polyuria;

polyuria

excessive urination to eliminate glucose;

11. Type II diabetes mellitus is also known as juvenile onset diabetes.

false

14. The pineal gland is located near the heart.

false

16. The adrenal glands are two organs: the adrenal lymphocyte and the adrenal medulla.

false

5. Growth hormone stimulates the growth of mammary glands.

false

6. Exocrine glands are ductless glands of internal secretion.

false

4. Hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid, is characterized by the appearance of a _____ on the neck.

goiter

mineralocorticoids

he principal mineralocorticoid hormone is aldosterone (al- DAHS-ter-ohn). Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water from urine and to eliminate potassium.

11. Endocrine glands can be regulated via neural, _____, and humoral control.

hormonal

glucagon

hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes the breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver

14. Increased levels of _____ help to restore homeostasis.

hormones

corticoid hormones

hormones of the adrenal cortex

hypothalamic releasing hormones

hormones produced in the hypothalamus and carried by a vein to the anterior pituitary, where they stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones

hypothalamic nonreleasing hormones.

hormones produced in the hypothalamus and carried by a vein to the anterior pituitary, where they stop certain hormones from being released; hypothalamic inhibiting hormones

steroid hormones,

hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex and the reproductive glands

catecholamines

hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response

15. When blood glucose levels become elevated, a condition known as _____ develops.

hyperglycemia

1. The _____ helps regulate functions such as heart rate, energy level, and blood pressure.

hypothalamus

12. In the hierarchy of hormonal control, the _____ is the president.

hypothalmus

neonatal hypothyroidism

hypothyroidism that occurs in infants and children; may develop congenitally or following birth

Endocrine glands examples

include the hypothalamus, pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, testes (male), and ovaries (female)

upregulated

increased

polyphagia

increased hunger to replace fats and proteins used by the body as fuel sources.

thyroid hormone

increases basic metabolic rate

thyroiditis

inflammation of the thyroid gland

3. Which of the following is not a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland?

infundibulus hormone

growth hormone

is an anterior pituitary hormone that acts directly on body tissues

Hypocalcemia

is an electrolyte imbalance and is indicated by a low level of calcium in the blood. The normal adult value for calcium is 4.5-5.5 mEq/L. Calcium is important for healthy bones and teeth, as well as for normal muscle and nerve function

pancreas

it functions as both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland. The pancreas releases hormones that regulate blood glucose levels in the body. It also secretes digestive enzymes through a duct into the small intestine , the pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon, which control blood glucose levels; as an exocrine gland

type 1 diabetes mellitus

juvenile onset diabetes

13. The medullary response is an example of neural control.

medullary

15. Which of the following hormones is released by the pineal gland?

melatonin

1. The _____ and endocrine systems work together to regulate bodily functions.

nervous

anterior pituitary

one lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes six different hormones: growth hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropin hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone

posterior pituitary.

one lobe of the pituitary gland that stores two hormones produced by the hypothalamus: antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

adrenal cortex

outer layer of the adrenal glands, which itself has three layers that secrete steroid hormones

19. In women, the _____ produce estrogen and progesterone.

overies

8. Which of the following is not a cause of Cushing syndrome?

oversecretion of adrenocrticotropin hormone

10. The _____ glands are located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland.

parathyroid

7. Which of the following is not an exocrine gland?

pituitary gland

tropic hormones

pituitary hormones that act on other endocrine glands; tropins

13. The primary symptoms of diabetes include _____, polydipsia, and polyphagia.

polyuria

thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth gland located below the larynx, or Adam's apple, that secretes thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin

2. The nervous system works _____ and its effects are short-lived.

quickly

hypothalamus gland

regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst

thymosin

regulates immune response

Exocrine glands,

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

endocrine system

secretes hormones that are slower to react but whose effects are longer lasting.

3. The endocrine system secretes hormones that are _____ to react but whose effects last longer.

slower

9. Hormones are classified as either _____ hormones or amino-acid hormones.

steroid

Follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates production of estrogen and eggs in women and production of sperm in men.

Prolactin

stimulates the growth of mammary glands and milk production in a nursing mother.

Exocrine glands examples

sweat glands (sweat); • salivary glands (saliva); • mammary glands (breast milk); • lacrimal glands (tears); and • pancreas glands (digestive enzymes)

20. In men, the testes produce sperm and hormones such as _____.

testosterone

12. Which of the following is not a way to diagnose diabetes mellitus?

tetany test

10. The activity of hormone receptors can be upregulated or downregulated.

true

12. The thymus gland is both an endocrine gland and a lymphatic organ.

true

14. Type I diabetics receive insulin through several injections over the course of a day.

true

15. The hypothalamus functions as a thermostat for your body.

true

18. The pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland.

true

2. The pituitary gland has anterior and posterior lobes.

true

3. Hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone causes diabetes insipidus.

true

4. The endocrine system is a collection of glands that directly or indirectly influence all body functions.

true

6. Hypercalcemia leads to increased calcium absorption by the kidneys.

true

9. Cushing syndrome is diagnosed by measuring cortisol levels in the saliva.

true

9. Thyroid hormone is responsible for metabolism and heat production.

true

7. In rare cases, an adrenal medulla disorder can cause a _____ to develop.

tumor

parathyroid hormone

two pairs of glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone in response to low blood calcium levels

hormonal control

type of endocrine control in which endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from other endocrine organs, starting with the hypothalamus

humoral control

type of endocrine control in which levels of various substances in body fluids are monitored for homeostatic imbalance

neural control

type of endocrine control in which nerve fibers stimulate the endocrine organs to release hormones

7. Antidiuretic hormone decreases _____.

urine output

13. Thymosin is a hormone essential for the development of _____.

white blood cells

10. _____ is caused by a hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones.

addison's disease

melatonin

A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.

oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

pitocin

A pitocin drip is a synthetic, intravenous form of oxytocin that is administered to induce, or speed up, delivery of a baby.

homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles.

infundibulum

It is located in the depression of the sphenoid bone and is suspended from the underside of the hypothalamus by a short stalk called the

Hypothalamus

The job of the hypothalamus is to collect information from each body system and integrate the responses of the nervous and endocrine systems to maintain homeostatic balance.

glucocorticoids

The main glucocorticoid hormones, cortisone (KOR-ti-sohn) and cortisol (KORT-i-sahl), maintain blood glucose levels by converting fats and amino acids into glucose via gluconeogenesis.

isthmus

The two lobes of the thyroid gland are divided by a center band of tissue, called the

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

acts on the thyroid gland to stimulate release of two thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T 4 ) and triiodothyronine (T 3 ).

1. The condition known as _____ causes an increase in overall body size, especially the extremities.

acromegaly

Adrenocorticotropin

acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate release of steroid hormones.

Luteinizing hormone

acts on the ovaries to produce progesterone and estrogen in women. It also signals the release of eggs. In men, LH stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone.

17. Which of the following is not released by the adrenal cortex?

catecholamines

8. Hormones are _____ that influence the activities of other tissues and organs.

chemical messenger

Hormones

chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands

amino-acid hormones

composed of protein or protein-related substances. Most hormones are amino-acid hormones,

downregulated

decreased

ovaries

the female sex glands

testes

the male sex glands

adrenal medulla

the part of the adrenal glands that functions as a part of the nervous system; it secretes the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines) during the fight-or-flight response

5. Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?

the stomach

4. Thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates the release of _____ and triiodothyronine.

thryroxine

8. The _____ gland is located inferior to the larynx at the base of the throat.

thyroid