Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1

Carotenemia

yellow-orange color in light-skinned persons from large increase in carotene in blood

osteoprogenitor (Osteogenic) cells

(Stem cells); Make osteoblasts

Carotene

Yellow-Orange Stored in corneum, can be found in carrots

Osteoclasts

(Bone Breaking down) (Osteolysis) Bone Matrix destroying cells

Cutaneous Layer

(Exocrine)(part of the skin) a duct.

Layers of Keratinocytes (Epidermis)

(From deep to superficial) Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum

basal surface of epithelial tissue

"Base"; (the bottom)attached to basement membrane

Stratum Basale

"Basement" layer of epidermis Has rapidly dividing keratinocytes

Stratum Lucidum

"Clear Layer;" Dead cells, found ONLY IN THICK SKIN i.e hands, fingers, feet

epithelial tissue

"Exposed" Tissue thin sheet that coats the top of a structure also Lines internal passageways Forms glands (The tissue is pushed through to below and forms a gland)

hyaline cartilage

"Glassy" (translucent) Most common type of cartilage; found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

Stratum Granulosum

"Grainy layer" Stops dividing(Now Dying), and starts flattening starts producing keratin

Hemidesmosomes

"Half Desmosome" Resist stress between basement membrane and cells attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane

Endocrine glands

"Inside" Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream

Neurons

"Nascar Driver" Action potential; Contain processes that branch out from the body(Axon, Dendrites)

exocrine glands

"Outside" Secretions go to a surface through a duct

Glia

"Pitcrew;" "Glue" Hold neurons together and allow them to perform their proper functions

Stratum Spinosum

"Spiny layer", Alive, starting to dehydrate provides strength and flexibility to the skin Can see desmosomes

Apocrine glands (location)

"Stinky areas" Pubic region, under armpits, around the nipples Activate at puberty

Epidermal ridges

"Waves" of epidermal basement layer Fingerprints

Intramembranous (ossification)

"Within membrane" Bone forms from

apical surface of epithelial tissue

"apex" (Upper, free) exposed at the top, and to the exterior or cavity

Specialized Cells: Microphages

"small eaters"; eat up something specific

Specialized Cells: Macrophages

'Big'; -phages= "eater" Engulf microbes and debris

Specialized cells: Fibroblasts

'Fiber'; -blasts= "making" cells

Osteoblasts

("Bone Making") Produce bone matrix (-osteod) "Young"

Androgens/Estrogen

(At Puberty) Stimulate closure of epiphyseal plate(Increase bone formation) STOP growth of cartilage cells

keratinized stratified squamous

- contains keratin (a protein) makes the tissue waterproof (but kills it too) i.e outer layer of skin

Levels of organization

-Atoms/Molecule -Cell -Tissue -Organ -Organ system -Organism

Conditions regulated by homeostasis

-Body temp -Electrolytes -pH -Blood Pressure -Fluid Levels

Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

3rd layer of the skin; CT fibers are interwoven w/ reticular fibers of the dermis Stabilizes the skin in relation to underlying tissues

Positive feedback

A mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates responses that amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.

Acromegaly

Abnormal enlargement of the extremities overproduction of growth hormones after puberty

Heterotopic (ossification)

Abnormal presence of bone in soft tissue where bone normally does not exist "Outside of skeletal system"

Albinism

Absence of pigment(melanin) in the skin, hair, and eyes

Gap junctions

Allows for communication between cells

Modes of secretion: Apocrine

Apical (Apex or top) portion of the cell pinches off i.e Mammary glands

Skeletal muscle tissue

Attached to the bone Multinucleated, Stratified, Striated(Striped), Cylinder shaped

Cyanosis

Bluish skin due to not enough blood flow

Intramembranous (Ossification)

Bone develops from Dense CT "Within Membrane"

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

Bones forming in abnormal locations; in incorrect CT or Outside of muscles

Without proper minerals...(Calcium)

Bones would be flimsy

Without proper collagen...

Bones would break easily

Vitamin D(D3)

Calcitriol production; Calcium homeostasis

3 Types of Vitamins/Minerals (Affecting bone development)

Calcium/Phosphates Vitamin C Vitamin D(D3)

Central canal (haversian canal)

Canal that houses blood vessels located at the center of the osteon

Canaliculi

Canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal How osteocytes communicate

Papillary layer of dermis (Composition)

Capillaries, Lymphatic vessels, and Sensory nerve fibers

Supportive CT: Cartilage (Characteristics)

Chondrocytes, Lacunae, Perichondrium

Types of protein fibers in connective tissue

Collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers

glandular epithelium

Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances. Makes up the glands

Membrane (Composition)

Composed of epithelium with underlying connective tissue

Perforating canals (Volkmann's canals)

Connect the central canals of different Osteons Supply blood to Osteons and tissue in the medullary cavity

Extensive extracellular matrix

Connective tissue usually has an EEM Associated with highly vascular tissues Not exposed

Muscle tissue (Function)

Contraction, to cause movement

Gravity (Affecting bone development)

Decreases bone mass

Dermis

Deep to epidermis Two layers: Papillary, Reticular

Reticular layer of dermis

Dense irregular CT, Stronger; resists stress in many directions

Compact bone

Dense, solid; Surrounds Medullary Cavity Protective outer layer

Dense irregular connective tissue location

Dermis of skin

Set Point

Desired value

Tactile Cells (Sensory Receptors)

Detect touch, detects temperature

adipose connective tissue

Empty-looking, thin margins, nucleus pressed on Membrane Protection, Insulation, Energy storage, Cushioning(Subcutaneous fat/organ packing) Adipocytes, More lipids Found under the skin

Epiphysis

End of a long bone

Modes of secretion: Holocrine

Entire cell lyses (Cuts/ breaks off); all contents are then released i.e Oil glands

Factors affecting bone growth/maintenance

Exercise, Gravity, Vitamins/Minerals, Hormones

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

Falsely layered, has Cilia Goblet cells produce mucus All cells connect to basement membrane i.e upper respiratory system

Specialized Cells: Adipocytes

Fat cells Cells that store lipids

dense irregular connective tissue

Fibers are densely packed in many directions able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength Location: fibrous capsules of organs and joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract

Elastic fibers in connective tissue

Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue

Serous membrane

Function: Produces watery fluid to reduce friction Lines all body cavities that are closed to the exterior Very thin, firmly attached

Mucous membrane

Function: Secretes mucus lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist. Has goblet cells, in epithelium

Types of Hormones (Affecting bone development)

Growth Hormone/Thyroxine Androgens/Estrogen

Appositional growth

Growth in width

Supportive CT: Cartilage (Types)

Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage

Perichondrium

Membrane around the cartilage

Secretions role in homestasis

If Overheating: Sweating, Vasodilation etc. If Too cold: Shivering, Vasoconstriction

Specialized Cells: Lymphocytes (Plasma Cells)

Immunity function

Spongy bone

In Epiphysis

Hemoglobin

In RBC's, carries o2 With o2= Red/Orange Without o2= Red/Blue

Growth Hormone/Thyroxine

Increase metabolism Increase length Increase cartilage cell division at epiphysis

Exercise (Affecting bone development)

Increases osteoblasts activity to thicken bones Bone mass increases

Control Center

Initiate responses to stimulus, after comparing to set point

Nervous tissue function

Intracellular communication (Neuron action potential)

Ways homeostasis is maintained

Intrinsic & Extrinsic

Cardiac muscle tissue function

Involuntary contraction and relaxation pump blood in heart Cellular communication, ensures cell wont break apart

Smooth muscle tissue

Involuntary, in the intestines, and around passageways Also found in arteries and veins.

Lamellae (compact bone)

Layers of bone matrix within an osteon

areolar connective tissue

Loosely organized, abundant blood vessels Cushioning, Structure with movement, immunity (Microphages)

Reticular fibers in connective tissue

Made of collagen Thin, many branches, still strong but not as much

Calcium/Phosphate (Affecting bone development)

Make up matrix; (Affects mass of matrix)

Stratified Squamous

Many layers of flat cells Protective i.e epidermis of skin, oral cavity, esophagus, vagina

fluid connective tissue

Matrix is fluid blood and lymph

Supporting connective tissue

Matrix is solid cartilage and bone

Lymph (Fluid tissue)

Matrix=Interstitial fluid (Between cells) WBC's for immunity, maintains blood volume, immune system monitering

Blood (Fluid tissue)

Matrix=Plasma ; Cells=RBC,WBC,Fragment(Platelet) Connective tissue made of plasma, RBC's, WBC's, and platelets. Functions: Transports o2, Immunity, and clotting

Endosteum

Membrane inside the bone Lines medullary cavity, contains -blasts, and -clasts

Periosteum

Membrane surrounding the bone; Contains fibers and osteoblasts

2 types of Sudoriferous glands

Merocrine(Eccrine) or Apocrine

Trabeculae

Meshwork of supporting bundles of fibers in spongy bone

Osteocytes

Monitor and maintain bone matrix, repair damaged bone "Mature"

dense elastic connective tissue(regular/irregular)

More elastic fibers, strength & recoil of organs

4 Types of membranes

Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous, Synovial

intrinsic

Near original stimulus

Merocrine/Eccrine Glands (Location)

Nearly everywhere on the body (Everywhere you sweat)

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

Necessary for maintaining normal bone development

2 Specific types of nervous tissue

Neurons, Glia

Cardiac muscle tissue

Only in heart, involuntary. Striated, branching, Single nucleus per cell, Intercalated disks (desmosomes + gap junctions)

Supporting CT: Bone (Characteristics)

Osteocytes, Lacunae, Periosteum

Epithelial Characteristics: Polarity, Vascularity, Regeneration, Cellularity

Polarity: Unequal/Opposite Vascularity: Avascular, (Without blood vessels) Regeneration: Cells divide rapidly Cellularity: More Cells, Less matrix

Tight junctions

Prevent passage of substances between cells

Endochondral (ossification)

Process of transforming cartilage into bone. "Within/inside cartilage;" how long bone grows in length Cartilage cells divide at epiphysis & bone forms behind it

Melanocytes

Produce melanin, protects cell nucleus from UV

Sebaceous layer

Produce sebum(Oil), lubricates skin Why your hair feels oily if you don't wash it

Skeletal System (Functions)

Protection, Structure, Movement, Calcium homestasis, RBC Production

Receptor

Receives a signal, detects stimulus change

Vitamin C

Required for synthesis of collagen

Desmosomes (anchoring junctions)

Resist stress between cells Binds adjacent cells together into strong sheets

Apocrine Glands (Function)

Secrete thicker sweat, Produces odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

Secretes sweat or perspiration, which helps to cool the body by evaporation. Sweat also rids the body of waste.

Merocrine/Eccrine Glands (Function)

Secretion by exocytosis, Watery sweat Cools the body when it evaporates

Modes of secretion: Merocrine

Secretions by exocytosis (Vacuole membrane and Cell membrane fuse together in order for secretion to be possible) i.e Sweat Glands

Lateral surface of epithelial tissue

Sides of the tissue, connects to other cells

Types of epithelial layers

Simple: Single layered Stratified: Many layered Pseudostratified: Falsely layered

Simple Columnar

Single layer of tall , column shaped cells Microvilli on top Lines digestive tract

3 Types of muscle tissue

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Integumentary system (components)

Skin, hair, nails, sensory receptors, some glands

Lacunae (Bone)

Space where osteocytes sit

Types of epithelial shapes

Squamous: Flat Cells, lack many organelles Cuboidal: Cube shaped Columnar: Column shaped

Collagen fibers in connective tissue

Strengthening protein Flexible, Thick

Fibrocartilage

Strong cartilage that contains lots of collagen Shock absorption I.e Knee, Vertabra

Synovial membrane

The lining of a joint Function: Secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.

Dynamic equilibrium

The set point is able to change Constant small corrections that maintain homeostasis

Cutaneous membrane

The skin Function: Protection Composed of epidermis and dermis

Types of Junctions of epithelial tissue

Tight Gap Desmosomes Hemidesmosomes

adipose connective tissue location

Under Skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts

Melanin

Varies in # and shade of pigment Produced by melanocytes

Ground substance

Varies; contains ions, dissolved proteins, etc.

Rickets

Vitamin D deficiency bone deformation (bowed legs)

Skeletal muscle tissue function

Voluntary movements of skeletal parts

sensible perspiration

Water loss due to secretion by sweat glands

basal lamina (basement membrane)

a layer of filaments and fibers that attach an epithelium to the underlying connective tissue

Negative feedback

a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

reticular connective tissue

a mesh of fibers and fibroblasts; forms a supportive framework

Hair follicle

a small tubular cavity containing the root of a hair

Effector

an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus in order to restore homeostasis

Papillary layer of dermis

areolar CT, Superficial

Types of Loose tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

Osteon

basic unit of compact bone

Skeletal system (Structure)

bones and joints Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Medullary Cavity, Compact and Spongy bone

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; Stretch & Recoil more flexible than hyaline cartilage Found at external ear

Medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

transitional epithelium

changes shape depending on the state of stretch in the tissue Stretching i.e Bladder

Dense regular connective tissue

collagen fibers line up parallel in the same direction very strong in one direction makes up tendons and ligaments

dense tissue types

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

Skin (components)

epidermis and dermis

Extrinsic

from outside the body Nervous or Endocrine systems Nervous= Faster, Endocrine= Slower

Interstitial growth

growth in length

Specialized Cells: Mast cells

involved in inflammatory processes

pituitary dwarfism

lack of growth hormone, normal proportions with short stature

Vitiligo

localized loss of skin pigmentation (white patches)

Dense elastic connective tissue location

lung arteries, vocal cords, vertebral ligaments

reticular connective tissue location

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow

Stratified Cuboidal

many layers of cube shaped cells Secretion of sweat glands i.e glands

Bone histology

matrix is dense and contains calcium salts(Rigidity) and collagen(Strength, and Flexibility)

Osteocytes

mature bone cells

Chondrocytes

mature cartilage cells

Skin color is determined by

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

Bone remodeling

ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

Types of Bone cells

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Stratum Corneum

outermost layer of epidermis "Horn-like layer;" Lots of keratin Dead cells flake off

Giantism

overproduction of growth hormone before puberty

Freckles

patches of melanin due to increased melanin

2 Types of Bone membranes

periosteum and endosteum

Integumentary system functions

protection water retention thermoregulation vitamin D synthesis Secretion cutaneous sensation

Smooth muscle tissue function

pushes food along the digestive tract

Erythema

redness of the skin due to too much blood flow

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

Simple cuboidal

single layer of cube shaped cells SECRETION, Mucus Production, Movement i.e Kidney Tubules

Simple Squamous

single layer of flat cells able to diffuse easily, rapidly i.e Lungs

Lacunae

small cavities where cartilage sits

Histology

study of tissues

periosteum bone

surrounds bone protection site of muscle attachment

dense regular connective tissue location

tendons and ligaments (Muscle to Bone) or (Bone to Bone)

Insensible perspiration

water loss due to interstitual fluid loss from skin Unable to sense

Metaphysis

where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

areolar connective tissue location

widely distributed under epithelia of body