Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1
Carotenemia
yellow-orange color in light-skinned persons from large increase in carotene in blood
osteoprogenitor (Osteogenic) cells
(Stem cells); Make osteoblasts
Carotene
Yellow-Orange Stored in corneum, can be found in carrots
Osteoclasts
(Bone Breaking down) (Osteolysis) Bone Matrix destroying cells
Cutaneous Layer
(Exocrine)(part of the skin) a duct.
Layers of Keratinocytes (Epidermis)
(From deep to superficial) Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum
basal surface of epithelial tissue
"Base"; (the bottom)attached to basement membrane
Stratum Basale
"Basement" layer of epidermis Has rapidly dividing keratinocytes
Stratum Lucidum
"Clear Layer;" Dead cells, found ONLY IN THICK SKIN i.e hands, fingers, feet
epithelial tissue
"Exposed" Tissue thin sheet that coats the top of a structure also Lines internal passageways Forms glands (The tissue is pushed through to below and forms a gland)
hyaline cartilage
"Glassy" (translucent) Most common type of cartilage; found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose
Stratum Granulosum
"Grainy layer" Stops dividing(Now Dying), and starts flattening starts producing keratin
Hemidesmosomes
"Half Desmosome" Resist stress between basement membrane and cells attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane
Endocrine glands
"Inside" Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream
Neurons
"Nascar Driver" Action potential; Contain processes that branch out from the body(Axon, Dendrites)
exocrine glands
"Outside" Secretions go to a surface through a duct
Glia
"Pitcrew;" "Glue" Hold neurons together and allow them to perform their proper functions
Stratum Spinosum
"Spiny layer", Alive, starting to dehydrate provides strength and flexibility to the skin Can see desmosomes
Apocrine glands (location)
"Stinky areas" Pubic region, under armpits, around the nipples Activate at puberty
Epidermal ridges
"Waves" of epidermal basement layer Fingerprints
Intramembranous (ossification)
"Within membrane" Bone forms from
apical surface of epithelial tissue
"apex" (Upper, free) exposed at the top, and to the exterior or cavity
Specialized Cells: Microphages
"small eaters"; eat up something specific
Specialized Cells: Macrophages
'Big'; -phages= "eater" Engulf microbes and debris
Specialized cells: Fibroblasts
'Fiber'; -blasts= "making" cells
Osteoblasts
("Bone Making") Produce bone matrix (-osteod) "Young"
Androgens/Estrogen
(At Puberty) Stimulate closure of epiphyseal plate(Increase bone formation) STOP growth of cartilage cells
keratinized stratified squamous
- contains keratin (a protein) makes the tissue waterproof (but kills it too) i.e outer layer of skin
Levels of organization
-Atoms/Molecule -Cell -Tissue -Organ -Organ system -Organism
Conditions regulated by homeostasis
-Body temp -Electrolytes -pH -Blood Pressure -Fluid Levels
Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
3rd layer of the skin; CT fibers are interwoven w/ reticular fibers of the dermis Stabilizes the skin in relation to underlying tissues
Positive feedback
A mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates responses that amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.
Acromegaly
Abnormal enlargement of the extremities overproduction of growth hormones after puberty
Heterotopic (ossification)
Abnormal presence of bone in soft tissue where bone normally does not exist "Outside of skeletal system"
Albinism
Absence of pigment(melanin) in the skin, hair, and eyes
Gap junctions
Allows for communication between cells
Modes of secretion: Apocrine
Apical (Apex or top) portion of the cell pinches off i.e Mammary glands
Skeletal muscle tissue
Attached to the bone Multinucleated, Stratified, Striated(Striped), Cylinder shaped
Cyanosis
Bluish skin due to not enough blood flow
Intramembranous (Ossification)
Bone develops from Dense CT "Within Membrane"
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
Bones forming in abnormal locations; in incorrect CT or Outside of muscles
Without proper minerals...(Calcium)
Bones would be flimsy
Without proper collagen...
Bones would break easily
Vitamin D(D3)
Calcitriol production; Calcium homeostasis
3 Types of Vitamins/Minerals (Affecting bone development)
Calcium/Phosphates Vitamin C Vitamin D(D3)
Central canal (haversian canal)
Canal that houses blood vessels located at the center of the osteon
Canaliculi
Canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal How osteocytes communicate
Papillary layer of dermis (Composition)
Capillaries, Lymphatic vessels, and Sensory nerve fibers
Supportive CT: Cartilage (Characteristics)
Chondrocytes, Lacunae, Perichondrium
Types of protein fibers in connective tissue
Collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers
glandular epithelium
Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances. Makes up the glands
Membrane (Composition)
Composed of epithelium with underlying connective tissue
Perforating canals (Volkmann's canals)
Connect the central canals of different Osteons Supply blood to Osteons and tissue in the medullary cavity
Extensive extracellular matrix
Connective tissue usually has an EEM Associated with highly vascular tissues Not exposed
Muscle tissue (Function)
Contraction, to cause movement
Gravity (Affecting bone development)
Decreases bone mass
Dermis
Deep to epidermis Two layers: Papillary, Reticular
Reticular layer of dermis
Dense irregular CT, Stronger; resists stress in many directions
Compact bone
Dense, solid; Surrounds Medullary Cavity Protective outer layer
Dense irregular connective tissue location
Dermis of skin
Set Point
Desired value
Tactile Cells (Sensory Receptors)
Detect touch, detects temperature
adipose connective tissue
Empty-looking, thin margins, nucleus pressed on Membrane Protection, Insulation, Energy storage, Cushioning(Subcutaneous fat/organ packing) Adipocytes, More lipids Found under the skin
Epiphysis
End of a long bone
Modes of secretion: Holocrine
Entire cell lyses (Cuts/ breaks off); all contents are then released i.e Oil glands
Factors affecting bone growth/maintenance
Exercise, Gravity, Vitamins/Minerals, Hormones
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Falsely layered, has Cilia Goblet cells produce mucus All cells connect to basement membrane i.e upper respiratory system
Specialized Cells: Adipocytes
Fat cells Cells that store lipids
dense irregular connective tissue
Fibers are densely packed in many directions able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength Location: fibrous capsules of organs and joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract
Elastic fibers in connective tissue
Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue
Serous membrane
Function: Produces watery fluid to reduce friction Lines all body cavities that are closed to the exterior Very thin, firmly attached
Mucous membrane
Function: Secretes mucus lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist. Has goblet cells, in epithelium
Types of Hormones (Affecting bone development)
Growth Hormone/Thyroxine Androgens/Estrogen
Appositional growth
Growth in width
Supportive CT: Cartilage (Types)
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
Perichondrium
Membrane around the cartilage
Secretions role in homestasis
If Overheating: Sweating, Vasodilation etc. If Too cold: Shivering, Vasoconstriction
Specialized Cells: Lymphocytes (Plasma Cells)
Immunity function
Spongy bone
In Epiphysis
Hemoglobin
In RBC's, carries o2 With o2= Red/Orange Without o2= Red/Blue
Growth Hormone/Thyroxine
Increase metabolism Increase length Increase cartilage cell division at epiphysis
Exercise (Affecting bone development)
Increases osteoblasts activity to thicken bones Bone mass increases
Control Center
Initiate responses to stimulus, after comparing to set point
Nervous tissue function
Intracellular communication (Neuron action potential)
Ways homeostasis is maintained
Intrinsic & Extrinsic
Cardiac muscle tissue function
Involuntary contraction and relaxation pump blood in heart Cellular communication, ensures cell wont break apart
Smooth muscle tissue
Involuntary, in the intestines, and around passageways Also found in arteries and veins.
Lamellae (compact bone)
Layers of bone matrix within an osteon
areolar connective tissue
Loosely organized, abundant blood vessels Cushioning, Structure with movement, immunity (Microphages)
Reticular fibers in connective tissue
Made of collagen Thin, many branches, still strong but not as much
Calcium/Phosphate (Affecting bone development)
Make up matrix; (Affects mass of matrix)
Stratified Squamous
Many layers of flat cells Protective i.e epidermis of skin, oral cavity, esophagus, vagina
fluid connective tissue
Matrix is fluid blood and lymph
Supporting connective tissue
Matrix is solid cartilage and bone
Lymph (Fluid tissue)
Matrix=Interstitial fluid (Between cells) WBC's for immunity, maintains blood volume, immune system monitering
Blood (Fluid tissue)
Matrix=Plasma ; Cells=RBC,WBC,Fragment(Platelet) Connective tissue made of plasma, RBC's, WBC's, and platelets. Functions: Transports o2, Immunity, and clotting
Endosteum
Membrane inside the bone Lines medullary cavity, contains -blasts, and -clasts
Periosteum
Membrane surrounding the bone; Contains fibers and osteoblasts
2 types of Sudoriferous glands
Merocrine(Eccrine) or Apocrine
Trabeculae
Meshwork of supporting bundles of fibers in spongy bone
Osteocytes
Monitor and maintain bone matrix, repair damaged bone "Mature"
dense elastic connective tissue(regular/irregular)
More elastic fibers, strength & recoil of organs
4 Types of membranes
Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous, Synovial
intrinsic
Near original stimulus
Merocrine/Eccrine Glands (Location)
Nearly everywhere on the body (Everywhere you sweat)
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
Necessary for maintaining normal bone development
2 Specific types of nervous tissue
Neurons, Glia
Cardiac muscle tissue
Only in heart, involuntary. Striated, branching, Single nucleus per cell, Intercalated disks (desmosomes + gap junctions)
Supporting CT: Bone (Characteristics)
Osteocytes, Lacunae, Periosteum
Epithelial Characteristics: Polarity, Vascularity, Regeneration, Cellularity
Polarity: Unequal/Opposite Vascularity: Avascular, (Without blood vessels) Regeneration: Cells divide rapidly Cellularity: More Cells, Less matrix
Tight junctions
Prevent passage of substances between cells
Endochondral (ossification)
Process of transforming cartilage into bone. "Within/inside cartilage;" how long bone grows in length Cartilage cells divide at epiphysis & bone forms behind it
Melanocytes
Produce melanin, protects cell nucleus from UV
Sebaceous layer
Produce sebum(Oil), lubricates skin Why your hair feels oily if you don't wash it
Skeletal System (Functions)
Protection, Structure, Movement, Calcium homestasis, RBC Production
Receptor
Receives a signal, detects stimulus change
Vitamin C
Required for synthesis of collagen
Desmosomes (anchoring junctions)
Resist stress between cells Binds adjacent cells together into strong sheets
Apocrine Glands (Function)
Secrete thicker sweat, Produces odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Secretes sweat or perspiration, which helps to cool the body by evaporation. Sweat also rids the body of waste.
Merocrine/Eccrine Glands (Function)
Secretion by exocytosis, Watery sweat Cools the body when it evaporates
Modes of secretion: Merocrine
Secretions by exocytosis (Vacuole membrane and Cell membrane fuse together in order for secretion to be possible) i.e Sweat Glands
Lateral surface of epithelial tissue
Sides of the tissue, connects to other cells
Types of epithelial layers
Simple: Single layered Stratified: Many layered Pseudostratified: Falsely layered
Simple Columnar
Single layer of tall , column shaped cells Microvilli on top Lines digestive tract
3 Types of muscle tissue
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Integumentary system (components)
Skin, hair, nails, sensory receptors, some glands
Lacunae (Bone)
Space where osteocytes sit
Types of epithelial shapes
Squamous: Flat Cells, lack many organelles Cuboidal: Cube shaped Columnar: Column shaped
Collagen fibers in connective tissue
Strengthening protein Flexible, Thick
Fibrocartilage
Strong cartilage that contains lots of collagen Shock absorption I.e Knee, Vertabra
Synovial membrane
The lining of a joint Function: Secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.
Dynamic equilibrium
The set point is able to change Constant small corrections that maintain homeostasis
Cutaneous membrane
The skin Function: Protection Composed of epidermis and dermis
Types of Junctions of epithelial tissue
Tight Gap Desmosomes Hemidesmosomes
adipose connective tissue location
Under Skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
Melanin
Varies in # and shade of pigment Produced by melanocytes
Ground substance
Varies; contains ions, dissolved proteins, etc.
Rickets
Vitamin D deficiency bone deformation (bowed legs)
Skeletal muscle tissue function
Voluntary movements of skeletal parts
sensible perspiration
Water loss due to secretion by sweat glands
basal lamina (basement membrane)
a layer of filaments and fibers that attach an epithelium to the underlying connective tissue
Negative feedback
a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus
reticular connective tissue
a mesh of fibers and fibroblasts; forms a supportive framework
Hair follicle
a small tubular cavity containing the root of a hair
Effector
an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus in order to restore homeostasis
Papillary layer of dermis
areolar CT, Superficial
Types of Loose tissue
areolar, adipose, reticular
Osteon
basic unit of compact bone
Skeletal system (Structure)
bones and joints Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Medullary Cavity, Compact and Spongy bone
elastic cartilage
cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; Stretch & Recoil more flexible than hyaline cartilage Found at external ear
Medullary cavity
cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
transitional epithelium
changes shape depending on the state of stretch in the tissue Stretching i.e Bladder
Dense regular connective tissue
collagen fibers line up parallel in the same direction very strong in one direction makes up tendons and ligaments
dense tissue types
dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
Skin (components)
epidermis and dermis
Extrinsic
from outside the body Nervous or Endocrine systems Nervous= Faster, Endocrine= Slower
Interstitial growth
growth in length
Specialized Cells: Mast cells
involved in inflammatory processes
pituitary dwarfism
lack of growth hormone, normal proportions with short stature
Vitiligo
localized loss of skin pigmentation (white patches)
Dense elastic connective tissue location
lung arteries, vocal cords, vertebral ligaments
reticular connective tissue location
lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow
Stratified Cuboidal
many layers of cube shaped cells Secretion of sweat glands i.e glands
Bone histology
matrix is dense and contains calcium salts(Rigidity) and collagen(Strength, and Flexibility)
Osteocytes
mature bone cells
Chondrocytes
mature cartilage cells
Skin color is determined by
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
Bone remodeling
ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
Types of Bone cells
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
Stratum Corneum
outermost layer of epidermis "Horn-like layer;" Lots of keratin Dead cells flake off
Giantism
overproduction of growth hormone before puberty
Freckles
patches of melanin due to increased melanin
2 Types of Bone membranes
periosteum and endosteum
Integumentary system functions
protection water retention thermoregulation vitamin D synthesis Secretion cutaneous sensation
Smooth muscle tissue function
pushes food along the digestive tract
Erythema
redness of the skin due to too much blood flow
Diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
Simple cuboidal
single layer of cube shaped cells SECRETION, Mucus Production, Movement i.e Kidney Tubules
Simple Squamous
single layer of flat cells able to diffuse easily, rapidly i.e Lungs
Lacunae
small cavities where cartilage sits
Histology
study of tissues
periosteum bone
surrounds bone protection site of muscle attachment
dense regular connective tissue location
tendons and ligaments (Muscle to Bone) or (Bone to Bone)
Insensible perspiration
water loss due to interstitual fluid loss from skin Unable to sense
Metaphysis
where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
areolar connective tissue location
widely distributed under epithelia of body