anatomy and physiology chapter 8
progesterone and estrogen
Estrogen plays a key role in the development of the female reproductive glands and secondary sex characteristics. Along with progesterone, estrogen regulates the menstrual cycle and promotes breast development.
gluconeogenesis
GH stimulates fats (in the form of glycerol) and proteins (in the form of amino acids) to be converted into glucose by the liver. This process is called
Endocrine glands
Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream
sex hormones
The adrenal cortex produces small amounts of female sex hormones (estrogens) and male sex hormones (androgens). However, most sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are androgens, primarily testosteron
epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones
Prepare the body to their fight or flight
T lymphocytes, or T cell
T cells play a key role in the body's immune system.
Pheochromocytoma
a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to produce excess epinephrine
Hyperthyroidism
a condition c haracterized by a visibly enlarged thyroid gland in the neck; overactive thyroid gland
Hypothyroidism
a condition ca used by an underactive thyroid gland
Addison's disease,
a condition caused by hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones that causes muscle atrophy, a bronze skin tone, low blood pressure, kidney damage, hypoglycemia, severe loss of fluids and electrolytes, and a general feeling of weakness
hypercalcemia
a condition caused by the hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to increased blood calcium levels and increased calcium absorption by the kidneys
insulin resistance
a condition common in type II diabetes in which the pancreas secretes insulin, but the body's insulin receptors are downregulated, causing elevated blood glucose levels
myxedema
a condition in adults with hyperthyroidism that causes weight gain; a swollen, puffy face; low body temperature; dry skin; and decreased mental acuity
dwarfism
a condition in which the pituitary gland hyposecretes growth hormone, resulting in an adult height of less than four feet
tetany
a condition of sustained muscular contraction
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
a disease that results from the body's inability to produce sufficient amounts of insulin fi to regulate blood glucose levels
Cushing's syndrome
a disorder of the adrenal cortex caused by hypersecretion of cortisol; symptoms include weight gain, high blood glucose levels, hypertension, and osteoporosis
diabetes insipidus
a disorder resulting from hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary
thymus gland
a gland that secretes thymosin, a hormone vital to the body's immune system; functions as both an endocrine gland and a lymphatic organ
calcitonin
a hormone secreted by the thyroid that has the effect of lowering blood calcium. drive our metabolism.
insulin
a hormone that promotes glucose uptake in body tissues
adrenal glands
a pair of glands that sit on top of the kidneys; consist of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
pituitary gland
a pea-sized gland that activates a metabolic response in target tissues or stimulates other endocrine glands to release hormones
pineal gland
a pinecone-shaped gland in the brain that releases the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin
Acromegaly/Gigantism
a rare condition in which the anterior pituitary hypersecretes growth hormone, causing an increase in overall body size; gigantism
scrotum
a sac that encases the pair of oval testes
type II diabetes mellitus
adult-onset diabetes
Graves disease
an autoimmune disorder that causes an overactive thyroid gland and outward bulging of the eyes
goiter
an enlarged thyroid gland caused by insufficient amounts of iodine or a thyroid disorder
6. The posterior pituitary gland stores _____ hormone and oxytocin.
antidiuretic
islets of Langerhans
are composed of alpha cells that secrete glucagon, which increases blood glucose levels, and beta cells that secrete insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels.
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
are responsible for controlling the rate of energy metabolism and heat production in the body.
11. Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone in response to low _____.
blood calcium
2. Hyposecretion of growth hormone (GH) can cause _____.
dwarfism
5. Which of the following disorders is not associated with an underactive thyroid?
dwarfism
polydipsia
excessive thirst to replenish water lost through polyuria;
polyuria
excessive urination to eliminate glucose;
11. Type II diabetes mellitus is also known as juvenile onset diabetes.
false
14. The pineal gland is located near the heart.
false
16. The adrenal glands are two organs: the adrenal lymphocyte and the adrenal medulla.
false
5. Growth hormone stimulates the growth of mammary glands.
false
6. Exocrine glands are ductless glands of internal secretion.
false
4. Hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid, is characterized by the appearance of a _____ on the neck.
goiter
mineralocorticoids
he principal mineralocorticoid hormone is aldosterone (al- DAHS-ter-ohn). Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water from urine and to eliminate potassium.
11. Endocrine glands can be regulated via neural, _____, and humoral control.
hormonal
glucagon
hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes the breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver
14. Increased levels of _____ help to restore homeostasis.
hormones
corticoid hormones
hormones of the adrenal cortex
hypothalamic releasing hormones
hormones produced in the hypothalamus and carried by a vein to the anterior pituitary, where they stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones
hypothalamic nonreleasing hormones.
hormones produced in the hypothalamus and carried by a vein to the anterior pituitary, where they stop certain hormones from being released; hypothalamic inhibiting hormones
steroid hormones,
hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex and the reproductive glands
catecholamines
hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response
15. When blood glucose levels become elevated, a condition known as _____ develops.
hyperglycemia
1. The _____ helps regulate functions such as heart rate, energy level, and blood pressure.
hypothalamus
12. In the hierarchy of hormonal control, the _____ is the president.
hypothalmus
neonatal hypothyroidism
hypothyroidism that occurs in infants and children; may develop congenitally or following birth
Endocrine glands examples
include the hypothalamus, pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, testes (male), and ovaries (female)
upregulated
increased
polyphagia
increased hunger to replace fats and proteins used by the body as fuel sources.
thyroid hormone
increases basic metabolic rate
thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid gland
3. Which of the following is not a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland?
infundibulus hormone
growth hormone
is an anterior pituitary hormone that acts directly on body tissues
Hypocalcemia
is an electrolyte imbalance and is indicated by a low level of calcium in the blood. The normal adult value for calcium is 4.5-5.5 mEq/L. Calcium is important for healthy bones and teeth, as well as for normal muscle and nerve function
pancreas
it functions as both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland. The pancreas releases hormones that regulate blood glucose levels in the body. It also secretes digestive enzymes through a duct into the small intestine , the pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon, which control blood glucose levels; as an exocrine gland
type 1 diabetes mellitus
juvenile onset diabetes
13. The medullary response is an example of neural control.
medullary
15. Which of the following hormones is released by the pineal gland?
melatonin
1. The _____ and endocrine systems work together to regulate bodily functions.
nervous
anterior pituitary
one lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes six different hormones: growth hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropin hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone
posterior pituitary.
one lobe of the pituitary gland that stores two hormones produced by the hypothalamus: antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
adrenal cortex
outer layer of the adrenal glands, which itself has three layers that secrete steroid hormones
19. In women, the _____ produce estrogen and progesterone.
overies
8. Which of the following is not a cause of Cushing syndrome?
oversecretion of adrenocrticotropin hormone
10. The _____ glands are located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland.
parathyroid
7. Which of the following is not an exocrine gland?
pituitary gland
tropic hormones
pituitary hormones that act on other endocrine glands; tropins
13. The primary symptoms of diabetes include _____, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
polyuria
thyroid gland
produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth gland located below the larynx, or Adam's apple, that secretes thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin
2. The nervous system works _____ and its effects are short-lived.
quickly
hypothalamus gland
regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst
thymosin
regulates immune response
Exocrine glands,
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
endocrine system
secretes hormones that are slower to react but whose effects are longer lasting.
3. The endocrine system secretes hormones that are _____ to react but whose effects last longer.
slower
9. Hormones are classified as either _____ hormones or amino-acid hormones.
steroid
Follicle-stimulating hormone
stimulates production of estrogen and eggs in women and production of sperm in men.
Prolactin
stimulates the growth of mammary glands and milk production in a nursing mother.
Exocrine glands examples
sweat glands (sweat); • salivary glands (saliva); • mammary glands (breast milk); • lacrimal glands (tears); and • pancreas glands (digestive enzymes)
20. In men, the testes produce sperm and hormones such as _____.
testosterone
12. Which of the following is not a way to diagnose diabetes mellitus?
tetany test
10. The activity of hormone receptors can be upregulated or downregulated.
true
12. The thymus gland is both an endocrine gland and a lymphatic organ.
true
14. Type I diabetics receive insulin through several injections over the course of a day.
true
15. The hypothalamus functions as a thermostat for your body.
true
18. The pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland.
true
2. The pituitary gland has anterior and posterior lobes.
true
3. Hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone causes diabetes insipidus.
true
4. The endocrine system is a collection of glands that directly or indirectly influence all body functions.
true
6. Hypercalcemia leads to increased calcium absorption by the kidneys.
true
9. Cushing syndrome is diagnosed by measuring cortisol levels in the saliva.
true
9. Thyroid hormone is responsible for metabolism and heat production.
true
7. In rare cases, an adrenal medulla disorder can cause a _____ to develop.
tumor
parathyroid hormone
two pairs of glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone in response to low blood calcium levels
hormonal control
type of endocrine control in which endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from other endocrine organs, starting with the hypothalamus
humoral control
type of endocrine control in which levels of various substances in body fluids are monitored for homeostatic imbalance
neural control
type of endocrine control in which nerve fibers stimulate the endocrine organs to release hormones
7. Antidiuretic hormone decreases _____.
urine output
13. Thymosin is a hormone essential for the development of _____.
white blood cells
10. _____ is caused by a hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones.
addison's disease
melatonin
A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.
oxytocin
A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
pitocin
A pitocin drip is a synthetic, intravenous form of oxytocin that is administered to induce, or speed up, delivery of a baby.
homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles.
infundibulum
It is located in the depression of the sphenoid bone and is suspended from the underside of the hypothalamus by a short stalk called the
Hypothalamus
The job of the hypothalamus is to collect information from each body system and integrate the responses of the nervous and endocrine systems to maintain homeostatic balance.
glucocorticoids
The main glucocorticoid hormones, cortisone (KOR-ti-sohn) and cortisol (KORT-i-sahl), maintain blood glucose levels by converting fats and amino acids into glucose via gluconeogenesis.
isthmus
The two lobes of the thyroid gland are divided by a center band of tissue, called the
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
acts on the thyroid gland to stimulate release of two thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T 4 ) and triiodothyronine (T 3 ).
1. The condition known as _____ causes an increase in overall body size, especially the extremities.
acromegaly
Adrenocorticotropin
acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate release of steroid hormones.
Luteinizing hormone
acts on the ovaries to produce progesterone and estrogen in women. It also signals the release of eggs. In men, LH stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone.
17. Which of the following is not released by the adrenal cortex?
catecholamines
8. Hormones are _____ that influence the activities of other tissues and organs.
chemical messenger
Hormones
chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands
amino-acid hormones
composed of protein or protein-related substances. Most hormones are amino-acid hormones,
downregulated
decreased
ovaries
the female sex glands
testes
the male sex glands
adrenal medulla
the part of the adrenal glands that functions as a part of the nervous system; it secretes the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines) during the fight-or-flight response
5. Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?
the stomach
4. Thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates the release of _____ and triiodothyronine.
thryroxine
8. The _____ gland is located inferior to the larynx at the base of the throat.
thyroid
