Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1: Tissues, Integumentary System, Bones & Skeletal Tissues.
Are goblet cells uni or multicellular?
Unicellular
Are goblet cells unicellular or multicellular?
Unicellular
How long does postnatal bone growth last?
Until early adulthood
What are two characteristics of connective tissue?
Varying degrees of vascularity Have extracellular matrix
What is sensible perspiration?
Visible output of sweat used to cool the body
What hormone stimulates sebaceous glands?
androgens
What is the periosteum made of?
dense irregular connective tissue
What tissue type is the perichondrium made of?
dense irregular connective tissue
Serosa / Serous membrane
double-layered membrane that lines the outer surfaces of organs and the walls of cavities which is coated with mucus to allow sliding with minimal friction
When does calcification of cartilage occur?
during normal bone growth in youth and old age
What do macrophages do?
eat dead cells & microoganisms
How often is compact bone replaced?
every 10 years
How often is spongy bone replaced?
every 3-4 years
What layers of skin are damaged in a third degree burn?
full epidermal & dermal burn
Define a cilia
hairlike projection that propels substances along the free surface of an epithelial tissue
Where is the medullary cavity found?
in the diaphysis of long bones
Where is the reticular lamina located?
it is the inferior surface of the basement membrane & the superior surface of underlying connective tissue
What constitutes an organic compound
it must contain carbon
What are the purpose of mast cells?
local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect
Define a basal surface
lowest attached surface of epithelial, touches the basement membrane
Where is the basal lamina located?
on the superior surface of the basement membrane
Where do exocrine glands secrete their products?
onto the bodies surface or into body cavities
What surrounds the skeletal cartilage?
perichondrium
What hair color does trichosiderin produce?
red
What is the function of the perichondrium?
resists outward expansion contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage
what are nails?
scalelike modifications of the epidermis
What triggers the regenerative properties of epithelial?
the destruction of apical-basal polarity
What is a parietal Serosa?
the layer of serous membrane that lines the body cavity
What is a visceral Serosa?
the layer of serous membrane that lines the external walls of organs
What are the early detection rules of melanoma?
ABCD rule Asymmetry - two sides don't match Border irregularity - indentations Color - contains several colors Diameter - larger than 6mm
What are functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelia?
Absorption & secretion
What are functions of simple columnar epithelia?
Absorption & secretion
What are functions of simple cuboidal epithelia?
Absorption & secretion
What are functions of simple epithelia?
Absorption Secretion Filtration
What are the four types of cells found in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes Melanocytes Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells Tactile (Merkel) Cells
What do Sebaceous Glands produce?
Oil called sebum
Why does bone need to be replaced?
Older bone becomes brittle due to calcium salts crystallizing
Define a gland
One or more cells that make or secrete an aqueous fluid called secretion
Which fracture classification is defined by having the skin penetrated?
Open (compound)
What stage of tissue repair can granulation tissue be found?
Organization
Which step of tissue repair involves the fibroblasts secreting new collagen fibers to repair a gap in tissue?
Organization
What are the bone remodeling cells called?
Osteoblasts Osteoclasts
What hormone is produced in bone, regulates bone formation and protects against obesity, glucose intolerance and diabetes?
Osteocalcin
What live inside of the lacunae of osteons?
Osteocytes
What are the mitoically active cells found in the periosteum and endosteum?
Osteogenic cells
What happens when dermal blood vessels constrict?
Shivering
What are structural classifications of multicellular glands?
Simple & compound
What are the classifications of epithelia?
Simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal, columnar
What are three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
What is the most widespread stratified epithelia?
Stratified squamous
What are the 5 distinct layers of the epidermis?
Stratum Basale Spinosum Granulosum Lucidum Corneum
in what layer of the epidermis does keratinization begin?
Stratum Granulosum
What layer of the epidermis is actively mitotic?
Stratum basal
What bones are found in the axial skeleton
Skull Vertebral Column Rib cage
What tissue types regenerate only moderately well?
Smooth Muscle Dense regular connective tissue
What are mature cells that maintain the matrix?
Chondrocytes Osteocytes
What layers of skin are damaged in a second degree burn?
Epidermal upper dermal
What layer of skin is damaged in a first degree burn?
Epidermal damage only
What lies below the skin?
Hypodermis
What specific bones are formed from intramembranous ossification?
Clavicles & cranial bones
What are the classifications of fractures?
Nondisplaced Displaced Complete Incomplete Open (compound) Closed (simple)
How are bones classifying?
Shape
What percentage of your body must be covered in third burns to be considered critical?
10% or face, hands or feet
What percentage of cells are melanocytes?
10-25%
How many layers thick is the stratum coreum?
20-30
How many bones are in the human body?
206
What percentage of your body must be covered in second burns to be considered critical?
25%
how many days does it take for a cell to travel from the basal layer to the surface?
25-45 days
When does ossification begin?
2nd month of development
Haw many layers thick is the stratum granulosum?
3-5
How much blood is found in the Integumentary system?
5% of the total volume
What precent of bone mass is recycled each week?
5-7%
What percentage of dermal thickness does the reticular layer account for?
80%
How much hair is lost from the scalp a day?
90 hairs
What is granulation tissue?
A delicate pink tissue that contains capillaries that forms new capillary beds of a wound
Define a microvilli
A fingerlike extension of the plasma membrane
What is Rickets?
A homeostatic imbalance found in children that causes bowed legs and bone ends being enlarged and abnormally long. Caused by Vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium
What is Osteoporosis?
A homeostatic imbalance where bone resorption outpaces bone deposit
What is Osteomalacia?
A homeostatic imbalance where bones are poorly mineralized, bones are soft and weak and there is pain upon bearing weight
What cell in adipose stores nutrients?
Adipocyte
What are the organs found in the skeletal system?
All bones
What is the function of the hypodermis?
Anchors the skin to underlying structures, mostly muscles
Which surface of an epithelial tissue can be smooth & slick?
Apical
What are the polar surfaces of epithelial?
Apical surface & Basal surface
Which mode of secretion accumulates products but only the apex (top) ruptures?
Aprocrine (controversial if it exists in humans)
What are the loose connective tissue types?
Areolar Adipose Reticular
Which Connective tissue proper plays an important role in inflammation?
Areolar Connective tissue
Where is the periosteum found?
Around the external surface of the entire bone except the joint surfaces
What are covering and lining membranes composed of?
At least two primary tissue types
Where do cells begin to die in the epidermis?
At the top of the Stratum granulosum
What are the two groupings of bones?
Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton
Where are apocrine glands found?
Axillary and anogenital areas (Armpits & gentialia)
What are the major functions of connective tissues?
BTIP? Binding & supporting Transporting substances (blood) Insulating Protecting
What are the three major types of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma
When happens to the epiphyseal plate in adulthood?
Become a calcified line known as the epiphyseal line
What causes bruises and what color does it produce?
Black & blue Clotted blood beneath the skin
Which connective tissue is fluid?
Blood
What causes Cyanosis and what color does it produce?
Blue color Low oxygenation of hemoglobin
Where can you find Osteoblasts?
Bone
What does bone remodeling consist of?
Bone deposit Bone resorption
What is intramembranous ossification?
Bone develops from fibrous membrane
What are epiphyses?
Bone ends
What is endochondral ossification?
Bone formed by replacing hyaline cartilage
What is an osteaoblast?
Bone forming cell that secretes the matrix of bone
What does bone homeostasis consist of?
Bone remodeling Bone repair
What is the cause for most broken bones in old age?
Bone thinning
What is wolff's law in regards to mechanical stressors on bone?
Bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on it
What bones are found in the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the upper and lower limbs girdles attaching limbs to the axial skeleton
What pigment does Melanin produce?
Brown-Black
What are the "stress fractures" found between lamellae called and what are their function?
Canaliculi; connect all living cells to the nutrient supply and allow for communication
What muscle types are involuntary?
Cardiac & Smooth
Which tissue types have no functional regenerative capacity?
Cardiac muscle Nervous tissue of the brain & spinal cord
Where can you find chondroblasts?
Cartilage
What is appositional growth and what does it refer to?
Cartilage growth in where cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
What is Interstitial growth and what does it refer to?
Cartilage growth in where chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within
Where does stratified epithelial tissue regenerate from?
Cell division happens in basal layer and cells migrate to surface
What are the modified apocrine glands?
Ceruminous glands- ear canal secreting earwax Mammary Glands- secrete milk
What types of barriers does integumentary system provide?
Chemical Physical Biological
Who will more commonly have vellus hair?
Children & adult females
What are cleavage lines and why are they important to surgeons?
Cleavage lines- collagen fibers that run in circular planes parallel incisions made along cleavage lines allows for less skin gapes and promotes faster healing
Which fracture classification is defined by not having the skin penetrated?
Closed (simple)
What is terminal hair
Coarse long hair of eyebrows, beards & pubes
Which fiber is most abundant & strongest?
Collagen
What are the three types of fibers?
Collagen Elastic Reticular
What are the different bone textures?
Compact and spongy
Which fracture classification is defined by being broken all the way through?
Complete
Which tissue type is most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues?
Connective tissue
Where can you find Fibroblasts?
Connective tissue proper
What are the main classes of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper Cartilage Bone Blood
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Covering and lining epithelia & glandular glandular
What cells shape does the basal layer of transitional epithelium produce?
Cuboidal or columnar
Which membrane is dry?
Cutaneous
What are three types of covering and lining membranes?
Cutaneous Mucous Serous
What are the functions of the basement membrane?
DRR Defines epithelial boundary reinforce epithelial sheet Resists stretching & tearing
What is hair made of?
Dead keratinized cells of hard keratin
What causes bronzing and what color does it produce?
Deep tan Inadequate hormones in addison's disease
What is the immediate threat of a burn?
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
What are the dense connective tissue types?
Dense Regular Dense Irregular Elastic
How long does bone remodeling and repair last?
Entire lifespan
Where are irregular connective tissues found?
Dermis Fibrous joint capsules Fibrous coverings of some organs
Which fracture classification is defined by the ends being out of normal alignment?
Displaced
Where can you find elastic cartilage?
Ears Epiglotis
What are the two main types of sudoriferous glands?
Eccrine (merocrine) Apocrine
What are the most numerous sweat glands
Eccrine (merocrine) glands
What connective tissue proper type makes up many of our large artery walls?
Elastic
What is the second thickest fiber?
Elastic
Which fiber allows for stretch & recoil?
Elastic
What type of ossification forms most of the skeleton?
Endochondral ossification
Which gland type is ductless?
Endocrine
Which gland type produces hormones?
Endocrine
Which gland type secretes its product through exocytosis?
Endocrine glands & certain types of Exocrine glands
What membrane covers the internal surfaces of bone?
Endosteum
What are the functions of adipose connective tissue?
Energy Storage Insulation Supports & protects
What is white adipose used for?
Energy Storage Shock absorption Insulation
What are the two distinct regions of the skin?
Epidermis Dermis
What is the disc of hyaline cartilage found in the bones of children called?
Epiphyseal plate
What tissue type covers and forms boundaries?
Epithelial
What are the 4 primary Tissue Types?
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
What tissue types regenerate extremely well?
Epithelial tissues Bone Areolar connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Blood forming tissues
What type of gland produces mucus, sweat, oil, & saliva?
Exocrine Glands
Which type of gland is more numerous exocrine or endocrine?
Exocrine glands
What are cell types found in connective tissue?
Fat cells White Blood Cells Mast Cells Macrophages
What are characteristics of dense regular connective tissue?
Few cells Poorly vascularized
What are immature forms & mitotically active cells that secrete ground substance & fibers?
Fibroblasts Chondroblasts Osteoblasts Hematopoiteic stem cells in bone marrow (blood)
Which cartilage's function is to provide tensile strength for compressive shock?
Fibrocartilage
Which process of tissue repair creates a scar?
Fibrosis
What is frank baldness?
Genetically determined & sex-influenced balding, also known as male pattern baldness
What makes up extracellular matrix?
Ground substance Fibers Cells
What is appositional growth?
Growth that increases the bones thickness, occurs during postnatal bone growth
What is interstitial growth?
Growth that increases the length of long bones, occurs during postnatal bone growth
What hormone regulates activity in the epiphyseal plate during infancy and childhood?
HGH (human growth hormone)
Where can red bone marrow be found in adult long bones?
Heads of femur & humerus only
What is brown adipose used for?
Heating bloodstream
What is the Study of Tissues?
Histology
What are lamellae?
Hollow tubes of bone matrix that withstand twisting
Which mode of secretion accumulates products within & then rupture?
Holocrine
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
Which fracture classification is defined by not being broken all the way through
Incomplete
Which step of tissue repair forms a scab?
Inflammation
What are the steps of tissue repair?
Inflammation Organization restores blood supply Regneration & Fibrosis effect permanent repair
What is ground substance made of
Interstitial Fluid Cell adhesion proteins Proteoglycans
Why does epithelial use diffusion to receive nutrients?
It is avascular
What do Keratinocytes produce?
Keratin
What is the epidermis made of?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue
What are the most abundant cells found in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes
Define avascular
Lacking a blood supply
What is the epithelial sheet of a mucous membrane that lies directly over a layer of loose connective tissue called?
Lamina propria
Ceruminous Glands
Lining of external ear canal Secrete cerumen (earwax)
What are Freckles?
Local accumulations of melanin
What are the shape classifications of bone?
Long Short Flat Irregular
What are two subclasses of connective tissue proper?
Loose & Dense
Where do osteocytes live?
Luncanae of an osteon
What are dendritic cells?
Macrophages that are key activators of the immune system
What are Osteoclasts?
Macrophages used for bone resorption (breaking down)
What is an osteocyte?
Mature bone cell that maintains bone matrix
What causes the hair colors yellow, rust, brown, black?
Melanins
What is the second most common cell found in the epidermis
Melanocytes
What is adundant in the stratum spinosum?
Melanosomes & dendritic cells
Which mode of secretion is most abundantly seen?
Merocrine
Which mode of secretion secretes products by exocytosis as its produced?
Merocrine
What are the different modes of secretion in multicellular glands?
Merocrine, Holocrine & apocrine
What is the tissue of origin for all connective tissue?
Mesenchyme
What is the difference between microvilli & cilia?
Microvilli are an extension of the plasma membrane while cilia are organelles of the individual cell
What makes up 65% of bone mass?
Mineral salts (hydroxyapatites)
What gland secretes milk?
Modified apocrine glands called Mammary glands
What are some characteristics of osseous tissue?
More collagen than cartilage Richly vascularized
What is the hypodermis made of?
Mostly adipose tissue
What is the dermis made of?
Mostly fibrous connective tissue (dense irregular)
What product forms mucus when dissolved in water?
Mucin
What is another name for mucous membrane?
Mucosae
What cells create Mucin?
Mucous & goblet cells
Which membrane lines body cavities open to the exterior? (outside world)
Mucous Membrane
What primary tissue is responsible for movement?
Muscle
Where do most sebaceous glands develop?
Near hair follicles
What structures can be found in the dermis?
Nerve fibers Blood Lymphatic Vessels Hair Follicles Oil & Sweat glands
What are the functions of calcium?
Nerve impulse transmission Muscle contraction Blood coagulation Secretion by glands and nerve cells Cell division
What stimulations cause the contractions that force sweat into ducts?
Nervous system stimulation
What are the primary cell types found in nervous tissue?
Neurons Neuroglia
is calcified cartilage bone?
No
Is bone as strong as steel when resisting compression?
No, its half as strong as steel
Are all layers of stratified columnar tissue columnar in shape?
No, only the apical layer
Which fracture classification is defined by the ends retaining normal position?
Nondisplaced
What are the 4 most common elements found in living organisms?
Oxygen Carbon Nitrogen Hydrogen
What are examples of positive feedback mechanisms?
Oxytocin during childbirth Platelet activity during blood clotting
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
PASSEF Protection Absorption Filtration Excretion Secretion Sensory Reception
What are the Characteristics of Epithelial tissue?
PRASS Polarity Regeneration Avasuclar but innervated Supported by connective tissue Specialized contacts
What causes pallor and what color does it produce?
Pale Anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger
What is vellus hair?
Pale fine body hair
Where are eccrine glands most abundant?
Palms Soles Forehead
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary Reticular
What layer of the skin are dermal papillae found?
Papillary Layer
What are dermal papillae
Peglike projections of the dermis that increase surface area
Where does cartilage receive nutrients from?
Perichondrium
What are the two membranes of bone called?
Periosteum Endosteum
What pigment does Hemoglobin produce?
Pink
What is ossification?
Process of bone tissue formation
What is the function of melanocytes?
Protect from UV damage
What is the major role of stratified epithelial tissues?
Protection
What are the functions of the Integumentary System?
Protection (abrasion, chemical, bacterial, temperature) Body temperature regulation Cutaneous sensation Metabolic function (synthesis of Vitamin D) Blood reservoir Excretion
What are the functions of the cells found in the Stratum Corneum?
Protects deeper cells from environment and water loss Protects from physical (abrasion), biological (bacterial) and chemical (UV) assaults
What causes Erythema and what color does it produce?
Red Embarassment, Fever, Hypertension (stress), inflammation, allergy
What can be found in the spaces between trabeculae in living bone?
Red and yellow bone marrow
What is the most common cell type in blood?
Red blood cells
What type of marrow is found in the diploë of irregular bones?
Red marrow
Which process of tissue repair occurs as keratinocytes are produce in the epidermis?
Regeneration
What two ways does tissue repair occur?
Regeneration Fibrosis
Which tissue repair step sees the creation of a scar tissue?
Regeneration & Fibrosis Step, but specifically fibrosis causes scaring
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Regulates & controls body functions
What is the epiphyseal line?
Remnants of the epiphyseal plate found in childhood
What do white blood cells do?
Respond to tissue injury
Which fiber is short & fine that forms that networks that provide more give?
Reticular
Is white fat richly vascularized or avasular?
Richly vascularized
What are tactile cells?
Sensory nerve endings
What is a diaphysis?
Shaft of long bone that contains the medullary cavity
What is another name for the hypodermis?
Superficial fascia
What are the functions of bones?
Support Protection Movement Mineral & growth factor storage blood cell formation Triglyceride storage hormone production
What are the functions of areolar connective tissue?
Supporting & Binding Defending against infection Holds tissue fluids
What are functions of osseous tissue?
Supports & protects Stores fat & synthesizes blood stores minerals & salts
What is reticular connective tissues function?
Supports free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen & bone marrow Forms a soft internal skeleton (stroma)
Define an apical surface
Surface of epithelial that is exposed to exterior or to the bodies exterior or the cavity of an internal organ (Lumen)
What do sudoriferous glands produce?
Sweat!
What happens when dermal blood vessels dilate?
Sweating
What hormone promotes adolescent growth spurts & epiphyseal plate closure?
Testosterone (males) Estrogens (females)
What do simple & stratified classifications refer to?
The amount of layers found in an epithelia
Which membrane is also an organ system?
The cutaneous membrane
What is Mesothelium?
The epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity
What is Endothelium?
The lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels & heart
What is Fibrosis
The process of repairing tissue by replacing the damaged tissues with connective tissue, leading to the original function being lost
What is regeneration?
The process of repairing tissue with the same kind of tissue that was destroyed, leading to the original function being restored
What do squamous, cuboidal & columnar classifications refer to?
The shape of individual cells in an epithelia
Where does bone remodeling occur?
The surfaces of both the periosteum & endosteum
What is alopecia?
The thinning of hair in both sexes after age 40
Where are sebaceous glands NOT found?
Thick skin of palms and soles
Where is Startum Lucidum found?
Thick skin such as the palms and soles
How does epithelial tissue get nutrients?
Through diffusion from underlying connective tissue
What hormone regulates proportional growth of bone?
Thyroid hormone
What are the specialized contacts of epithelial tissue?
Tight Junctions & desmosomes
What is a burn
Tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation or certain chemicals
What are characteristics of cartilage?
Tough yet flexible Lacks nerve fibers 80% water Avascular
Which epithelium's apical cells vary in appearance?
Transitional
What is the function of blood?
Transporting respiratory gases, nutrients and wastes
What is the cause for most broken bones in youths?
Trauma
What are the functions of hair?
Warn of insects on skin Physical trauma Heat loss Sunlight
What are the different types of fat?
White & Brown
What are examples of negative feedback mechanisms?
Withdrawal reflex associated with pain Glucose secretion into the blood when sugar levels rise
What causes jaundice and what color does it produce?
Yellow Liver disorder
What is contained in the medullary cavity?
Yellow bone marrrow in adults Red bone marrow in infants
What pigment does Carotene produce?
Yellowish Orange
Can terminal hair be found in both sexes?
Yes
Is epithelial tissue innervated?
Yes
Can yellow marrow convert to red marrow?
Yes if necessary
Is bone as strong as steel when resisting tension?
Yes, it is equally as strong as steel when resisting tension
What is the cutaneous membrane?
Your skin
Define a basal lamina
a noncellular, adhesive sheet of mostly glycoproteins that determines which molecules are allowed to diffuse from the underlying connective tissue into the epithelium; also acts as a scaffolding that epithelial cells can migrate to repair a wound.
What are positive feedback mechanisms?
a response to stimuli that results in accelerated or cascading effects that proceed in the same direction. Ex: In Child Birth oxytocin levels increase to intensify labor contractions
What are negative feedback mechanisms?
a response to stimuli that results in the shutdown of the original effect. These mechanisms cause opposite direction change. Ex: withdrawal reflex associated with pain
What are sacrificial bonds?
bonds found between collagen molecules of bone that stretch & break easily on impact to dissipate energy and prevent fracture
Define a reticular lamina
the superior surface of underlying connective tissue made of extracellular material and collagen fibers
What function do eccrine glands provide?
thermoregulation (sweating)
What is a diploë?
thin plate of spongy bone covered in compact bone found in irregular bones
What are the the honey combs found in spongy bone called?
trabeculae
What is insensible perspiration?
unnoticeable sweating throughout the day that maintains homeostatical body temperature
