Anatomy and Physiology I Final Exam

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Place each of the labels into the proper category in order to indicate whether they relate to anatomy or physiology

Anatomy -study of form -Each kidney contains approximately 6-10 pyramids -human heart is comprised of 4 chambers -The brachial artery gives rise to the ulnar and radial arteries -The brain is comprised of two hemisphers -mitochondria are cellular organelles more numerous in active cells -the major muscle located at the back of the upper arm has three heads or origins Physiology -study of function -cellular energy requires the body's production of ATP -Glucose is the necessary fuel for the brain -Heart cells are capable of contracting on their own because of autorhythmicity -the long-term acid-base balance of the body is controlled by the kidneys

Which type of gland discharges fragments of the gland's cells during secretion

Apocrine

which of the following events is not a characteristic of an action potential

As Na+ enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative

The first cervical vertebrae is the ________.

Atlas

Which of the following is correctly matched with its description

Axons - conduct action potentials away from the cell body

Which of the following is correctly matched with its description?

Axons - conduct action potentials away from the cell body

communication between cells is essential to coordinate the activity of the trillions of cells that make up the human body. Which of the following is/are directly involved in carrying out communication between cells ?

Both "receptor proteins of the plasma membrane" and "chemical signal molecules released by cells" are correct

Stimulation of the Golgi tendon organs result in which of the following changes in the reflex arc?

Both "stimulation of an inhibitory neuron" and "decreased action potentials in alpha motor neurons" are correct.

Which of the following statements regarding the sliding filament model is false?

Both actin and myosin myofilaments shorten during contraction

Each voltage-gated Na+ channel has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following would occur during depolarization?

Both activation and inactivation gates are open.

The processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification are similar in several respects. Which of the following statements applies to both intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?

Both processes form woven bone.

Which of the following is responsible for problem-solving skills?

CNS

Which of the following systems carries necessary compounds like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body

Cardiovascular

The pectoral region is the

Chest area

Which of the following would be classified as a lipid

Cholesterol - a steroid

Which of the following statements concerning epithelial tissue is false?

Columnar epithelial cells promote diffusion

match the type of organic compound with its description and function

Composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. soluble in water = carbohydrates composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but had a lower ratio of oxygen than do carbohydrates and relatively insoluble in water = lipids always contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. As an example, enzymes control chemical reactions = proteins

Which of the following is NOT a function of connective tissue?

Contraction

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?

Control the heart rate

Which of the following activities is NOT associated with the cerebrum?

Controlling the autonomic nervous system

Which of the following is a descending pathway in the spinal cord?

Corticospinal tract

Which of the following term and description is mismatched?

Cutaneous receptors - associated with the viscera

Which of the following situations occurs in electrically excitable cells?

Depolarization causes voltage-gated Na+ channels to open.

Which of the following statements concerning the descending pathways of the spinal cord is true?

Descending pathways consist of upper and lower motor neurons.

Match the disciplines of anatomy with the descriptions.

Developmental anatomy - study of the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood Embryology - studies changes from conception to the 8th week of development Cytology - examines the structural features of cells Histology - Examines tissues, which are composed of cells, and the materials that surround them Gross anatomy - the study of structures that can be examined without a microscope

A group of cells was treated with a proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzyme. Which of the following processes would be least affected by this treatment?

Diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules through the plasma membrane

Which of the following is NOT a parasympathetic effect?

Dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs

Which of the following is NOT a type of enteric neuron?

Enteric bipolar neuron.

What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth?

Epidural space

What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones

Epiphyseal plate

Indicate the class of tissue that is capable of regeneration, is avascular, and consists of cells that are bound to each other via specialized junctions

Epithelial tissue

Which of the following statements concerning epithelial cell surfaces is false

Epithelium with folded surfaces tends to be very rigid

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct?

Exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling.

Andrew is in a car accident and fractures his maxilla. To which group of bones does this belong?

Face

True or false? An enzyme can only bind to one reactant at a time

False

Which structure anchors the thecal sac and conus medullaris to the coccyx?

Filum terminale

Place each type of individual type of connective tissue in the appropriate category.

Fluid connective tissue -Blood Supporting connective tissue -hyaline cartilage -elastic cartilage -fibrocartilage -compact bone Connective tissue proper -areolar -reticular -dense regular -dense irregular

Which of the following anatomical features of bones is correctly matched with its function?

Foramen - a hole for a blood vessel

Which of the following statements regarding glial cells is false?

Glial cells produce action potentials for skeletal muscles.

Sam is curling very heavy weights and suddenly drops them. Which reflex forced this action by Sam to prevent tendon damage?

Golgi tendon reflex

In the reversible reaction CO2 + H2O <-> H+ + HCO3-, a decrease in respiration rate will increase the concentration of CO2 in the blood. What will this do to the amount of H+ in the blood?

H+ in the blood will increase

Which of the following characteristics is NOT consistent with simple squamous epithelial tissue

Has good blood supply within it

A coroner determines the cause of death to be strangulation because this delicate bone is fractured. Which bone is this?

Hyoid

A young girl (10 years old) exhibited the following symptoms: advanced development of secondary sexual characteristics and rapid growth. Which of the following likely caused her condition

Hypersecretion of estrogen

1. A young boy (10 years old) exhibited the following symptoms: advanced development of secondary sexual characteristics and rapid growth. Which of the following likely caused his condition?

Hypersecretion of testosterone

Which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

Hypothalamus

Which of the following statements is true about the bicarbonate buffer system?

If blood becomes too acidic, the equation shifts left and respiration rate increases to get rid of CO2

Select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence

In the homeostatic feedback loop, the first step involves the receptor that monitors the change in a stimulus information about the variable is sent to the control center, which compares the value of the variable sent to the set point if a response is necessary, a/an effector responds, causing an action potential that maintains homeostasis Homeostasis involves maintaining body functions near a/an set point, which is the ideal normal value for that component

Which of the following would increase the rate of mediated transport?

Increase the number of available carrier molecules

Which of the following helps explain the increased tension seen in multiple wave summation?

Increased concentration of Ca2+ around the myofibrils

Which of the following occurs when the parasympathetic system is stimulated?

Increased motility of the digestive tract

Which of the following bones forms part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

Inferior nasal conchae

Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?

Interneuron

The conus medullaris

Is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement.

Eighty-year old Mrs. Smith has a bent-over stance with a noticeable hump back. Along with osteoporosis, Mrs. Smith also is afflicted with which condition?

Kyphosis

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in multiple sclerosis?

Oligodendrocyte

Which branch of physiology would study the effects of sunbathing on the skin

Organ physiology

match the characteristic of life with its description

Organization - The interrelationship among parts of an organism that interact to perform a function Metabolism - All of the chemical reactions that are taking place within an organism Responsiveness - the ability to sense changes and adjust to those changes Growth - increase in the overall number of cells Development - changes an organism undergoes through time Reproduction - formation of new cells or new organisms

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Osteoclast - responsible for reabsorption

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Osteoclasts - break down bone tissue

Which situation is positive feedback and which situation is negative feedback

POSITIVE FEEDBACK -Entry of Na+ into cells makes the inside of the cells more positive, which causes more Na+ channels to open -During child birth, oxytocin secretion causes uterine contractions, the cervix stretches as the mother pushes, and the stretch causes more oxytocin to be released NEGATIVE FEEDBACK -Elevated Na+ signals the kidneys to get rid of more Na+ which decreases Na+ in the blood -Elevated blood glucose stimulates the secretion of the hormone insulin; insulin stimulates glucose movement into muscle cells, which decreases blood glucose

Which of the following statements regarding PTH (parathyroid hormone) is true?

PTH causes increased reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys.

which of the following statements regarding PTH (parathyroid hormone) is true?

PTH causes increases reabsorption of Ca+2 in the kidneys

Select the structure considered a primary receptor

Pacinian corpuscle

Identify whether each method of membrane transport is passive or active

Passive -Diffusion -movement down a concentration gradient -osmosis -facilitated diffusion Active -ATP consumption -phagocytosis -sodium potassium pumps -pinocytosis -exocytosis -movement against a concentration gradient

Which of the organs listed below is not directly innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

Pectoralis major

Damage to which of these nerves would be most life-threatening?

Phrenic nerves

Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration?

Pons and medulla oblongata

Which of the following neurons is most likely to be adrenergic?

Postganglionic sympathetic

Which of the following is true during the resting membrane potential?

Potassium is concentrated primarily inside the cell

If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action?

Premotor area

A person lying with his/her face down is said to be in what position?

Prone

Which function of proteins is NOT correctly matched with the example?

Protection - packing around organs and glands

Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

Provides oxygen to CNS tissue

In a farm accident, a man has his arm severed midway between his wrist and his elbow. Which of the following bones was severed?

Radius and ulna

Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched with its function?

Receptor proteins - attach to ligand molecules

Which of the following is not a property of reflexes?

Reflexes do not require a stimulus.

Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?

Reticular layer of dermis

Out of the following bones listed, which bones belong to the axial skeleton?

Ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and temporal

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

Rubrospinal tract - two- point discrimination

Match the plane of the body with its description: A) Sagittal plane B) Transverse plane C) Frontal plane

Sagittal plane - runs vertically; separates the body into left and right portions Transverse Plane - Runs parallel to the ground; divides the body into inferior and superior portions Frontal plane - Runs vertically; divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Arrange these structures as they participate in excitation-contraction.

Sarcolemma, T tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+

Which of the following events of endochondral ossification occurs last?

Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses.

The type of membrane that protects internal organs from friction is a ______________ membrane

Serous

The small intestine is designed to absorb most of our nutrients and secrete enzymes. which epithelium would be best for this function?

Simple columnar epithelium

The kidney tubules are key to the secretion and absorption of material that make up the filtrate and ultimately urine. which epithelium would be best for this function?

Simple cuboidal epithelium

The blood capillaries and glomerular capsule are both made of an epithelial tissue specifically suited for diffusion and filtration. Which epithelium would be best for this function?

Simple squamous epithelium

Movement of food through the digestive tract results from the action of _________ muscle

Smooth

When people smoke cigarettes, they damage some of their taste buds. Which type of sense has been damage?

Special

Which of the following events occurs last in intramembranous ossification?

Spongy bone is formed.

The most distal end of the large intestine is the anal canal. The final passageway is not absorptive and must resist the abrasive nature of feces. Which epithelium would be best for this function?

Stratified squamous epithelium

Which layer of the epidermis is found in only a few areas of the body?

Stratum lucidum

Which of the following activities represents a physiological study?

Studying how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on digestion

A tissue has the following characteristics: abundant extracellular matrix, abundant collagen fibers which are arranged parallel to each other. Which of the following injuries primarily results in damage to this kind of tissue?

Tear in the tissue that attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to bone

Which of the following bones is paired?

Temporal

Which of the following events occurs during the lag phase of a muscle twitch?

The action potential is propagated from presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane.

What is found in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord?

The cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?

The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis.

Jodie scraped her knee when she fell of her bike. There was no blood found in the wound. why?

The epidermis was affected because it is avascular

The parietal pericardium is

The membrane that lines the pericardial sac

Suppose both excitatory and inhibitory neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron. What determines if an action potential is initiated in the postsynaptic neuron?

The number of EPSPs in relation to the number of IPSPs

Which of the following statements is true?

The sympathetic division diverges more than the parasympathetic division.

Callie is a world class marathon runner. Which of the descriptions about her dominant type of skeletal muscle is FALSE?

They are well adapted to anaerobic activity

Which of the following is NOT a property of the myosin head?

They bind to troponin

which of the following statements is true regarding the property of the myosin head?

They have an enzyme ATPase

The type of cell connection that serves as a permeability barrier is a

Tight junction

What is the permeability barrier that joins the plasma membranes of adjacent cells to form a tight seal?

Tight junction

The urethra and bladder are designed to accommodate fluctuations in volume of liquid in organs and tubes. which epithelium would be best for this function?

Transitional epithelium

Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the urinary bladder?

Transitional epithelium

Maggie has her wisdom teeth removed, and later has difficulty with chewing and cannot feel sensations to the side of her face. This is likely caused by the numbing of the __________ nerve.

Trigeminal

True or false? Low-density lipoprotein is brought into the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis

True

Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

Vagus nerve

Which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory

Vestibulocochlear (VII)

Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true?

When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases.

Which of the following people would have the greatest risk of getting skin cancer?

a 68 year old male with blond hair and blue eyes

A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects increasing oxygen concentrations in the blood. According to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses?

a decrease in respiratory rate

A mesentery is

a double-layered serous membrane that anchors some of the abdominal organs to the body wall.

Dense irregular connective tissue would be found in

a ligament

Lesion of the basal nuclei could cause

a slight shaking of the hands or head.

Lesions of the basal nuclei could cause

a slight shaking of the hands or head.

Consider the following situation: Sympathetic preganglionic axons enter a sympathetic chain ganglia. In order for these axons to reach collateral ganglia, they must now travel through

a splanchnic nerve.

An electrolyte is

a substance that conducts electricity when placed in solution.

a) dilating blood vessels in the skin in an effort to radiate heat away from the body, is a form of: b) When we have an infection, we often develop a fever. What is the body trying to accomplish by temporarily raising the body temperature?

a) negative feedback b) Slow the replication of the germ

when the arrector pili muscles contract:

"goose bumps" form on the skin

Living organisms share a number of characteristics. These unifying characteristics separate them from non-living things. For each of the following statements, check the statements that correctly distinguish living things from non-living things

- All living organisms are made up of one or more cells 0only living organisms can sense environmental changes and respond accordingly -only living organisms (populations) are capable of evolving -all living organisms grow by increasing cell size and or cell number -only living organisms require an input of energy to drive cellular activities -all living organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite external environment change

Which of the following statements correctly describes ATP?

-can be synthesized from ADP -Stores and releases energy in the cell -is associated with a reversible reaction -is associated with anabolism and catabolism

Given these characteristics: 1. Capable of contraction 2. Is avascular 3. Covers body surfaces 4. Capable of transporting gases 5. Connected to other tissues by a basement membrane Which of these are characteristics of epithelial tissue?

-covers body surfaces -Is avascular -connected to other tissue by a basement membrane 2,3,5

An decrease in K+ concentration gradient as compared to the rest could lead to: 1. less K+ leaving the cell than at rest 2. more K+ coming into the cell than at rest 3. inside of the membrane becoming more positive than typical resting value 4. hyperpolarization

1 - less K+ leaving the cell than at rest 3 - inside of the membrane becoming more positive than typical resting value 1 and 3

1. In the plasma membrane, ______ primarily determine the function of the membrane 2. ______ form(s) the lipid bilayer, 3. and ________ determine(s) the fluid nature of the membrane

1 - proteins 2 - phospholipids 3 - cholesterol

Bob was completely bald on the top of his head by the time he was 35 years of age. Bob noticed he produced abundant sweat on his head when he exercised. He also noticed that his scalp was no longer oily. Which of the following changes account for the observations? (1) He has fewer functional hair follicles now. (2) He has fewer functional sebaceous glands now. (3) He has fewer merocrine sweat glands now. (4) He has fewer apocrine sweat glands now.

1,2

If you accidentally cut your arm and see bones and ligaments, which layer(s) was/were cut? 1. stratum corneum 2. stratum basale 3. dermis 4. hypodermis

1,2,3,4

The muscles of the back contract to straighten so that you sit at a more erect posture and subsequently the muscles are suddenly stretched as you nod off. Which of the following best represents the sequence of events when you start to nod off? (1) Muscles of the back are stretched. (2) The muscle spindle is stretched. (3) Action potentials in sensory neurons of the muscle spindles increase. (4) Action potentials in alpha motor neurons of skeletal muscle fibers increase. (5) Skeletal muscle of the back contract.

1,2,3,4,5

Put the levels of organization in order from the simplest to the most complex

1. Chemical level 2. Cell level 3. Tissue level 4. organ level 5. organ system level 6. organism level

indicate whether each statement is true or false: 1. The fluid-mosaic model suggests that the plasma membrane is static in structure and its composition remains the same throughout its life span 2. The fluid nature of the lipid bilayer provides a means of distributing molecules within the plasma membrane 3. Slight damage to the plasma membrane can be repaired because phospholipids tend to reassemble around damaged sites and close them 4. The fluid nature of the lipid bilayer prevents membranes from fusing with one another

1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False

Indicate whether each is true or false: 1. The pH scale is a measure of oxygen concentration in a solution 2. The pH scale indicates the concentration of H+ in a solution 3. The pH scale ranges from 0-14 4. Neutral solutions have a pH of 7 5. solutions with a pH greater than 7 are acidic 6. solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic (alkaline)

1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False 6. True

Match the description with the appropriate membrane protein: 1. Allow cells to identify other cells or other molecules 2. Anchor cells to other cells or extracellular molecules 3. Form passageways through the plasma membrane 4. Move ions or molecules across the membrane 5. Move specific molecules across the membrane; require ATP 6. Binding sites for chemical signals in the extracellular fluid 7. Catalyze chemical reactions either inside or outside

1. Marker molecules 2. Attachment proteins 3. Channel proteins 4. Carrier proteins 5. ATP-powered pumps 6. Receptor proteins 7. Enzymes

as you start to nod off, the muscles are suddenly stretched. subsequently, the muscles of the back contract to straighten so that you sit at a more erect posture. which of the following best represents the sequence of events when you start to nod off?

1. Muscles of the back are stretched 2. The muscle spindle is stretched 3. Action potentials in sensory neurons of the muscle spindles increase 4. Action potentials in alpha motor neurons of skeletal muscle fibers increase 5. Skeletal muscle of the back contract

Determine whether each statement is a characteristic of epithelial tissue is true or false 1. Mostly composed of cells and has little extracellular matrix 2. Covers body surfaces and forms glands 3. Has abundant extracellular matrix and very few cells 4. Is the most abundant primary tissue type 5. Is avascular and receives its nutrients by diffusion 6. Most cells are bound together and have apical, lateral and basal surfaces 7. can be avascular, have poor vascularity, or vascular based upon location

1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False

Determine whether each item is a major function of connective tissue (true or false) 1. Encloses and separates other tissues 2. stores and transports compounds 3. conducts electrical signals 4. supports and moves parts of the body 5. shortens with force 6. connects tissues to one another 7. protects, cushions, and insulates

1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False 6. True 7. True

Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence. (1) sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential (2) neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell (3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft (4) membrane permeability to sodium ions on postsynaptic cell increases (5) action potential causes release of neurotransmitter

5,4,3,2,1

Which of the following activities would stimulate the reticular formation?

A clock radio coming on in the morning

An organ is

A structure composed of several tissue types

A) The units of matter that form all chemical substances are called _______ B) The chemical properties of atoms can be described in terms of three subatomic particles: __________, ________, and _______ C) The protons and neutrons are confined to a very small volume at the center of an atom called the __________ _____________ D) The _________ revolve in orbitals at various distances from the nucleus E)Each type of atom, such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is called a ________ __________ F) Each chemical element contains a specific number of protons, and it is this number, called the ________ _________, that distinguishes one atom from another

A) atoms B) protons, neutrons, and electrons C) atomic nucleus D) electrons E) Chemical element F) atomic number

A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in the blood. According to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses?

An increase in the respiratory rate

Which of the following will increase the rate of diffusion?

An increase in the temperature

Renzo, the dancer in the photo is perfectly balanced, yet a slight movement in any direction would cause him to adjust his position. The human body adjusts its balance among all its parts through a process called homeostasis.... a) The disruption to renzo's homeostasis was cause by his blood sugar which remained___ ________ following a meal b) Typically, blood sugar levels return to normal after eating due to the activity of insulin which is created by cells in the __________. c) However, Renzo's body produced insufficient insulin which result in a(n) _________ uptake of sugar from his blood. d) Since renzo's family history contains incidents of diabetes, it is reasonable to assume he suffers from this condition as well (true or false)

a) too high b) pancreas c) decreased d) True

which of the following could lead to depolarization of the motor end plate (sarcolemma)

acetylcholine binds to receptors on motor end plate

_______ is the neurotransmitter released at a cholinergic synapse whereas ________ is the neurotransmitter released at an adrenergic synapse

acetylcholine, norepinephrine

This type of mediated transport called ______ directly requires energy provided by ATP

active transport

The sodium potassium pump located in the plasma membrane

actively transports potassium into cells

The sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule is needed to determine the sequence of

amino acids in a protein

Proteins in cells act as important buffer systems. If intracellular pH rises, certain ___________ of proteins can __________ H+ to return to normal conditions

amino acids; proteins

When a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor and increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to Na+,

an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) will result.

When a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor and increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to Cl-

an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) will result

All of the synthesis reactions in the body are called __________

anabolism

In _____ , ions or molecules move in opposite directions

antiport

Body odor results from secretions from the _______ sweat glands

apocrine

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both

are under involuntary control

Bone remodeling may occur

as bones grow, as bones adjust to stress, as fractures heal, constantly during a person's lifetime.

Fibers connecting areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere are __________ fibers.

association

in a reversible reaction, when the rate of product formation is equal to the rate of reactant formation, the reaction is

at equilibrium

match the structure, location, or function with the appropriate type of muscle tissue

attached to bone - skeletal muscle uninucleate striated branched cells - cardiac muscle uninucleate cells have tapered ends - smooth muscle moves food through digestive tract - smooth muscle moves the body - skeletal muscle hollow organs and blood vessels - smooth muscle long multinucleated fibers - skeletal muscle pumps blood - cardiac muscle

When someone taps you on your shoulder, they stimulate the __________ nerve.

axillary

A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will

become pale.

A local anesthetic such as Novocaine decreases membrane permeability to Na+. The use of this anesthetic will

block sensory input into the CNS.

which of the following functions is not associated with the skin?

blood cell production

Dr. Jagasia informs a patient they have fractured the most anterior part of their vertebra. Which part is most likely affected?

body

Due to the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the dermal blood vessels,

body heat is conserved.

if bone becomes brittle, what is a likely explanation?

bone has lost its collagen

Each voltage-gated Na+ ion channel has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following would occur during depolarization?

both activation and inactivation gates are open

The processes of intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification are similar in several respects. Which of the following statements applies to both of these kinds of ossification

both processes form woven bone

Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the __________ plexus.

brachial

sucrase

breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose

Vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin, would move across the plasma membrane into the cell

by dissolving in the lipid bilayer

active sites on the actin become available for binding when:

calcium binds to troponin

Lipids

can insulate and help prevent heat loss

Sympathetic preganglionic axons

can synapse in either chain or collateral ganglia.

A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a

canaliculus

The molecule used most frequently by cells as a fuel belongs to which of the following groups?

carbohydrates

which of the following type of connective tissue is mismatched with its matrix

cartilage - highly vascular matrix

Neurotransmitters

cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane.

The dorsal root ganglia include the

cell bodies of sensory neurons

Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in

cell bodies or soma

a patient was admitted to the ER with multiple stab wounds which resulted in considerable blood loss. immediately, intravenous (IV) fluid with a concentration of 3.5% NaCl was administered. If normal body cells have a concentration of 0.9% NaCl, what happens to the cells after some time, following the IV administration?

cells of body would lose water and shrink

which of these molecules is hydrophobic?

cholesterol

Intervertebral discs exhibit a great deal of strength because of the presence of thick bundles of __________

collagen

The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are

collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers

In the spinal cord, white matter is organized into

columns and the gray matter into horns.

The absolute refractory period assures

completion of repolarization before another action potential.

Mechanoreceptors respond to

compression of receptors

T tubules:

conduct action potentials deep into the muscle cell.

T tubules

conduct action potentials deep into the muscle fiber

A general characteristic of connective tissue is that it

consists of cells with much extracellular material (matrix) between them

The cerebral medulla

consists of many nerve tracts of white matter beneath the cerebral cortex.

The primary motor area

contains a larger area for control of the hand and fingers than for control of the arm and elbow.

Cartilage

contains chondrocytes located in lacunae

Spongy bone tissue

contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae

Lack of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft would result in

continuous stimulation of the postsynaptic membrane

A drug that interferes with the active transport of calcium ions from the sarcoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum would result in

contraction with no relaxation

The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system:

conveys action potential to the CNS

A primary function of the cerebellum is to __________.

coordinate movement

What will happen to a cell with an inner solute concentration of 1% when it is placed in a 5% salt solution?

crenation

which of the following occurs during the excitation-contraction coupling?

cross bridges form between myosin heads and actin

Terrance is told by his physician that he has lesions on one side of his spinal cord, which cut the lateral spinothalamic tract. Therefore, Terrance will have an inability to perceive

cutaneous sensations on the opposite side of his body below the level of injury.

Endorphins produce presynaptic inhibition in neurons transmitting pain signals. increased levels of endorphins will:

decrease awareness of pain

which of the following situations would lead to hyperpolarization?

decrease the permeability of the plasma membrane to Na+ ions

Which of the following would increase the rate of diffusion

decreasing the viscosity of the solvent

The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the

decussation of the pyramids in the medulla.

Acetylcholine binds to a membrane bound receptor and causes ligand-gated sodium channels to open and results in

depolarization

In an EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential), there is a:

depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

Stretch marks develop on the abdomen of pregnant women because of stretching and rupture of the

dermis

The pyramids of the medulla contain ______________

descending motor tracts

A group of cells was treated with a proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzyme. Which of the following processes would be least affected by this treatment?

diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules through the plasma membrane

In ionic bonding

electrons are transferred from one atom to another

what type of gland does not have ducts?

endocrine

If a poison such as cyanide stops the production of ATP, which of the following membrane transport processes would cease?

endocytosis

In positive feedback mechanism, the response of the effector

enhances the original stimulus

Which of the following is mismatched?

enzyme...steroid

Overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid could be the result of overactivity of the:

ependymal cells

Crash McBang is fourteen. He breaks his femur in a skiing accident. The bone was properly aligned and healed well. By the time he was 17, it was apparent that the leg that had been broken was shorter than the other leg. The break in the femur was probably in the area of:

epiphyseal plate

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

exhibits specificity

Cellular products such as hormones and neurotransmitters are released by the process of __________. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis differ in that ____________________ The most specific type of endocytosis is ____________________________

exocytosis phagocytosis allows for the transport of larger particles than pinocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis

Andrew is in a car accident and fractures his maxilla. To which group of bones does this belong?

facial bones

A carrier mediated process called ________________ moves the substance into or out of cells from a higher to lower concentration

facilitated diffusion

A channel-mediated transport called _______ does not require energy to transport substances across the membrane

facilitated diffusion

A particular membrane transport process exhibits saturation, uses carrier molecules, but does NOT require ATP. The process is probably _______________________

facilitated diffusion

Simple and facilitated diffusion differ because ______________

facilitated diffusion requires the presence of a transport protein within the plasma membrane, while simple diffusion does not

The portion of the dorsal column/medial lemniscal tract that carries proprioceptive sensations from nerve endings in the feet and legs is the

fasciculus gracilis

which type of connective tissue is found in the intervertebral discs, which are often subjected to compressive forces?

fibrocartilage

A patient in a skiing accident is told that the lateral side of the ankle joint has been crushed. The bone that has been injured is the ________.

fibula

Which of the following anatomical features of bones is correctly matched with its function?

foramen - a hole for a blood vessel

a neuron is receiving a stimulus which gets stronger and stronger. The result is:

frequency of action potentials increases

A neuron is receiving a stimulus which gets stronger and stronger. The result is

frequency of occurrence of action potentials increases.

Which of the following bones is NOT paired?

frontal

The central sulcus separates the __________.

frontal and parietal lobes

Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in

ganglia

blood sugar refers to what molecule circulating the blood?

glucose

which of the following is an example of synthesis reaction?

glucose molecules binding together to form glycogen

If you compare a cell with a manufacturing plant that exports goods, the cell's __________ could be compared to the manufacturing plants shipping department.

golgi apparatus

Plasma membrane phospholipids

have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

White blood cells digest other cells and therefore, would be expected to ________.

have large numbers of lysosomes

Membrane-bound receptors

have their receptor sites on the outer surface of the plasma membrane

The proper sequence of events in bone repair is

hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone.

specify whether each of the items listed is hydrophilic or hydrophobic

hydrophobic (no water) ions, carbohydrates, glucose, polar compounds, potassium, and enzymes hydrophilic (water loving) lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, oil

The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of

hydroxyapatite crystals

Mr. Miller has been hospitalized for the flu. The flu virus increases membrane permeability to K+. You would expect his cells to

hyperpolarize

Anna has an eating disorder along with intense thirst and wildly varying body temperatures, which means she may have a dysfunction of the __________.

hypothalamus

Thirteen year-old Austin exhibits retarded growth, reduced metabolism, lack of normal reproductive gland development, inability to regulate water intake or water elimination from the body, and an uncontrolled appetite. Which part of Austin's brain is most likely involved?

hypothalamus

Parallel curving ridges of dermis that shape the overlying epidermis into friction ridges

improve the grip of the hands

Curare blocks acetylcholine receptors at the motor end plate. This would result in

inability of the muscle fiber to respond to nervous stimulation.

A local potential

increases or decreases in direct proportion to the stimulus strength.

Microvilli

increases the surface area of the cell

When a yoga instructor is doing a headstand in her class, her hips are considered to be ________________

inferior to her shoulders

Local hyperpolarization in a synapse is called a/an

inhibitory postsynaptic potential.

Which of the following is not a function of proteins

insulation

Which of the following statements concerning the vertebrae is true?

intervertebral disk consist of fibrocartilage

The site where spinal nerves exit the vertebral column is the

intervertebral foramen

The site where spinal nerves exit the vertebral column is the ___________ _____________

intervertebral foramen

The secretion of endocrine glands are released directly

into the bloodstream

The corpus callosum

is a band of commissural fibers that connects the right cerebral hemisphere to the left cerebral hemisphere.

Hyaluronic acid give a very slippery quality to fluids that contain it. Hyaluronic acid

is a good lubricant for joint cavities

A neuromodulator

is a substance released from neurons that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters.

Thick skin

is found in areas subject to pressure or friction, such as the palms

During the absolute refractory period, the cell:

is insensitive to further stimulation regardless of stimulus strength

Which of the following is true of cartilage?

is not vascularized

The dermis

is responsible for most of the skins structural strength

Complete tetanus

is the condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations

incomplete tetanus

is the condition in which the muscle fiber only partially relaxes between contractions.

which of the following statements about adipose tissue is false?

it contains a considerable amount of extra cellular matrix

Which of the following statements about receptor-mediated endocytosis is true?

it involves clathrin-coated pits

Thyroid hormone is a type of hormone that can pass directly through the plasma membrane. As a result of this, it can enter the cell without a receptor. which of the following would describe thyroid hormone?

it is lipid soluble

Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called ________ hairs

lanugo

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS differ in the

length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons, location of the preganglionic cell bodies, position of the ganglia where preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse.

The medullary cavity is

lined with endosteum

One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances might be the type of chemical involved?

lipid soluble substances

Reticular Tissue is found in

lymphatic organs

The extrapyramidal system

maintains control of unconscious movements.

How often can a sucrase molecule be used to hydrolyze sucrose?

many times

An atom has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. This atom will have _____ neutrons.

mass number - atomic number -> 39-19 = 20 20 neutrons

Autonomic reflexes might be integrated in the

medulla oblongata, spinal cord, hypothalamus.

Frank has a microbial infection attacking his brain. Which cell type would you expect to proliferate and be most active during this time?

microglia

Cells specialized for absorption of matter from the extracellular fluid surrounding them are likely to show an abundance of

microvilli

Due to the dilation of smooth muscle in the walls of the dermal blood vessels,

more blood flows to the skin

Which of the following is not an essential part of the anatomical position?

mouth closed

If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of __________.

movement

stratified epithelium consists of

multiple layers of cells

The motor neurons responsible for making a fist are _________.

multipolar.

Effector cells that respond to acetylcholine released from postganglionic neurons have

muscarinic receptors

An isotonic contraction is described as a

muscle produces constant tension during contraction

In excitation-contraction coupling

myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin.

Which of the following is mismatched?

myosin myofilaments - thin myofilaments

The umbilical region is commonly known as the _______

naval

myelinated axons in the central nervous system are known as:

nerve tracts

If you cut bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in the PNS, you cut __________.

nerves

In appositional growth of cartilage,

new chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue.

The membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia have ____________________

nicotinic receptors

which of the following is correctly matched with its function?

nongated ion channels - are always open

If resting membrane potential is -70 mV and the threshold potential is -50 mV, a membrane potential of -55 mV will __________.

not produce an action potential

In the CNS, clusters of gray matter containing cell bodies are called __________.

nuclei

The size of various regions of the primary somatic sensory cortex is proportional to the __________ sensory receptors in that area of the body.

number of

Sam adjusts solution A to increase its acidity. This means that the

number of hydrogen ions in the solution has increased

a person who gets hit on the back of the head might suffer injury to which of these bones?

occipital

In the process of diffusion, net movement of substances is always from a region

of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neurological cell is damaged in multiple sclerosis?

oligodendrocyte

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains __________.

only motor fibers

The stem cells of osteoblasts and chondroblasts are ________.

osteochondral progenitor cells

Which of the following is mismatched

oxidation - gain of electrons

Cedric slipped and cut his finger. The cut bled, but did not penetrate to the subcutaneous layer. The deepest layer penetrated was the

papillary layer of the dermis

Which of these membrane combinations are found on both sides of the diaphragm

parietal pleura - parietal peritoneum

Which of the following is most inferior in location?

pelvic cavity

Parasympathetic preganglionic axons from the sacral region of the spinal cord course through __________ nerves that innervate the ____________.

pelvic; lower colon and reproductive glands

Judd has a fractured ischium bone, which means he has a broken _________

pelvis

all of the following processes can move substances out of a cell except __________

phagocytosis

certain cells in the liver ingest bacteria and debris from damaged cells by a process called _________

phagocytosis

When a capillary is damaged, a platelet plug is formed. The process involves platelets sticking to each other. The more platelets that stick together, the more the plug attracts additional platelets. This is an example of:

positive feedback

When the myosin head flexes into a bend, pulling the actin filament along with it, this is called the

power stroke

Impulses that initiate motivation and forethought originate in the __________.

prefrontal area

The adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to

prevent the person from falling down

The sequence of events that produces growth at the epiphyseal plate is

proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, cell death, ossification, and remodeling.

All of the following nerve endings are found in the skin EXCEPT

proprioceptors

Important functions of the skeletal system include

protection of the brain and soft organs.

A myofilament is the

protein strand composed of actin or myosin

Enzymes are

proteins

which of the following statements about ATP is false?

provides the energy for decomposition reactions

A term that means "towards the attached end of a limb" is _________

proximal

The shoulder is ________ to the elbow

proximal

a decrease in the number of voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal would

reduce or inhibit transmission across the synapse

A decrease in the number of voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal would

reduce or inhibit transmission across the synapse.

The integumentary system

regulates body temperature and prevents water loss

Exocytosis is a process by which cells

release substances from the cell via vesibles

Reflexes function in

removing the body from painful stimuli, keeping the body from falling, maintaining blood pressure, maintaining blood CO2 levels.

Nerve cells generate electrical signals to changes in the environment. This is an example of_______

responsiveness

Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?

reticular layer

In a negative feedback mechanism, the response of the effector

reverses the original stimulus

Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?

rib

which of these statements concerning ribs is correct

ribs 1-7 are classified as true ribs

Spinal nerves exiting the spinal cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the __________ plexus

sacral

A process called _____________ uses the energy provided by the movement of other molecules down their concentration gradient.

secondary active transport

A type of transport called _____ does not directly use ATP, but still moves substances from lower to higher concentrations

secondary active transport

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of ____________

sensation

place the parts of the reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor:

sensory receptor sensory neuron interneuron motor neuron effector neuron

The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by

short postganglionic axons near the organs they innervate.

Epithelium that is primarily secretory in function would most likely be

simple cuboidal

Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the

size of muscle fibers

A major source of sensory input into the limbic system is the sense of __________

smell

Movement of food through the digestive tract results from the action of _______.

smooth muscle

The sodium-potassium pump functions to pump

sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

Depolarization of the plasma membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of

sodium ions.

If five action potentials arrive at the same synapse in very close succession, which of the following would occur?

spatial summation occurs

Each transport protein recognizes, binds, and transports only structurally distinct molecules this occurs when structurally similar molecules both bind to the same transport protein The rate of movement of molecules across the membrane is limited by the number of available transport proteins

specificity competition saturation

In an ascending pathway, axons of the secondary neuron travel from the

spinal cord through the brainstem to the thalamus

Which of the following epithelial types is mismatched with its function

squamous epithelium - stretching

which of the following epithelial types is mismatched with its function

squamous epithelium -stretching

The anterior boundary of the "rib cage" is/are the __________.

sternum

The mouth and esophagus comes in contact with often rough and abrasive substances. It is for mechanical and some chemical digestion but not necessarily absorption. Which epithelium would be best for this function

stratified squamous epithelium

The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the

stratum Basale

The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the

stratum basale

The layer of epidermis farthest away from the dermis is the:

stratum corneum

which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?

substrate

A stimulus that results in a local potential that does not reach threshold is called a(an):

subthreshold stimulus

Which of the following is a carbohydrate

sucrose

which of the following is an organic compound A hydrochloric acid B salt C sucrose D water E none are correct

sucrose

Which of the following describes the position of the nose

superior to the mouth

Endomysium is a delicate network of loose connective tissue that

surrounds each muscle fiber

The endoneurium

surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells.

what will happen to a cell with an inner solute concentration of 1% when it is placed in a 0.05% salt solution

swelling/lysis

Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the __________ division of the ANS.

sympathetic

Chain ganglia are part of the __

sympathetic branch of the ANS

The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous

system conveys action potentials to the CNS

A person who has cerebrospinal fluid draining from the ear probably has a fracture of the __________ bone

temporal

The auditory cortex is located in the __________.

temporal lobe

Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the __________.

thalamus

When two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals

that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron, spatial summation occurs.

In order for muscle relaxation to occur,

the active sites on actin must be blocked.

The limbic system involves various neural connections between

the cerebrum and diencephalon

The directional movement of ions by facilitated diffusion through protein channels is determined by ____________

the electrochemical gradient of the ion being transported

The longitudinal growth of long bones ceases when

the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue.

In the sympathetic division of the ANS,

the preganglionic cell body is located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord.

Excitation-contraction coupling begins with

the production of an action potential in the sarcolemma.

The various types of epithelium are classified by

the shape of cells and the cell layers

The plasma membrane of a neuron is more permeable to K+ because

there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+

In some cells, an afterpotential occurs because

there is prolonged, elevated permeability to K+ during repolarization.

In some cells, an afterpotential occurs because

there is prolonged, elevated permeability to potassium during repolarization.

Laura is an avid marathon runner. which of the descriptions about her dominant type of skeletal muscle is true?

they have large deposits of myoglobin

The ribs articulate with the __________ vertebrae

thoracic

Amputation of a foot at the ankle would involve a cut in the ______ plane

transverse

1. Those ribs that attach directly to the sternum are referred to as __________ ribs.

true

which of the following is a synthesis reaction

two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide

A symporter will transport ______ across the plasma membrane

two different ions or molecules in the same direction

Compared to a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utilizes

two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors.

if you break the medial bone in your forearm you have fractured your

ulna

A person with a fractured maxilla has a broken _______

upper jaw

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by tissue in the walls and roofs of the ________

ventricles of the brain

Which of these is NOT a function of bone?

vitamin D storage

When a sperm cell comes into contact with an egg cell, there is a change in the electrical charge across the plasma membrane and various channel proteins close. These channels would be called _________ channels

voltage-gated

changes in the membrane potential trigger the opening or closing of _____________

voltage-gated channels

Which of the following statements is false?

water evaporation heats the body

Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true?

when blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases

The short connection between a spinal nerve and a sympathetic chain ganglion through which preganglionic neurons pass is called the ___________________

white ramus communicans

A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the __________ reflex.

withdrawal

a reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the:

withdrawal reflex

which of the following is true?

yellow marrow = stores adipose tissue

1. Getting a kiss on the cheek means the __________ bone is involved.

zygomatic

A person who gets hit on the back of the head might suffer injury to which of these bones?

Occipital

3. Arrange the following in correct sequence: (1) Autonomic ganglia and ganglionic synapse (2) Synapse with target tissues (3) Preganglionic neuron (4) Postganglionic neuron

3,1,4,2

Arrange the following events of endochondral ossification in proper sequence: 1. chondrocytes die 2. calcium deposits form in between cartilage cells 3. osteoblasts deposit bone 4. chondrocytes hypertrophy 5. blood vessels from the periosteum invade calcified cartilage

4,2,1,5,3

select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence 1. Epithelial tissue, or ________, covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body 2. Epithelial tissue consists almost entirely of cells, with very little _______ ________ between them 3. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and forms ______ that are derived developmentally from body surfaces 4. The body surfaces include the ______ surface and the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts and many body cavities 5. Most epithelial tissues have one free, or ________, surface not attached to other cells 6. The basal surface of most epithelial tissues is attached to a _________ membrane, a specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells. 7.Epithelial cells retain the ability to undergo ___________ and therefore are able to replace damaged cells with new epithelial cells.

1. epithelium 2. extracellular matrix 3. glands 4. exterior 5. apical 6. basement 7. mitosis

Match each example given to one of the four general functions of epithelial tissues 1. Simple squamous epithelium allows carbon dioxide to be diffused from the blood into the lungs 2. The epithelium of the oral cavity protects the underlying structures from food as it is being chewed 3. Oxygen is diffused through the epithelium in the lungs 4. the epithelium of the skin prevents the entry of many toxic molecules and microorganisms into the body 5. The epithelium of the skin is a barrier to water and reduces water loss from the body 6. The epithelial cells of the intestine absorb digested food molecules, vitamins, and ions 7. The outermost layer of the skin (the epidermis) protects the underlying structures from the environment 8. Sweat glands secrete their products onto epithelial surfaces of the body 9. Mucous glands and the enzyme-secreting portions of the pancreas secrete their products into ducts that subsequently deliver their products to other areas of the body

1. permitting the passage of substances 2. Protecting underlying structures 3. Permitting the passage of substances 4. Acting as barriers 5. Acting as barriers 6. Absorbing substances 7. protecting underlying structures 8. secreting substances 9. secreting substances

Match the general parts of the cell with their correct function 1. the outer boundary of cells; controls the entry and exit of substances 2. Largest organelle of the cell; contains DNA 3. The structures upon which protein synthesis directly takes place 4. Extensive membrane system upon which protein synthesis takes place 5. Stacks of flattened membranes; modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids 6. vesicles that contain digestive enzymes 7. Major sites of ATP synthesis by the process of respiration 8. Used in formation of microtubules found in cilia and flagella 9. increase surface area of the plasma membrane for absorption of substances 10. propels spermatozoa in humans 11. system of microtubules and microfilaments that gives cells support, shape, and movement

1. plasma membrane 2. nucleus 3. ribosome rough endoplasmic reticulum 4. golgi apparatus 5. lysosomes 6. mitochondria 7. centrioles 8. cilia 9. microvilli 10. flagella 11.cytoskeleton

The regulation of breathing is controlled not by the amount of oxygen we have circulating in our blood, but instead by the pH of the blood. Receptors in the brain respond to changes in the pH of the blood, triggering an increase in the breathing rate if the blood becomes too acidic. place the following events in order, showing how the body maintains a stable blood pH in response to the changes in the carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Assume that a person is exercising and her muscles are releasing carbon dioxide

1. there is an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood 2. carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid 3. carbonic acid dissociates, forming bicarbonate and hydrogen ions 4. pH decreases in the blood (it becomes more acidic) 5. receptors in the brain detect an increase in acidity of the blood 6. increase in breathing rate, exhaling more carbon dioxide 7. Carbonic acid dissociates into water and carbon dioxide 8. pH of the blood increase (becomes more basic)

Indicate whether each statement is true or false. 1. Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves 2. nervous tissue consists of neurons and neuroglia that are responsible for its conductive ability 3. nervous tissue can conduct electrical signals called action potentials 4. mucous membranes consist of epithelial cells, their basement membrane, lamina propria, and sometimes a layer of smooth muscle 5. many, but not all, serous membranes consist of goblet cells 6. serous membranes consist of mesothelium, their basement membrane, and a delicate layer of loose connective tissue 7. serous membranes can absorb nutrients and secrete digestive enzymes 8. synovial membranes are made up only of connective tissue

1. true 2. false 3. true 4. True 5. False 6. True 7. False 8. True

1. Substances that enter into a chemical reaction 2. Substances that result from the chemical reaction 3. A chemical reaction in which the reaction can proceed from reactants to products and form products to reactants 4. The rate of product formation is equal to the rate of reactant formation 5. Formation of glucose from glycogen 6. Amino acids are combined to form a dipeptide 7. A disaccharide is broken down to form a monosaccharide

1.Reactants 2.products 3. reversible reaction 4. Equilibrium 5. Decomposition reaction; hydrolysis reaction 6. synthesis reaction; dehydration reaction 7. decomposition reaction; hydrolysis reaction

The medullary (marrow) cavity is:

Lined with endosteum

Which of the following statements accurately describes lipids?

Lipids are an important component of plasma membranes

Which type of cell phagocytizes foreign or injured cells and plays a major role in providing protection against infections?

Macrophage

Which of the following facial bones is correctly matched with its function?

Maxilla - possesses sockets for teeth

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is correct?

Mechanical stress applied to bone increases osteoblast activity

A patient with a traumatic head injury may exhibit vomiting as a result of irritation of nuclei in the _______________.

Medulla oblongata

A small lesion in the brainstem which resulted in a rapid heart rate, intense vasoconstriction, and elevated blood pressure would probably be located in the ____.

Medulla oblongata

Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?

Medulla oblongata

Solution A contains 5 grams of sugar per liter while solution B contains 2 grams of sugar per liter. The solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If the solvent in both solutions is water, predict in which direction most of the water molecules will move.

Most of the water will move by osmosis from solution B to solution A

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic function of a cell?

Movement

Which of the following actions is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle?

Moving your feet in walking

Which of the following is mismatched?

Myosin myofilaments - thin myofilaments

What will happen to a cell with an inner solute concentration of 1% when it is placed in a 1% salt solution?

Neither


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