Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1: Tissues, Integumentary System, Bones & Skeletal Tissues.

Are goblet cells uni or multicellular?

Unicellular

Are goblet cells unicellular or multicellular?

Unicellular

How long does postnatal bone growth last?

Until early adulthood

What are two characteristics of connective tissue?

Varying degrees of vascularity Have extracellular matrix

What is sensible perspiration?

Visible output of sweat used to cool the body

What hormone stimulates sebaceous glands?

androgens

What is the periosteum made of?

dense irregular connective tissue

What tissue type is the perichondrium made of?

dense irregular connective tissue

Serosa / Serous membrane

double-layered membrane that lines the outer surfaces of organs and the walls of cavities which is coated with mucus to allow sliding with minimal friction

When does calcification of cartilage occur?

during normal bone growth in youth and old age

What do macrophages do?

eat dead cells & microoganisms

How often is compact bone replaced?

every 10 years

How often is spongy bone replaced?

every 3-4 years

What layers of skin are damaged in a third degree burn?

full epidermal & dermal burn

Define a cilia

hairlike projection that propels substances along the free surface of an epithelial tissue

Where is the medullary cavity found?

in the diaphysis of long bones

Where is the reticular lamina located?

it is the inferior surface of the basement membrane & the superior surface of underlying connective tissue

What constitutes an organic compound

it must contain carbon

What are the purpose of mast cells?

local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect

Define a basal surface

lowest attached surface of epithelial, touches the basement membrane

Where is the basal lamina located?

on the superior surface of the basement membrane

Where do exocrine glands secrete their products?

onto the bodies surface or into body cavities

What surrounds the skeletal cartilage?

perichondrium

What hair color does trichosiderin produce?

red

What is the function of the perichondrium?

resists outward expansion contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage

what are nails?

scalelike modifications of the epidermis

What triggers the regenerative properties of epithelial?

the destruction of apical-basal polarity

What is a parietal Serosa?

the layer of serous membrane that lines the body cavity

What is a visceral Serosa?

the layer of serous membrane that lines the external walls of organs

What are the early detection rules of melanoma?

ABCD rule Asymmetry - two sides don't match Border irregularity - indentations Color - contains several colors Diameter - larger than 6mm

What are functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelia?

Absorption & secretion

What are functions of simple columnar epithelia?

Absorption & secretion

What are functions of simple cuboidal epithelia?

Absorption & secretion

What are functions of simple epithelia?

Absorption Secretion Filtration

What are the four types of cells found in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes Melanocytes Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells Tactile (Merkel) Cells

What do Sebaceous Glands produce?

Oil called sebum

Why does bone need to be replaced?

Older bone becomes brittle due to calcium salts crystallizing

Define a gland

One or more cells that make or secrete an aqueous fluid called secretion

Which fracture classification is defined by having the skin penetrated?

Open (compound)

What stage of tissue repair can granulation tissue be found?

Organization

Which step of tissue repair involves the fibroblasts secreting new collagen fibers to repair a gap in tissue?

Organization

What are the bone remodeling cells called?

Osteoblasts Osteoclasts

What hormone is produced in bone, regulates bone formation and protects against obesity, glucose intolerance and diabetes?

Osteocalcin

What live inside of the lacunae of osteons?

Osteocytes

What are the mitoically active cells found in the periosteum and endosteum?

Osteogenic cells

What happens when dermal blood vessels constrict?

Shivering

What are structural classifications of multicellular glands?

Simple & compound

What are the classifications of epithelia?

Simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal, columnar

What are three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

What is the most widespread stratified epithelia?

Stratified squamous

What are the 5 distinct layers of the epidermis?

Stratum Basale Spinosum Granulosum Lucidum Corneum

in what layer of the epidermis does keratinization begin?

Stratum Granulosum

What layer of the epidermis is actively mitotic?

Stratum basal

What bones are found in the axial skeleton

Skull Vertebral Column Rib cage

What tissue types regenerate only moderately well?

Smooth Muscle Dense regular connective tissue

What are mature cells that maintain the matrix?

Chondrocytes Osteocytes

What layers of skin are damaged in a second degree burn?

Epidermal upper dermal

What layer of skin is damaged in a first degree burn?

Epidermal damage only

What lies below the skin?

Hypodermis

What specific bones are formed from intramembranous ossification?

Clavicles & cranial bones

What are the classifications of fractures?

Nondisplaced Displaced Complete Incomplete Open (compound) Closed (simple)

How are bones classifying?

Shape

What percentage of your body must be covered in third burns to be considered critical?

10% or face, hands or feet

What percentage of cells are melanocytes?

10-25%

How many layers thick is the stratum coreum?

20-30

How many bones are in the human body?

206

What percentage of your body must be covered in second burns to be considered critical?

25%

how many days does it take for a cell to travel from the basal layer to the surface?

25-45 days

When does ossification begin?

2nd month of development

Haw many layers thick is the stratum granulosum?

3-5

How much blood is found in the Integumentary system?

5% of the total volume

What precent of bone mass is recycled each week?

5-7%

What percentage of dermal thickness does the reticular layer account for?

80%

How much hair is lost from the scalp a day?

90 hairs

What is granulation tissue?

A delicate pink tissue that contains capillaries that forms new capillary beds of a wound

Define a microvilli

A fingerlike extension of the plasma membrane

What is Rickets?

A homeostatic imbalance found in children that causes bowed legs and bone ends being enlarged and abnormally long. Caused by Vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium

What is Osteoporosis?

A homeostatic imbalance where bone resorption outpaces bone deposit

What is Osteomalacia?

A homeostatic imbalance where bones are poorly mineralized, bones are soft and weak and there is pain upon bearing weight

What cell in adipose stores nutrients?

Adipocyte

What are the organs found in the skeletal system?

All bones

What is the function of the hypodermis?

Anchors the skin to underlying structures, mostly muscles

Which surface of an epithelial tissue can be smooth & slick?

Apical

What are the polar surfaces of epithelial?

Apical surface & Basal surface

Which mode of secretion accumulates products but only the apex (top) ruptures?

Aprocrine (controversial if it exists in humans)

What are the loose connective tissue types?

Areolar Adipose Reticular

Which Connective tissue proper plays an important role in inflammation?

Areolar Connective tissue

Where is the periosteum found?

Around the external surface of the entire bone except the joint surfaces

What are covering and lining membranes composed of?

At least two primary tissue types

Where do cells begin to die in the epidermis?

At the top of the Stratum granulosum

What are the two groupings of bones?

Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton

Where are apocrine glands found?

Axillary and anogenital areas (Armpits & gentialia)

What are the major functions of connective tissues?

BTIP? Binding & supporting Transporting substances (blood) Insulating Protecting

What are the three major types of skin cancer?

Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma

When happens to the epiphyseal plate in adulthood?

Become a calcified line known as the epiphyseal line

What causes bruises and what color does it produce?

Black & blue Clotted blood beneath the skin

Which connective tissue is fluid?

Blood

What causes Cyanosis and what color does it produce?

Blue color Low oxygenation of hemoglobin

Where can you find Osteoblasts?

Bone

What does bone remodeling consist of?

Bone deposit Bone resorption

What is intramembranous ossification?

Bone develops from fibrous membrane

What are epiphyses?

Bone ends

What is endochondral ossification?

Bone formed by replacing hyaline cartilage

What is an osteaoblast?

Bone forming cell that secretes the matrix of bone

What does bone homeostasis consist of?

Bone remodeling Bone repair

What is the cause for most broken bones in old age?

Bone thinning

What is wolff's law in regards to mechanical stressors on bone?

Bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on it

What bones are found in the appendicular skeleton?

Bones of the upper and lower limbs girdles attaching limbs to the axial skeleton

What pigment does Melanin produce?

Brown-Black

What are the "stress fractures" found between lamellae called and what are their function?

Canaliculi; connect all living cells to the nutrient supply and allow for communication

What muscle types are involuntary?

Cardiac & Smooth

Which tissue types have no functional regenerative capacity?

Cardiac muscle Nervous tissue of the brain & spinal cord

Where can you find chondroblasts?

Cartilage

What is appositional growth and what does it refer to?

Cartilage growth in where cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

What is Interstitial growth and what does it refer to?

Cartilage growth in where chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within

Where does stratified epithelial tissue regenerate from?

Cell division happens in basal layer and cells migrate to surface

What are the modified apocrine glands?

Ceruminous glands- ear canal secreting earwax Mammary Glands- secrete milk

What types of barriers does integumentary system provide?

Chemical Physical Biological

Who will more commonly have vellus hair?

Children & adult females

What are cleavage lines and why are they important to surgeons?

Cleavage lines- collagen fibers that run in circular planes parallel incisions made along cleavage lines allows for less skin gapes and promotes faster healing

Which fracture classification is defined by not having the skin penetrated?

Closed (simple)

What is terminal hair

Coarse long hair of eyebrows, beards & pubes

Which fiber is most abundant & strongest?

Collagen

What are the three types of fibers?

Collagen Elastic Reticular

What are the different bone textures?

Compact and spongy

Which fracture classification is defined by being broken all the way through?

Complete

Which tissue type is most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues?

Connective tissue

Where can you find Fibroblasts?

Connective tissue proper

What are the main classes of connective tissue?

Connective tissue proper Cartilage Bone Blood

What are the main types of epithelial tissue?

Covering and lining epithelia & glandular glandular

What cells shape does the basal layer of transitional epithelium produce?

Cuboidal or columnar

Which membrane is dry?

Cutaneous

What are three types of covering and lining membranes?

Cutaneous Mucous Serous

What are the functions of the basement membrane?

DRR Defines epithelial boundary reinforce epithelial sheet Resists stretching & tearing

What is hair made of?

Dead keratinized cells of hard keratin

What causes bronzing and what color does it produce?

Deep tan Inadequate hormones in addison's disease

What is the immediate threat of a burn?

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

What are the dense connective tissue types?

Dense Regular Dense Irregular Elastic

How long does bone remodeling and repair last?

Entire lifespan

Where are irregular connective tissues found?

Dermis Fibrous joint capsules Fibrous coverings of some organs

Which fracture classification is defined by the ends being out of normal alignment?

Displaced

Where can you find elastic cartilage?

Ears Epiglotis

What are the two main types of sudoriferous glands?

Eccrine (merocrine) Apocrine

What are the most numerous sweat glands

Eccrine (merocrine) glands

What connective tissue proper type makes up many of our large artery walls?

Elastic

What is the second thickest fiber?

Elastic

Which fiber allows for stretch & recoil?

Elastic

What type of ossification forms most of the skeleton?

Endochondral ossification

Which gland type is ductless?

Endocrine

Which gland type produces hormones?

Endocrine

Which gland type secretes its product through exocytosis?

Endocrine glands & certain types of Exocrine glands

What membrane covers the internal surfaces of bone?

Endosteum

What are the functions of adipose connective tissue?

Energy Storage Insulation Supports & protects

What is white adipose used for?

Energy Storage Shock absorption Insulation

What are the two distinct regions of the skin?

Epidermis Dermis

What is the disc of hyaline cartilage found in the bones of children called?

Epiphyseal plate

What tissue type covers and forms boundaries?

Epithelial

What are the 4 primary Tissue Types?

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

What tissue types regenerate extremely well?

Epithelial tissues Bone Areolar connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Blood forming tissues

What type of gland produces mucus, sweat, oil, & saliva?

Exocrine Glands

Which type of gland is more numerous exocrine or endocrine?

Exocrine glands

What are cell types found in connective tissue?

Fat cells White Blood Cells Mast Cells Macrophages

What are characteristics of dense regular connective tissue?

Few cells Poorly vascularized

What are immature forms & mitotically active cells that secrete ground substance & fibers?

Fibroblasts Chondroblasts Osteoblasts Hematopoiteic stem cells in bone marrow (blood)

Which cartilage's function is to provide tensile strength for compressive shock?

Fibrocartilage

Which process of tissue repair creates a scar?

Fibrosis

What is frank baldness?

Genetically determined & sex-influenced balding, also known as male pattern baldness

What makes up extracellular matrix?

Ground substance Fibers Cells

What is appositional growth?

Growth that increases the bones thickness, occurs during postnatal bone growth

What is interstitial growth?

Growth that increases the length of long bones, occurs during postnatal bone growth

What hormone regulates activity in the epiphyseal plate during infancy and childhood?

HGH (human growth hormone)

Where can red bone marrow be found in adult long bones?

Heads of femur & humerus only

What is brown adipose used for?

Heating bloodstream

What is the Study of Tissues?

Histology

What are lamellae?

Hollow tubes of bone matrix that withstand twisting

Which mode of secretion accumulates products within & then rupture?

Holocrine

What are the three types of cartilage?

Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage

Which fracture classification is defined by not being broken all the way through

Incomplete

Which step of tissue repair forms a scab?

Inflammation

What are the steps of tissue repair?

Inflammation Organization restores blood supply Regneration & Fibrosis effect permanent repair

What is ground substance made of

Interstitial Fluid Cell adhesion proteins Proteoglycans

Why does epithelial use diffusion to receive nutrients?

It is avascular

What do Keratinocytes produce?

Keratin

What is the epidermis made of?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue

What are the most abundant cells found in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes

Define avascular

Lacking a blood supply

What is the epithelial sheet of a mucous membrane that lies directly over a layer of loose connective tissue called?

Lamina propria

Ceruminous Glands

Lining of external ear canal Secrete cerumen (earwax)

What are Freckles?

Local accumulations of melanin

What are the shape classifications of bone?

Long Short Flat Irregular

What are two subclasses of connective tissue proper?

Loose & Dense

Where do osteocytes live?

Luncanae of an osteon

What are dendritic cells?

Macrophages that are key activators of the immune system

What are Osteoclasts?

Macrophages used for bone resorption (breaking down)

What is an osteocyte?

Mature bone cell that maintains bone matrix

What causes the hair colors yellow, rust, brown, black?

Melanins

What is the second most common cell found in the epidermis

Melanocytes

What is adundant in the stratum spinosum?

Melanosomes & dendritic cells

Which mode of secretion is most abundantly seen?

Merocrine

Which mode of secretion secretes products by exocytosis as its produced?

Merocrine

What are the different modes of secretion in multicellular glands?

Merocrine, Holocrine & apocrine

What is the tissue of origin for all connective tissue?

Mesenchyme

What is the difference between microvilli & cilia?

Microvilli are an extension of the plasma membrane while cilia are organelles of the individual cell

What makes up 65% of bone mass?

Mineral salts (hydroxyapatites)

What gland secretes milk?

Modified apocrine glands called Mammary glands

What are some characteristics of osseous tissue?

More collagen than cartilage Richly vascularized

What is the hypodermis made of?

Mostly adipose tissue

What is the dermis made of?

Mostly fibrous connective tissue (dense irregular)

What product forms mucus when dissolved in water?

Mucin

What is another name for mucous membrane?

Mucosae

What cells create Mucin?

Mucous & goblet cells

Which membrane lines body cavities open to the exterior? (outside world)

Mucous Membrane

What primary tissue is responsible for movement?

Muscle

Where do most sebaceous glands develop?

Near hair follicles

What structures can be found in the dermis?

Nerve fibers Blood Lymphatic Vessels Hair Follicles Oil & Sweat glands

What are the functions of calcium?

Nerve impulse transmission Muscle contraction Blood coagulation Secretion by glands and nerve cells Cell division

What stimulations cause the contractions that force sweat into ducts?

Nervous system stimulation

What are the primary cell types found in nervous tissue?

Neurons Neuroglia

is calcified cartilage bone?

No

Is bone as strong as steel when resisting compression?

No, its half as strong as steel

Are all layers of stratified columnar tissue columnar in shape?

No, only the apical layer

Which fracture classification is defined by the ends retaining normal position?

Nondisplaced

What are the 4 most common elements found in living organisms?

Oxygen Carbon Nitrogen Hydrogen

What are examples of positive feedback mechanisms?

Oxytocin during childbirth Platelet activity during blood clotting

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

PASSEF Protection Absorption Filtration Excretion Secretion Sensory Reception

What are the Characteristics of Epithelial tissue?

PRASS Polarity Regeneration Avasuclar but innervated Supported by connective tissue Specialized contacts

What causes pallor and what color does it produce?

Pale Anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger

What is vellus hair?

Pale fine body hair

Where are eccrine glands most abundant?

Palms Soles Forehead

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Papillary Reticular

What layer of the skin are dermal papillae found?

Papillary Layer

What are dermal papillae

Peglike projections of the dermis that increase surface area

Where does cartilage receive nutrients from?

Perichondrium

What are the two membranes of bone called?

Periosteum Endosteum

What pigment does Hemoglobin produce?

Pink

What is ossification?

Process of bone tissue formation

What is the function of melanocytes?

Protect from UV damage

What is the major role of stratified epithelial tissues?

Protection

What are the functions of the Integumentary System?

Protection (abrasion, chemical, bacterial, temperature) Body temperature regulation Cutaneous sensation Metabolic function (synthesis of Vitamin D) Blood reservoir Excretion

What are the functions of the cells found in the Stratum Corneum?

Protects deeper cells from environment and water loss Protects from physical (abrasion), biological (bacterial) and chemical (UV) assaults

What causes Erythema and what color does it produce?

Red Embarassment, Fever, Hypertension (stress), inflammation, allergy

What can be found in the spaces between trabeculae in living bone?

Red and yellow bone marrow

What is the most common cell type in blood?

Red blood cells

What type of marrow is found in the diploë of irregular bones?

Red marrow

Which process of tissue repair occurs as keratinocytes are produce in the epidermis?

Regeneration

What two ways does tissue repair occur?

Regeneration Fibrosis

Which tissue repair step sees the creation of a scar tissue?

Regeneration & Fibrosis Step, but specifically fibrosis causes scaring

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Regulates & controls body functions

What is the epiphyseal line?

Remnants of the epiphyseal plate found in childhood

What do white blood cells do?

Respond to tissue injury

Which fiber is short & fine that forms that networks that provide more give?

Reticular

Is white fat richly vascularized or avasular?

Richly vascularized

What are tactile cells?

Sensory nerve endings

What is a diaphysis?

Shaft of long bone that contains the medullary cavity

What is another name for the hypodermis?

Superficial fascia

What are the functions of bones?

Support Protection Movement Mineral & growth factor storage blood cell formation Triglyceride storage hormone production

What are the functions of areolar connective tissue?

Supporting & Binding Defending against infection Holds tissue fluids

What are functions of osseous tissue?

Supports & protects Stores fat & synthesizes blood stores minerals & salts

What is reticular connective tissues function?

Supports free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen & bone marrow Forms a soft internal skeleton (stroma)

Define an apical surface

Surface of epithelial that is exposed to exterior or to the bodies exterior or the cavity of an internal organ (Lumen)

What do sudoriferous glands produce?

Sweat!

What happens when dermal blood vessels dilate?

Sweating

What hormone promotes adolescent growth spurts & epiphyseal plate closure?

Testosterone (males) Estrogens (females)

What do simple & stratified classifications refer to?

The amount of layers found in an epithelia

Which membrane is also an organ system?

The cutaneous membrane

What is Mesothelium?

The epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity

What is Endothelium?

The lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels & heart

What is Fibrosis

The process of repairing tissue by replacing the damaged tissues with connective tissue, leading to the original function being lost

What is regeneration?

The process of repairing tissue with the same kind of tissue that was destroyed, leading to the original function being restored

What do squamous, cuboidal & columnar classifications refer to?

The shape of individual cells in an epithelia

Where does bone remodeling occur?

The surfaces of both the periosteum & endosteum

What is alopecia?

The thinning of hair in both sexes after age 40

Where are sebaceous glands NOT found?

Thick skin of palms and soles

Where is Startum Lucidum found?

Thick skin such as the palms and soles

How does epithelial tissue get nutrients?

Through diffusion from underlying connective tissue

What hormone regulates proportional growth of bone?

Thyroid hormone

What are the specialized contacts of epithelial tissue?

Tight Junctions & desmosomes

What is a burn

Tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation or certain chemicals

What are characteristics of cartilage?

Tough yet flexible Lacks nerve fibers 80% water Avascular

Which epithelium's apical cells vary in appearance?

Transitional

What is the function of blood?

Transporting respiratory gases, nutrients and wastes

What is the cause for most broken bones in youths?

Trauma

What are the functions of hair?

Warn of insects on skin Physical trauma Heat loss Sunlight

What are the different types of fat?

White & Brown

What are examples of negative feedback mechanisms?

Withdrawal reflex associated with pain Glucose secretion into the blood when sugar levels rise

What causes jaundice and what color does it produce?

Yellow Liver disorder

What is contained in the medullary cavity?

Yellow bone marrrow in adults Red bone marrow in infants

What pigment does Carotene produce?

Yellowish Orange

Can terminal hair be found in both sexes?

Yes

Is epithelial tissue innervated?

Yes

Can yellow marrow convert to red marrow?

Yes if necessary

Is bone as strong as steel when resisting tension?

Yes, it is equally as strong as steel when resisting tension

What is the cutaneous membrane?

Your skin

Define a basal lamina

a noncellular, adhesive sheet of mostly glycoproteins that determines which molecules are allowed to diffuse from the underlying connective tissue into the epithelium; also acts as a scaffolding that epithelial cells can migrate to repair a wound.

What are positive feedback mechanisms?

a response to stimuli that results in accelerated or cascading effects that proceed in the same direction. Ex: In Child Birth oxytocin levels increase to intensify labor contractions

What are negative feedback mechanisms?

a response to stimuli that results in the shutdown of the original effect. These mechanisms cause opposite direction change. Ex: withdrawal reflex associated with pain

What are sacrificial bonds?

bonds found between collagen molecules of bone that stretch & break easily on impact to dissipate energy and prevent fracture

Define a reticular lamina

the superior surface of underlying connective tissue made of extracellular material and collagen fibers

What function do eccrine glands provide?

thermoregulation (sweating)

What is a diploë?

thin plate of spongy bone covered in compact bone found in irregular bones

What are the the honey combs found in spongy bone called?

trabeculae

What is insensible perspiration?

unnoticeable sweating throughout the day that maintains homeostatical body temperature