Anatomy and physiology final exam study guide

Which of the following carpal bones is named for its large hook-shaped projection on its anterior surface? a) lunate b) scaphoid c) triquetrum d) hamate e) pisiform

hamate

which bone articulates with every other bone of the face except the mandible?

maxilla

Which is a spool-shaped process on distal end of the humerus that is found medial to the capitulum and articulates with the ulna? a) coronoid fossa b) trochlea c) medial epicondyle d) lateral epicondyle e) lesser tubercle

trochlea

A vertebrae with no vertebral body, transverse foramina and a potential bifid process would describe a) Sacral vertebrae b) Coccyx vertebrae c) Cervical vertebrae d) Lumbar vertebrae e) Thoracic vertebra

Cervical vertebrae

which structure composed of bone and cartilage, helps equalize pressure between middle ear and the atmosphere?

Eustachian tube

The muscle that serves as the "prime mover" during a movement is called the a) antagonist. b) agonist. c) synergist. d) asynergist. e) fixator.

agonist

which fontanelle usually closes 18-24 months after birth?

anterior fontanelle

An excitatory neurotransmitter _____ the postsynaptic membrane. a) depolarizes b) repolarizes c) hyperpolarizes d) does not affect the polarity of e) creates a synaptic delay at

depolarizes

Which division of the peripheral nervous system only innervates the gastrointestinal tract's wall? a) Somatic nervous system b) Autonomic nervous system c) Enteric nervous system d) Parasympathetic nervous system e) Sympathetic nervous system

enteric nervous system

Which papillae increase surface area but do not aid in direct gustation? a) Vallate b) Fungiform c) Foliate d) Filiform e) Circumvallate

filiform

Which of the following bones articulates with the scapula? a) thoracic vertebra b) humerus c) sacrum d) tibia e) sternum

humerus

In an action potential, the electric current that flows is generated by the movement of _____ across the membrane. a) electrons b) protons c) ions d) chemicals e) neutrons

ions

vertebra are examples of _____ bones

irregular

pivot joint

neck

8) Which of the following is NOT a facial bone? a) parietal b) nasal c) maxillae d) zygomatic e) palatine

parietal

what structure is primarily composed of dense connective tissue with high amounts of collagen fibers and fibroblasts?

sclera

The patella is an example of a(n) ________ bone.

seasmoid

The rhomboid major is named for what characteristics? Select all that apply. a) Size b) Shape c) Number of origins d) Sites of origins e) Location

size and shape

Which muscle's insertion fuses with the calcaneal tendon? Select all that apply. a) soleus b) gastrocnemius c) plantaris d) popliteus e) flexor hallucis longus

soleus gastrocnemius plantaris

Which of the following cranial bones contains the organs of hearing and balance, and articulate with the mandible? a) frontal b) temporal c) parietal d) occipital e) sphenoid

temporal

Which are the three components of the nasal septum? a) inferior nasal concha, vomer and lacrimal bone b) vomer, superior nasal concha, and septal cartilage c) inferior nasal concha, septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid d) vomer, septal cartilage, and perpendicular plate of ethmoid e) vomer, septal cartilage, and crista galli of ethmoid

vomer, septal cartilage, and perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Tim ate something that is not agreeing with his digestive tract. He needs to go to the bathroom to defecate, but there is a line. What muscle helps keep the anal canal and anus closed? a) bulbospongious. b) ischiocavernosus c) obturator internus d) external anal sphincter e) sphincter urethrovaginalis

external anal sphincter

The lateral walls of your nasal cavity are formed by

1) ethmoid` 2) sphenoid` 3) maxillae` 4) inferior nasal conchae` 5) palatine bones

Place the events of sound transduction in order. 1. Exocytosis of neurotransmitters occurs 2. Mechanically-gated channels fully open allowing K+ to enter 3. Calcium voltage-gated channels open 4. stereocilia of hair cells bend 5. Higher frequency of action potentials in first-order neurons 6. Cations entering cause depolarization

4, 2, 6, 3, 1, 5 stereocilia of hair cells bend Mechanically-gated channels fully open allowing K+ to enter Cations entering cause depolarization Calcium voltage-gated channels open Exocytosis of neurotransmitters occurs Higher frequency of action potentials in first-order neurons

In the diagram, which of the cervical vertebrae contains a unique process that is responsible for the ability to move your head from side to side signifying "no"?

C2 Axis

In the diagram, which is the spinous process in the diagram?

D

Why does a fracture of the clavicle usually occur in the mid-region of the bone? a) Due to the medial pressure from the inflated lungs b) Due to the ligament-reinforced strength of the acromial joint c) Due to weakness at the junction of the two curves of clavicle d) Due to position of the clavicle relative to the humerus e) Due to fusion of the ends of the clavicle to the sternum and scapula

Due to weakness at the junction of the two curves of clavicle

A woman complains of problems going up steps. Tests reveal hip extension weakness but no issues with hip flexion or knee flexion or extension. What muscle is most likely damaged? a) Adductor magnus b) Gluteus maximus c) Gluteus medius d) Semitendinosus e) Sartorius

Gluteus maximus

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a) The axial skeleton has 80 bones. b) The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones. c) The axial skeleton is composed of the bones that run through the axis of the body. d) Children have more bones than adults. e) The appendicular skeleton does not include the pelvic and pectoral girdles.

The appendicular skeleton does not include the pelvic and pectoral girdles.

Which of the following is NOT true of surface markings on bone? a) They allow the passage of nerves and blood vessels. b) They provide sites of attachment for muscles. c) They allow bones to shorten or lengthen. d) They help form joints. e) They can be depressions or projections.

They allow bones to shorten or lengthen.

Hyaline cartilage is associated with numerous structures in the skeletal system. Which bones and structures of the axial skeletal area associated with hyaline cartilage? Select all that apply. a) Costal cartilage b) Xiphoid process c) Septal cartilage d) Annulus fibrosus e) Laminae f) Epiphyseal plate

a) Costal cartilage b) Xiphoid process c) Septal cartilage

Which motions can be made by the upper limbs but NOT by the lower limbs? a) pronation and supination b) flexion and extension c) adduction and abduction d) lateral and medial rotation

a) pronation and supination

The carpal tunnel consists of which of the following? a) pisiform b) trapezium c) flexor retinaculum d) Both pisiform and trapezium. e) All of these choices are correct.

all of the above

The former epiphyseal (growth) plate on the proximal end of the adult humerus is found in the a) anatomical neck. b) greater tubercle. c) intertubercular sulcus. d) surgical neck. e) olecranon fossa.

anatomical neck.

The medial and lateral condyles of the femur fit into what part of the patella? a) articular facets b) base of the patella c) tibiofemoral crest d) apex of the patella e) None of these choices are correct.

articular facets

What is the function of the pelvic girdle? a) support for vertebral column b) attachment site for lower limbs c) attachment site for large pectoral muscles. d) attachment site for lower limbs and for large pectoral muscles. e) All of these choices are correct.

attachment site for lower limbs and for large pectoral muscles.

This is the thick edge of the scapula that is closer to the arm. a) axillary border b) medial border c) infraspinous fossa d) coracoid process e) acromion

axillary border

Why is the optic disc known as the blind spot? a) Rods and cones are inactive in that area. b) There is no retinal layer so there are no cones and rods. c) The macula degenerated over the optic disc d) The neural circuits lack amacrine and horizontal cells. e) layer of bipolar and ganglion cells do not cover the cones in this area.

b) There is no retinal layer so there are no cones and rods.

Manic-depressive illness is associated with a) major depression. b) dysthymia. c) bipolar disorder. d) seasonal affective disorder. e) all of these disorders.

bipolar disorder

Chromatolysis refers to a) break up of lysosomes after neural injury. b) Wallerian degeneration after neural injury. c) plasticity of neuron. d) break up of Nissl bodies after neural injury. e) none of these choices

break up of Nissl bodies after neural injury

Forcefully blowing through a trumpet would require contraction of which muscle? a) buccinator b) zygomaticus major c) levator labii superioris d) risorius e) occipitofrontalis

buccinator

Sebaceous glands are located in what areas of the eye? Select all that apply. a) Palpebral conjunctiva b) Levator palpebrae c) Lacrimal caruncle d) Tarsal plate e) Base of eyelashes

c) Lacrimal caruncle d) Tarsal plate e) Base of eyelashes

Which of following bones is NOT a tarsal bone? a) talus b) calcaneus c) navicular d) cuneiform e) capitate

capitate

Plasticity means the ability to a) regenerate after being damaged. b) communicate by hormones c) convert stimulus into an action potential. d) change based on experience. e) stretch and recoil without damage.

change based on experience

Which fascicle arrangement, under voluntary or involuntary regulation of contraction, can control the opening or closing an orifice (opening)? a) pennate b) triangular c) circular d) parallel e) fusiform

circular

Which of the following is a condition where the foot is twisted inferiorly and medially, and the angle of the arch is increased? a) patellofemoral stress syndrome b) bunions c) flatfoot d) clawfoot. e) clubfoot

clubfoot

______ receptors are primarily used for detecting light rays under bright light conditions. a) Basal cell b) Rods c) Cones d) Ganglion e) Amacrine cell

cones

Pink eye is an infection of the thin mucous membrane that protects the inner aspect of the eyelids and the anterior portion of the sclera. What membrane is involved? a) Palpebral fissure b) Conjunctiva c) Lateral commissure d) Cornea e) Choroid

conjunctiva

During knee flexion, what is the effort? a) knee joint b) contraction of hamstring muscle group c) weight of lower leg and foot d) femur e) tibia

contraction of the hamstring muscle group

6) Bones in the following area protect the brain. a) cranium b) vertebral column c) sacrum d) facial e) ribcage

cranium

) Motion will occur at a lever system when a) resistance at the insertion exceeds the load. b) the force of the contraction is not more than the load. c) effort at the origin exceeds the load. d) effort at the insertion exceeds the load.

effort at the insertion exceeds the load.

hinge joint

elbows, knees, fingers

Which of the following is a cranial bone that is located anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to the nasal bones and contains foramina for the olfactory cranial nerve? a) ethmoid b) frontal c) palatine d) maxilla e) temporal

ethmoid

Acetylcholine is _________at the neuromuscular junctions and ________ at cardiac muscle in the parasympathetic pathway. a) excitatory; inhibitory b) excitatory; excitatory c) inhibitory; excitatory d) inhibitory; inhibitory

excitatory, inhibitory

Your friend nods back and forth to you, making the "yes" motion. What muscle actions on the head at the neck are involved in this 'yes' motion? a) rotation and circumduction b) lateral and medial rotation c) extension and flexion d) protraction and retraction e) elevation and depression

extension and flexion

The ______ are the synergist muscles to the diaphragm during inspiration. a) external intercostals b) external obliques c) rectus abdominis d) internal intercostals e) internal obliques

external intercostals

During inhalation, _____muscles contract to elevate the ribs. During forced exhalation, ______muscles contract to depress the ribs.

external intercostals, internal intercostals

Which muscles help expel urine in both males and females? Select all that apply. a) compressor urethrae b) deep transverse perineal c) external urethral sphincter d) bulbospongiosus e) superficial transverse perineal

external urethral sphincter bulbospongiosus

Which gender shows the coccyx pointed inferiorly? a) females b) males c) Both genders d) The coccyx does not point inferiorly in either gender.

females

the wall of the eyeball consists of three layers

fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, retina

Your friend nods "yes" to you, going through flexion, extension and hyperextension. This movement at the fulcrum represents a a) first- class lever system b) second- class lever system c) third-class lever system d) third-class lever system

first- class lever system

the sternum is a ? bone

flat

Which of the following types of bone is the occipital bone? a) long bone b) short bone c) flat bone d) irregular bone e) sesamoid bone

flat bone

Which of the following is a condition where the medial longitudinal arch of the foot is decreased, resulting in fallen arches? a) patellofemoral stress syndrome b) bunions c) flatfoot d) clawfoot e) clubfoot

flatfoot

Due to the muscle attachments, a fracture to the ischial tuberosity would affect what lower limb movement? a) adduction of the thigh b) dorsiflexion of the foot c) extension of the leg d) flexion of the leg e) abduction of the thigh

flexion of the leg

A rounded articular projection supported on a constricted portion (neck) of a bone is called a a) foramen. b) condyle. c) tuberosity. d) head. e) trochanter.

head

After birth Schwann cells a) form myelin sheaths around axons in the central nervous system. b) stop myelinating neurons in the peripheral nervous system. c) lose their ability to regenerate neurons. d) increase their presence and amount of myelination in the peripheral nervous system. e) wrap around multiple parts of several axons forming nodes of Ranvier

increase their presence and amount of myelination in the peripheral nervous system

The ______ regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil. a) retina b) cornea c) iris d) lens e) fovea centralis

iris

Where is the vomer bone located?

k

When the knee is being flexed, what is the fulcrum? a) femur b) weight of lower leg and foot c) knee joint d) tibia e) contraction of quadriceps femoris

knee joint

Which condition is also called "hunchback" due to an increase in the thoracic curve of the vertebral column? a) herniated disc b) scoliosis c) kyphosis d) lordosis e) spina bifida

kyphosis

Place the flow of tears in correct order. 1. lacrimal gland 2.lacrimal sac 3.lacrimal duct 4. superior or inferior lacrimal canal 5. nasolacrimal duct 6. nasal cavity

lacrimal gland, lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity

Which of the following markings is located on the medial side of the femur? a) lesser trochanter b) greater trochanter c) head d) Both head and lesser trochanter e) Both head and greater trochanter

lesser trochanter

The femur is an example of a _____ bone.

long

Which of following facial bones is a single (unpaired) bone in the human skull? a) maxilla b) nasal c) lacrimal d) mandible e) zygomatic

mandible

Which muscles help move the jaw during mastication? a) masseter, temporalis, pterygoid (medial and lateral) b) genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus c) omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid d) sternocleidomastoid, longissimus capitis, splenius capitis e) orbicularis oris, levator labii superioris, depressor labii inferioris

masseter, temporalis, pterygoid help move the jaw during mastication

Robert is training for a track race. He slightly tears his calcaneal tendon. The doctors prescribe P.R.I.C.E and give him medicine for inflammation and pain. Robert most likely has a a) muscle sprain b) muscle strain c) repetitive strain injuries d) plantar fasciitis e) compartment syndrome

muscle strain

This muscle, which is found in the neck, functions to elevate the hyoid bone and help press the tongue against the roof of the mouth during swallowing. a) mylohyoid b) sternothryroid c) sternocleidomastoid d) digastric e) masseter

mylohyoid

Which electrical signal can allow for rapid long-distance communication within the nervous system? a) resting potential b) nerve action potential c) muscle action potential d) graded potential

nerve action potential

What specific type of unipolar neuron detects a sharp pain? a) tactile epithelial cells (Merkel disc) b) corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) c) lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle d) nociceptor

nociceptor

What bone marking found on the second cervical vertebra projects superiorly into the anterior portion of the vertebral foramen of the atlas? a) primary projection b) occular process c) odontoid process d) cervical projection e) transverse process

odontoid process

Olfactory epithelium is found a) throughout the nasal cavity. b) only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity. c) only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity. d) from the vestibule to the pharynx. e) only in the mid-nasal ridges.

only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity

The capitulum of the humerus articulates with the a) radius. b) ulna. c) scapula. d) carpal bones. e) clavicle.

radius

Which of these muscles flexes the thigh at the hip joint alone, but extends the knee working in a group? a) biceps femoris b) rectus femoris c) semitendinosus d) semimembranosus e) vastus lateralis

rectus femoris

Individuals that have osteogenesis imperfecta have malformed collagen fibers. The _____is thinner, affecting the eye's strength. Due to this, the whites of the eyes often appear grayish-blue, because the dark pigmented ______layer is seen. a) choroid; sclera b) conjunctiva; iris c) iris;conjunctiva d) retina; iris e) sclera; choroid

sclera; choroid

Which condition is characterized by a lateral bending of the vertebral column in the thoracic region? a) herniated disc b) scoliosis c) kyphosis d) lordosis e) spina bifida

scoliosis

Dynamic equilibrium is maintained by the a) cochlea. b) semicircular canals. c) vestibule. d) spiral organ. e) utricle and saccule.

semicircular canals

Hearing your cell phone ring in an quiet lecture hall is an example of which nervous system functions? a) Sensory function b) Integrative function c) Motor function d) More than one of the types of nervous system functions

sensory function

The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones.

short bones

plane joint

short slipping or gliding movements; i.e. carpals

ball and socket joint

shoulder and hip

The sella turcica is a bony depression found in which cranial bone? a) sphenoid b) frontal c) temporal d) ethmoid e) 0ccipital

sphenoid

Which cranial bone is called the "keystone" of the cranial floor because it articulates with every other cranial bone? a) occipital b) frontal d) parietal c) ethmoid e) sphenoid

sphenoid

Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton? a) tarsals b) tibia c) sphenoid d) scapula e) clavicle

sphenoid

A 1 year old child presents with crossed eyes. While she seems fine and is able to recognize people, the patient is diagnosed with a) nystagmus. b) strabismus. c) presbyopia. d) myopia. e) hypermetropia.

strabismus

Infection of a sebaceous ciliary gland can result in a) blood shot eyes. b) inhibition of tear production. c) a sty. d) glaucoma. e) blindness

sty

The hyoid bone is suspended by ligaments and muscle that extend from the _____ of the temporal bone. a) mastoid process b) styloid process c) occipital condyle d) zygomatic process e) superior nuchal line

styloid process

The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into a) somatic and sympathetic divisions. b) somatic and parasympathetic divisions. c) enteric and somatic divisions. d) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. e) voluntary and involuntary divisions.

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

condyloid joint

synovial joint that does everything except rotating (wrist, biaxial, metacarpophalangeal)

Which bone forms the zygomatic arch with the zygomatic bone? a) temporal b) sphenoid c) mandible d) frontal e) parietal

temporal

Which of the following cranial bones forms the inferior lateral aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor? a) frontal b) temporal c) parietal d) occipital e) ethmoid

temporal

Which of the following statements is NOT true with regard to bones of the skull? a) Some skull bone cavities are covered with a mucous membrane. b) The only movable bone in the skull is the mandible. c) The bones of the skull contain foramina but no fissures. d) The facial bones provide support for the entrance of the digestive system. e) Some bones of the skull contain sinus cavities.

the bones of the skull contain foramina but no fissures

The nervous system can distinguish between a light touch and a heavier touch because a) weak stimuli generate action potentials more often than strong stimuli. b) all action potentials are alike regardless of stimulus intensity. c) the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers is changing. d) the threshold is lower for different sensations. e) the length of the refractory period is modified.

the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers is changing

The portion of the bony pelvis that is found inferior to the pelvic brim is called a) the false pelvis. b) the greater pelvis. c) the true pelvis. d) both the false pelvis and the greater pelvis. e) all of these choices are correct.

the true pelvis

The knee (tibiofemoral) joint can be described by what statements? Select all that apply. a) The force is applied between the fulcrum and the resistance. b) The resistance is between the fulcrum and the force. c) The fulcrum is between the force and resistance. d) Produces a mechanical disadvantage. e) Produces a mechanical advantage. f) first-class lever g) second-class lever h) third-class lever

third-class lever Produces a mechanical disadvantage. The force is applied between the fulcrum and the resistance.

The two primary curves of the adult vertebral column are the a) thoracic and sacral curves. b) lumbar and sacral curves. c) cervical and lumbar curves. d) cervical and thoracic curves. e) cervical and sacral curves.

thoracic and sacral

The tubercle found on the neck of a rib articulates with a facet found on the a) spinous process of a thoracic vertebra. b) spinous process of a lumbar vertebra. c) transverse process of a thoracic vertebra. d) xiphoid process of the sternum. e) manubrium of the sternum.

transverse process of a thoracic vertebra.

Which of the following structures on the ulna receives the trochlea of the humerus? a) olecranon fossa b) coronoid process c) trochlear notch d) radial notch e) capitulum

trochlear notch

hat ear structure vibrates back and forth when sound waves strike? a) cochlea b) pinna c) tympanic membrane d) spiral organ e) vestibulocochlear nerve

tympanic membrane

saddle joint

type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation