Anatomy and Physiology I Final Exam
Place each of the labels into the proper category in order to indicate whether they relate to anatomy or physiology
Anatomy -study of form -Each kidney contains approximately 6-10 pyramids -human heart is comprised of 4 chambers -The brachial artery gives rise to the ulnar and radial arteries -The brain is comprised of two hemisphers -mitochondria are cellular organelles more numerous in active cells -the major muscle located at the back of the upper arm has three heads or origins Physiology -study of function -cellular energy requires the body's production of ATP -Glucose is the necessary fuel for the brain -Heart cells are capable of contracting on their own because of autorhythmicity -the long-term acid-base balance of the body is controlled by the kidneys
Which type of gland discharges fragments of the gland's cells during secretion
Apocrine
which of the following events is not a characteristic of an action potential
As Na+ enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative
The first cervical vertebrae is the ________.
Atlas
Which of the following is correctly matched with its description
Axons - conduct action potentials away from the cell body
Which of the following is correctly matched with its description?
Axons - conduct action potentials away from the cell body
communication between cells is essential to coordinate the activity of the trillions of cells that make up the human body. Which of the following is/are directly involved in carrying out communication between cells ?
Both "receptor proteins of the plasma membrane" and "chemical signal molecules released by cells" are correct
Stimulation of the Golgi tendon organs result in which of the following changes in the reflex arc?
Both "stimulation of an inhibitory neuron" and "decreased action potentials in alpha motor neurons" are correct.
Which of the following statements regarding the sliding filament model is false?
Both actin and myosin myofilaments shorten during contraction
Each voltage-gated Na+ channel has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following would occur during depolarization?
Both activation and inactivation gates are open.
The processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification are similar in several respects. Which of the following statements applies to both intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?
Both processes form woven bone.
Which of the following is responsible for problem-solving skills?
CNS
Which of the following systems carries necessary compounds like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body
Cardiovascular
The pectoral region is the
Chest area
Which of the following would be classified as a lipid
Cholesterol - a steroid
Which of the following statements concerning epithelial tissue is false?
Columnar epithelial cells promote diffusion
match the type of organic compound with its description and function
Composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. soluble in water = carbohydrates composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but had a lower ratio of oxygen than do carbohydrates and relatively insoluble in water = lipids always contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. As an example, enzymes control chemical reactions = proteins
Which of the following is NOT a function of connective tissue?
Contraction
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?
Control the heart rate
Which of the following activities is NOT associated with the cerebrum?
Controlling the autonomic nervous system
Which of the following is a descending pathway in the spinal cord?
Corticospinal tract
Which of the following term and description is mismatched?
Cutaneous receptors - associated with the viscera
Which of the following situations occurs in electrically excitable cells?
Depolarization causes voltage-gated Na+ channels to open.
Which of the following statements concerning the descending pathways of the spinal cord is true?
Descending pathways consist of upper and lower motor neurons.
Match the disciplines of anatomy with the descriptions.
Developmental anatomy - study of the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood Embryology - studies changes from conception to the 8th week of development Cytology - examines the structural features of cells Histology - Examines tissues, which are composed of cells, and the materials that surround them Gross anatomy - the study of structures that can be examined without a microscope
A group of cells was treated with a proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzyme. Which of the following processes would be least affected by this treatment?
Diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules through the plasma membrane
Which of the following is NOT a parasympathetic effect?
Dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs
Which of the following is NOT a type of enteric neuron?
Enteric bipolar neuron.
What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth?
Epidural space
What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones
Epiphyseal plate
Indicate the class of tissue that is capable of regeneration, is avascular, and consists of cells that are bound to each other via specialized junctions
Epithelial tissue
Which of the following statements concerning epithelial cell surfaces is false
Epithelium with folded surfaces tends to be very rigid
Which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct?
Exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling.
Andrew is in a car accident and fractures his maxilla. To which group of bones does this belong?
Face
True or false? An enzyme can only bind to one reactant at a time
False
Which structure anchors the thecal sac and conus medullaris to the coccyx?
Filum terminale
Place each type of individual type of connective tissue in the appropriate category.
Fluid connective tissue -Blood Supporting connective tissue -hyaline cartilage -elastic cartilage -fibrocartilage -compact bone Connective tissue proper -areolar -reticular -dense regular -dense irregular
Which of the following anatomical features of bones is correctly matched with its function?
Foramen - a hole for a blood vessel
Which of the following statements regarding glial cells is false?
Glial cells produce action potentials for skeletal muscles.
Sam is curling very heavy weights and suddenly drops them. Which reflex forced this action by Sam to prevent tendon damage?
Golgi tendon reflex
In the reversible reaction CO2 + H2O <-> H+ + HCO3-, a decrease in respiration rate will increase the concentration of CO2 in the blood. What will this do to the amount of H+ in the blood?
H+ in the blood will increase
Which of the following characteristics is NOT consistent with simple squamous epithelial tissue
Has good blood supply within it
A coroner determines the cause of death to be strangulation because this delicate bone is fractured. Which bone is this?
Hyoid
A young girl (10 years old) exhibited the following symptoms: advanced development of secondary sexual characteristics and rapid growth. Which of the following likely caused her condition
Hypersecretion of estrogen
1. A young boy (10 years old) exhibited the following symptoms: advanced development of secondary sexual characteristics and rapid growth. Which of the following likely caused his condition?
Hypersecretion of testosterone
Which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
Hypothalamus
Which of the following statements is true about the bicarbonate buffer system?
If blood becomes too acidic, the equation shifts left and respiration rate increases to get rid of CO2
Select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence
In the homeostatic feedback loop, the first step involves the receptor that monitors the change in a stimulus information about the variable is sent to the control center, which compares the value of the variable sent to the set point if a response is necessary, a/an effector responds, causing an action potential that maintains homeostasis Homeostasis involves maintaining body functions near a/an set point, which is the ideal normal value for that component
Which of the following would increase the rate of mediated transport?
Increase the number of available carrier molecules
Which of the following helps explain the increased tension seen in multiple wave summation?
Increased concentration of Ca2+ around the myofibrils
Which of the following occurs when the parasympathetic system is stimulated?
Increased motility of the digestive tract
Which of the following bones forms part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Inferior nasal conchae
Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?
Interneuron
The conus medullaris
Is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement.
Eighty-year old Mrs. Smith has a bent-over stance with a noticeable hump back. Along with osteoporosis, Mrs. Smith also is afflicted with which condition?
Kyphosis
Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in multiple sclerosis?
Oligodendrocyte
Which branch of physiology would study the effects of sunbathing on the skin
Organ physiology
match the characteristic of life with its description
Organization - The interrelationship among parts of an organism that interact to perform a function Metabolism - All of the chemical reactions that are taking place within an organism Responsiveness - the ability to sense changes and adjust to those changes Growth - increase in the overall number of cells Development - changes an organism undergoes through time Reproduction - formation of new cells or new organisms
Which of the following is correctly matched?
Osteoclast - responsible for reabsorption
Which of the following is correctly matched?
Osteoclasts - break down bone tissue
Which situation is positive feedback and which situation is negative feedback
POSITIVE FEEDBACK -Entry of Na+ into cells makes the inside of the cells more positive, which causes more Na+ channels to open -During child birth, oxytocin secretion causes uterine contractions, the cervix stretches as the mother pushes, and the stretch causes more oxytocin to be released NEGATIVE FEEDBACK -Elevated Na+ signals the kidneys to get rid of more Na+ which decreases Na+ in the blood -Elevated blood glucose stimulates the secretion of the hormone insulin; insulin stimulates glucose movement into muscle cells, which decreases blood glucose
Which of the following statements regarding PTH (parathyroid hormone) is true?
PTH causes increased reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys.
which of the following statements regarding PTH (parathyroid hormone) is true?
PTH causes increases reabsorption of Ca+2 in the kidneys
Select the structure considered a primary receptor
Pacinian corpuscle
Identify whether each method of membrane transport is passive or active
Passive -Diffusion -movement down a concentration gradient -osmosis -facilitated diffusion Active -ATP consumption -phagocytosis -sodium potassium pumps -pinocytosis -exocytosis -movement against a concentration gradient
Which of the organs listed below is not directly innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
Pectoralis major
Damage to which of these nerves would be most life-threatening?
Phrenic nerves
Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration?
Pons and medulla oblongata
Which of the following neurons is most likely to be adrenergic?
Postganglionic sympathetic
Which of the following is true during the resting membrane potential?
Potassium is concentrated primarily inside the cell
If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action?
Premotor area
A person lying with his/her face down is said to be in what position?
Prone
Which function of proteins is NOT correctly matched with the example?
Protection - packing around organs and glands
Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
Provides oxygen to CNS tissue
In a farm accident, a man has his arm severed midway between his wrist and his elbow. Which of the following bones was severed?
Radius and ulna
Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched with its function?
Receptor proteins - attach to ligand molecules
Which of the following is not a property of reflexes?
Reflexes do not require a stimulus.
Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?
Reticular layer of dermis
Out of the following bones listed, which bones belong to the axial skeleton?
Ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and temporal
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
Rubrospinal tract - two- point discrimination
Match the plane of the body with its description: A) Sagittal plane B) Transverse plane C) Frontal plane
Sagittal plane - runs vertically; separates the body into left and right portions Transverse Plane - Runs parallel to the ground; divides the body into inferior and superior portions Frontal plane - Runs vertically; divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Arrange these structures as they participate in excitation-contraction.
Sarcolemma, T tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+
Which of the following events of endochondral ossification occurs last?
Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses.
The type of membrane that protects internal organs from friction is a ______________ membrane
Serous
The small intestine is designed to absorb most of our nutrients and secrete enzymes. which epithelium would be best for this function?
Simple columnar epithelium
The kidney tubules are key to the secretion and absorption of material that make up the filtrate and ultimately urine. which epithelium would be best for this function?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
The blood capillaries and glomerular capsule are both made of an epithelial tissue specifically suited for diffusion and filtration. Which epithelium would be best for this function?
Simple squamous epithelium
Movement of food through the digestive tract results from the action of _________ muscle
Smooth
When people smoke cigarettes, they damage some of their taste buds. Which type of sense has been damage?
Special
Which of the following events occurs last in intramembranous ossification?
Spongy bone is formed.
The most distal end of the large intestine is the anal canal. The final passageway is not absorptive and must resist the abrasive nature of feces. Which epithelium would be best for this function?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Which layer of the epidermis is found in only a few areas of the body?
Stratum lucidum
Which of the following activities represents a physiological study?
Studying how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on digestion
A tissue has the following characteristics: abundant extracellular matrix, abundant collagen fibers which are arranged parallel to each other. Which of the following injuries primarily results in damage to this kind of tissue?
Tear in the tissue that attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to bone
Which of the following bones is paired?
Temporal
Which of the following events occurs during the lag phase of a muscle twitch?
The action potential is propagated from presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane.
What is found in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord?
The cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?
The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis.
Jodie scraped her knee when she fell of her bike. There was no blood found in the wound. why?
The epidermis was affected because it is avascular
The parietal pericardium is
The membrane that lines the pericardial sac
Suppose both excitatory and inhibitory neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron. What determines if an action potential is initiated in the postsynaptic neuron?
The number of EPSPs in relation to the number of IPSPs
Which of the following statements is true?
The sympathetic division diverges more than the parasympathetic division.
Callie is a world class marathon runner. Which of the descriptions about her dominant type of skeletal muscle is FALSE?
They are well adapted to anaerobic activity
Which of the following is NOT a property of the myosin head?
They bind to troponin
which of the following statements is true regarding the property of the myosin head?
They have an enzyme ATPase
The type of cell connection that serves as a permeability barrier is a
Tight junction
What is the permeability barrier that joins the plasma membranes of adjacent cells to form a tight seal?
Tight junction
The urethra and bladder are designed to accommodate fluctuations in volume of liquid in organs and tubes. which epithelium would be best for this function?
Transitional epithelium
Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the urinary bladder?
Transitional epithelium
Maggie has her wisdom teeth removed, and later has difficulty with chewing and cannot feel sensations to the side of her face. This is likely caused by the numbing of the __________ nerve.
Trigeminal
True or false? Low-density lipoprotein is brought into the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis
True
Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?
Vagus nerve
Which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory
Vestibulocochlear (VII)
Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true?
When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases.
Which of the following people would have the greatest risk of getting skin cancer?
a 68 year old male with blond hair and blue eyes
A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects increasing oxygen concentrations in the blood. According to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses?
a decrease in respiratory rate
A mesentery is
a double-layered serous membrane that anchors some of the abdominal organs to the body wall.
Dense irregular connective tissue would be found in
a ligament
Lesion of the basal nuclei could cause
a slight shaking of the hands or head.
Lesions of the basal nuclei could cause
a slight shaking of the hands or head.
Consider the following situation: Sympathetic preganglionic axons enter a sympathetic chain ganglia. In order for these axons to reach collateral ganglia, they must now travel through
a splanchnic nerve.
An electrolyte is
a substance that conducts electricity when placed in solution.
a) dilating blood vessels in the skin in an effort to radiate heat away from the body, is a form of: b) When we have an infection, we often develop a fever. What is the body trying to accomplish by temporarily raising the body temperature?
a) negative feedback b) Slow the replication of the germ
when the arrector pili muscles contract:
"goose bumps" form on the skin
Living organisms share a number of characteristics. These unifying characteristics separate them from non-living things. For each of the following statements, check the statements that correctly distinguish living things from non-living things
- All living organisms are made up of one or more cells 0only living organisms can sense environmental changes and respond accordingly -only living organisms (populations) are capable of evolving -all living organisms grow by increasing cell size and or cell number -only living organisms require an input of energy to drive cellular activities -all living organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite external environment change
Which of the following statements correctly describes ATP?
-can be synthesized from ADP -Stores and releases energy in the cell -is associated with a reversible reaction -is associated with anabolism and catabolism
Given these characteristics: 1. Capable of contraction 2. Is avascular 3. Covers body surfaces 4. Capable of transporting gases 5. Connected to other tissues by a basement membrane Which of these are characteristics of epithelial tissue?
-covers body surfaces -Is avascular -connected to other tissue by a basement membrane 2,3,5
An decrease in K+ concentration gradient as compared to the rest could lead to: 1. less K+ leaving the cell than at rest 2. more K+ coming into the cell than at rest 3. inside of the membrane becoming more positive than typical resting value 4. hyperpolarization
1 - less K+ leaving the cell than at rest 3 - inside of the membrane becoming more positive than typical resting value 1 and 3
1. In the plasma membrane, ______ primarily determine the function of the membrane 2. ______ form(s) the lipid bilayer, 3. and ________ determine(s) the fluid nature of the membrane
1 - proteins 2 - phospholipids 3 - cholesterol
Bob was completely bald on the top of his head by the time he was 35 years of age. Bob noticed he produced abundant sweat on his head when he exercised. He also noticed that his scalp was no longer oily. Which of the following changes account for the observations? (1) He has fewer functional hair follicles now. (2) He has fewer functional sebaceous glands now. (3) He has fewer merocrine sweat glands now. (4) He has fewer apocrine sweat glands now.
1,2
If you accidentally cut your arm and see bones and ligaments, which layer(s) was/were cut? 1. stratum corneum 2. stratum basale 3. dermis 4. hypodermis
1,2,3,4
The muscles of the back contract to straighten so that you sit at a more erect posture and subsequently the muscles are suddenly stretched as you nod off. Which of the following best represents the sequence of events when you start to nod off? (1) Muscles of the back are stretched. (2) The muscle spindle is stretched. (3) Action potentials in sensory neurons of the muscle spindles increase. (4) Action potentials in alpha motor neurons of skeletal muscle fibers increase. (5) Skeletal muscle of the back contract.
1,2,3,4,5
Put the levels of organization in order from the simplest to the most complex
1. Chemical level 2. Cell level 3. Tissue level 4. organ level 5. organ system level 6. organism level
indicate whether each statement is true or false: 1. The fluid-mosaic model suggests that the plasma membrane is static in structure and its composition remains the same throughout its life span 2. The fluid nature of the lipid bilayer provides a means of distributing molecules within the plasma membrane 3. Slight damage to the plasma membrane can be repaired because phospholipids tend to reassemble around damaged sites and close them 4. The fluid nature of the lipid bilayer prevents membranes from fusing with one another
1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False
Indicate whether each is true or false: 1. The pH scale is a measure of oxygen concentration in a solution 2. The pH scale indicates the concentration of H+ in a solution 3. The pH scale ranges from 0-14 4. Neutral solutions have a pH of 7 5. solutions with a pH greater than 7 are acidic 6. solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic (alkaline)
1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False 6. True
Match the description with the appropriate membrane protein: 1. Allow cells to identify other cells or other molecules 2. Anchor cells to other cells or extracellular molecules 3. Form passageways through the plasma membrane 4. Move ions or molecules across the membrane 5. Move specific molecules across the membrane; require ATP 6. Binding sites for chemical signals in the extracellular fluid 7. Catalyze chemical reactions either inside or outside
1. Marker molecules 2. Attachment proteins 3. Channel proteins 4. Carrier proteins 5. ATP-powered pumps 6. Receptor proteins 7. Enzymes
as you start to nod off, the muscles are suddenly stretched. subsequently, the muscles of the back contract to straighten so that you sit at a more erect posture. which of the following best represents the sequence of events when you start to nod off?
1. Muscles of the back are stretched 2. The muscle spindle is stretched 3. Action potentials in sensory neurons of the muscle spindles increase 4. Action potentials in alpha motor neurons of skeletal muscle fibers increase 5. Skeletal muscle of the back contract
Determine whether each statement is a characteristic of epithelial tissue is true or false 1. Mostly composed of cells and has little extracellular matrix 2. Covers body surfaces and forms glands 3. Has abundant extracellular matrix and very few cells 4. Is the most abundant primary tissue type 5. Is avascular and receives its nutrients by diffusion 6. Most cells are bound together and have apical, lateral and basal surfaces 7. can be avascular, have poor vascularity, or vascular based upon location
1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False
Determine whether each item is a major function of connective tissue (true or false) 1. Encloses and separates other tissues 2. stores and transports compounds 3. conducts electrical signals 4. supports and moves parts of the body 5. shortens with force 6. connects tissues to one another 7. protects, cushions, and insulates
1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False 6. True 7. True
Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence. (1) sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential (2) neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell (3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft (4) membrane permeability to sodium ions on postsynaptic cell increases (5) action potential causes release of neurotransmitter
5,4,3,2,1
Which of the following activities would stimulate the reticular formation?
A clock radio coming on in the morning
An organ is
A structure composed of several tissue types
A) The units of matter that form all chemical substances are called _______ B) The chemical properties of atoms can be described in terms of three subatomic particles: __________, ________, and _______ C) The protons and neutrons are confined to a very small volume at the center of an atom called the __________ _____________ D) The _________ revolve in orbitals at various distances from the nucleus E)Each type of atom, such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is called a ________ __________ F) Each chemical element contains a specific number of protons, and it is this number, called the ________ _________, that distinguishes one atom from another
A) atoms B) protons, neutrons, and electrons C) atomic nucleus D) electrons E) Chemical element F) atomic number
A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in the blood. According to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses?
An increase in the respiratory rate
Which of the following will increase the rate of diffusion?
An increase in the temperature
Renzo, the dancer in the photo is perfectly balanced, yet a slight movement in any direction would cause him to adjust his position. The human body adjusts its balance among all its parts through a process called homeostasis.... a) The disruption to renzo's homeostasis was cause by his blood sugar which remained___ ________ following a meal b) Typically, blood sugar levels return to normal after eating due to the activity of insulin which is created by cells in the __________. c) However, Renzo's body produced insufficient insulin which result in a(n) _________ uptake of sugar from his blood. d) Since renzo's family history contains incidents of diabetes, it is reasonable to assume he suffers from this condition as well (true or false)
a) too high b) pancreas c) decreased d) True
which of the following could lead to depolarization of the motor end plate (sarcolemma)
acetylcholine binds to receptors on motor end plate
_______ is the neurotransmitter released at a cholinergic synapse whereas ________ is the neurotransmitter released at an adrenergic synapse
acetylcholine, norepinephrine
This type of mediated transport called ______ directly requires energy provided by ATP
active transport
The sodium potassium pump located in the plasma membrane
actively transports potassium into cells
The sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule is needed to determine the sequence of
amino acids in a protein
Proteins in cells act as important buffer systems. If intracellular pH rises, certain ___________ of proteins can __________ H+ to return to normal conditions
amino acids; proteins
When a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor and increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to Na+,
an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) will result.
When a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor and increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to Cl-
an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) will result
All of the synthesis reactions in the body are called __________
anabolism
In _____ , ions or molecules move in opposite directions
antiport
Body odor results from secretions from the _______ sweat glands
apocrine
Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both
are under involuntary control
Bone remodeling may occur
as bones grow, as bones adjust to stress, as fractures heal, constantly during a person's lifetime.
Fibers connecting areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere are __________ fibers.
association
in a reversible reaction, when the rate of product formation is equal to the rate of reactant formation, the reaction is
at equilibrium
match the structure, location, or function with the appropriate type of muscle tissue
attached to bone - skeletal muscle uninucleate striated branched cells - cardiac muscle uninucleate cells have tapered ends - smooth muscle moves food through digestive tract - smooth muscle moves the body - skeletal muscle hollow organs and blood vessels - smooth muscle long multinucleated fibers - skeletal muscle pumps blood - cardiac muscle
When someone taps you on your shoulder, they stimulate the __________ nerve.
axillary
A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will
become pale.
A local anesthetic such as Novocaine decreases membrane permeability to Na+. The use of this anesthetic will
block sensory input into the CNS.
which of the following functions is not associated with the skin?
blood cell production
Dr. Jagasia informs a patient they have fractured the most anterior part of their vertebra. Which part is most likely affected?
body
Due to the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the dermal blood vessels,
body heat is conserved.
if bone becomes brittle, what is a likely explanation?
bone has lost its collagen
Each voltage-gated Na+ ion channel has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following would occur during depolarization?
both activation and inactivation gates are open
The processes of intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification are similar in several respects. Which of the following statements applies to both of these kinds of ossification
both processes form woven bone
Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the __________ plexus.
brachial
sucrase
breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose
Vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin, would move across the plasma membrane into the cell
by dissolving in the lipid bilayer
active sites on the actin become available for binding when:
calcium binds to troponin
Lipids
can insulate and help prevent heat loss
Sympathetic preganglionic axons
can synapse in either chain or collateral ganglia.
A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a
canaliculus
The molecule used most frequently by cells as a fuel belongs to which of the following groups?
carbohydrates
which of the following type of connective tissue is mismatched with its matrix
cartilage - highly vascular matrix
Neurotransmitters
cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane.
The dorsal root ganglia include the
cell bodies of sensory neurons
Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in
cell bodies or soma
a patient was admitted to the ER with multiple stab wounds which resulted in considerable blood loss. immediately, intravenous (IV) fluid with a concentration of 3.5% NaCl was administered. If normal body cells have a concentration of 0.9% NaCl, what happens to the cells after some time, following the IV administration?
cells of body would lose water and shrink
which of these molecules is hydrophobic?
cholesterol
Intervertebral discs exhibit a great deal of strength because of the presence of thick bundles of __________
collagen
The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are
collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
In the spinal cord, white matter is organized into
columns and the gray matter into horns.
The absolute refractory period assures
completion of repolarization before another action potential.
Mechanoreceptors respond to
compression of receptors
T tubules:
conduct action potentials deep into the muscle cell.
T tubules
conduct action potentials deep into the muscle fiber
A general characteristic of connective tissue is that it
consists of cells with much extracellular material (matrix) between them
The cerebral medulla
consists of many nerve tracts of white matter beneath the cerebral cortex.
The primary motor area
contains a larger area for control of the hand and fingers than for control of the arm and elbow.
Cartilage
contains chondrocytes located in lacunae
Spongy bone tissue
contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae
Lack of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft would result in
continuous stimulation of the postsynaptic membrane
A drug that interferes with the active transport of calcium ions from the sarcoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum would result in
contraction with no relaxation
The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system:
conveys action potential to the CNS
A primary function of the cerebellum is to __________.
coordinate movement
What will happen to a cell with an inner solute concentration of 1% when it is placed in a 5% salt solution?
crenation
which of the following occurs during the excitation-contraction coupling?
cross bridges form between myosin heads and actin
Terrance is told by his physician that he has lesions on one side of his spinal cord, which cut the lateral spinothalamic tract. Therefore, Terrance will have an inability to perceive
cutaneous sensations on the opposite side of his body below the level of injury.
Endorphins produce presynaptic inhibition in neurons transmitting pain signals. increased levels of endorphins will:
decrease awareness of pain
which of the following situations would lead to hyperpolarization?
decrease the permeability of the plasma membrane to Na+ ions
Which of the following would increase the rate of diffusion
decreasing the viscosity of the solvent
The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the
decussation of the pyramids in the medulla.
Acetylcholine binds to a membrane bound receptor and causes ligand-gated sodium channels to open and results in
depolarization
In an EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential), there is a:
depolarization of postsynaptic membrane
Stretch marks develop on the abdomen of pregnant women because of stretching and rupture of the
dermis
The pyramids of the medulla contain ______________
descending motor tracts
A group of cells was treated with a proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzyme. Which of the following processes would be least affected by this treatment?
diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules through the plasma membrane
In ionic bonding
electrons are transferred from one atom to another
what type of gland does not have ducts?
endocrine
If a poison such as cyanide stops the production of ATP, which of the following membrane transport processes would cease?
endocytosis
In positive feedback mechanism, the response of the effector
enhances the original stimulus
Which of the following is mismatched?
enzyme...steroid
Overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid could be the result of overactivity of the:
ependymal cells
Crash McBang is fourteen. He breaks his femur in a skiing accident. The bone was properly aligned and healed well. By the time he was 17, it was apparent that the leg that had been broken was shorter than the other leg. The break in the femur was probably in the area of:
epiphyseal plate
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
exhibits specificity
Cellular products such as hormones and neurotransmitters are released by the process of __________. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis differ in that ____________________ The most specific type of endocytosis is ____________________________
exocytosis phagocytosis allows for the transport of larger particles than pinocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis
Andrew is in a car accident and fractures his maxilla. To which group of bones does this belong?
facial bones
A carrier mediated process called ________________ moves the substance into or out of cells from a higher to lower concentration
facilitated diffusion
A channel-mediated transport called _______ does not require energy to transport substances across the membrane
facilitated diffusion
A particular membrane transport process exhibits saturation, uses carrier molecules, but does NOT require ATP. The process is probably _______________________
facilitated diffusion
Simple and facilitated diffusion differ because ______________
facilitated diffusion requires the presence of a transport protein within the plasma membrane, while simple diffusion does not
The portion of the dorsal column/medial lemniscal tract that carries proprioceptive sensations from nerve endings in the feet and legs is the
fasciculus gracilis
which type of connective tissue is found in the intervertebral discs, which are often subjected to compressive forces?
fibrocartilage
A patient in a skiing accident is told that the lateral side of the ankle joint has been crushed. The bone that has been injured is the ________.
fibula
Which of the following anatomical features of bones is correctly matched with its function?
foramen - a hole for a blood vessel
a neuron is receiving a stimulus which gets stronger and stronger. The result is:
frequency of action potentials increases
A neuron is receiving a stimulus which gets stronger and stronger. The result is
frequency of occurrence of action potentials increases.
Which of the following bones is NOT paired?
frontal
The central sulcus separates the __________.
frontal and parietal lobes
Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in
ganglia
blood sugar refers to what molecule circulating the blood?
glucose
which of the following is an example of synthesis reaction?
glucose molecules binding together to form glycogen
If you compare a cell with a manufacturing plant that exports goods, the cell's __________ could be compared to the manufacturing plants shipping department.
golgi apparatus
Plasma membrane phospholipids
have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
White blood cells digest other cells and therefore, would be expected to ________.
have large numbers of lysosomes
Membrane-bound receptors
have their receptor sites on the outer surface of the plasma membrane
The proper sequence of events in bone repair is
hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone.
specify whether each of the items listed is hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophobic (no water) ions, carbohydrates, glucose, polar compounds, potassium, and enzymes hydrophilic (water loving) lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, oil
The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of
hydroxyapatite crystals
Mr. Miller has been hospitalized for the flu. The flu virus increases membrane permeability to K+. You would expect his cells to
hyperpolarize
Anna has an eating disorder along with intense thirst and wildly varying body temperatures, which means she may have a dysfunction of the __________.
hypothalamus
Thirteen year-old Austin exhibits retarded growth, reduced metabolism, lack of normal reproductive gland development, inability to regulate water intake or water elimination from the body, and an uncontrolled appetite. Which part of Austin's brain is most likely involved?
hypothalamus
Parallel curving ridges of dermis that shape the overlying epidermis into friction ridges
improve the grip of the hands
Curare blocks acetylcholine receptors at the motor end plate. This would result in
inability of the muscle fiber to respond to nervous stimulation.
A local potential
increases or decreases in direct proportion to the stimulus strength.
Microvilli
increases the surface area of the cell
When a yoga instructor is doing a headstand in her class, her hips are considered to be ________________
inferior to her shoulders
Local hyperpolarization in a synapse is called a/an
inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
Which of the following is not a function of proteins
insulation
Which of the following statements concerning the vertebrae is true?
intervertebral disk consist of fibrocartilage
The site where spinal nerves exit the vertebral column is the
intervertebral foramen
The site where spinal nerves exit the vertebral column is the ___________ _____________
intervertebral foramen
The secretion of endocrine glands are released directly
into the bloodstream
The corpus callosum
is a band of commissural fibers that connects the right cerebral hemisphere to the left cerebral hemisphere.
Hyaluronic acid give a very slippery quality to fluids that contain it. Hyaluronic acid
is a good lubricant for joint cavities
A neuromodulator
is a substance released from neurons that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters.
Thick skin
is found in areas subject to pressure or friction, such as the palms
During the absolute refractory period, the cell:
is insensitive to further stimulation regardless of stimulus strength
Which of the following is true of cartilage?
is not vascularized
The dermis
is responsible for most of the skins structural strength
Complete tetanus
is the condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations
incomplete tetanus
is the condition in which the muscle fiber only partially relaxes between contractions.
which of the following statements about adipose tissue is false?
it contains a considerable amount of extra cellular matrix
Which of the following statements about receptor-mediated endocytosis is true?
it involves clathrin-coated pits
Thyroid hormone is a type of hormone that can pass directly through the plasma membrane. As a result of this, it can enter the cell without a receptor. which of the following would describe thyroid hormone?
it is lipid soluble
Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called ________ hairs
lanugo
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS differ in the
length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons, location of the preganglionic cell bodies, position of the ganglia where preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse.
The medullary cavity is
lined with endosteum
One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances might be the type of chemical involved?
lipid soluble substances
Reticular Tissue is found in
lymphatic organs
The extrapyramidal system
maintains control of unconscious movements.
How often can a sucrase molecule be used to hydrolyze sucrose?
many times
An atom has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. This atom will have _____ neutrons.
mass number - atomic number -> 39-19 = 20 20 neutrons
Autonomic reflexes might be integrated in the
medulla oblongata, spinal cord, hypothalamus.
Frank has a microbial infection attacking his brain. Which cell type would you expect to proliferate and be most active during this time?
microglia
Cells specialized for absorption of matter from the extracellular fluid surrounding them are likely to show an abundance of
microvilli
Due to the dilation of smooth muscle in the walls of the dermal blood vessels,
more blood flows to the skin
Which of the following is not an essential part of the anatomical position?
mouth closed
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of __________.
movement
stratified epithelium consists of
multiple layers of cells
The motor neurons responsible for making a fist are _________.
multipolar.
Effector cells that respond to acetylcholine released from postganglionic neurons have
muscarinic receptors
An isotonic contraction is described as a
muscle produces constant tension during contraction
In excitation-contraction coupling
myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin.
Which of the following is mismatched?
myosin myofilaments - thin myofilaments
The umbilical region is commonly known as the _______
naval
myelinated axons in the central nervous system are known as:
nerve tracts
If you cut bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in the PNS, you cut __________.
nerves
In appositional growth of cartilage,
new chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue.
The membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia have ____________________
nicotinic receptors
which of the following is correctly matched with its function?
nongated ion channels - are always open
If resting membrane potential is -70 mV and the threshold potential is -50 mV, a membrane potential of -55 mV will __________.
not produce an action potential
In the CNS, clusters of gray matter containing cell bodies are called __________.
nuclei
The size of various regions of the primary somatic sensory cortex is proportional to the __________ sensory receptors in that area of the body.
number of
Sam adjusts solution A to increase its acidity. This means that the
number of hydrogen ions in the solution has increased
a person who gets hit on the back of the head might suffer injury to which of these bones?
occipital
In the process of diffusion, net movement of substances is always from a region
of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neurological cell is damaged in multiple sclerosis?
oligodendrocyte
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains __________.
only motor fibers
The stem cells of osteoblasts and chondroblasts are ________.
osteochondral progenitor cells
Which of the following is mismatched
oxidation - gain of electrons
Cedric slipped and cut his finger. The cut bled, but did not penetrate to the subcutaneous layer. The deepest layer penetrated was the
papillary layer of the dermis
Which of these membrane combinations are found on both sides of the diaphragm
parietal pleura - parietal peritoneum
Which of the following is most inferior in location?
pelvic cavity
Parasympathetic preganglionic axons from the sacral region of the spinal cord course through __________ nerves that innervate the ____________.
pelvic; lower colon and reproductive glands
Judd has a fractured ischium bone, which means he has a broken _________
pelvis
all of the following processes can move substances out of a cell except __________
phagocytosis
certain cells in the liver ingest bacteria and debris from damaged cells by a process called _________
phagocytosis
When a capillary is damaged, a platelet plug is formed. The process involves platelets sticking to each other. The more platelets that stick together, the more the plug attracts additional platelets. This is an example of:
positive feedback
When the myosin head flexes into a bend, pulling the actin filament along with it, this is called the
power stroke
Impulses that initiate motivation and forethought originate in the __________.
prefrontal area
The adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to
prevent the person from falling down
The sequence of events that produces growth at the epiphyseal plate is
proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, cell death, ossification, and remodeling.
All of the following nerve endings are found in the skin EXCEPT
proprioceptors
Important functions of the skeletal system include
protection of the brain and soft organs.
A myofilament is the
protein strand composed of actin or myosin
Enzymes are
proteins
which of the following statements about ATP is false?
provides the energy for decomposition reactions
A term that means "towards the attached end of a limb" is _________
proximal
The shoulder is ________ to the elbow
proximal
a decrease in the number of voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal would
reduce or inhibit transmission across the synapse
A decrease in the number of voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal would
reduce or inhibit transmission across the synapse.
The integumentary system
regulates body temperature and prevents water loss
Exocytosis is a process by which cells
release substances from the cell via vesibles
Reflexes function in
removing the body from painful stimuli, keeping the body from falling, maintaining blood pressure, maintaining blood CO2 levels.
Nerve cells generate electrical signals to changes in the environment. This is an example of_______
responsiveness
Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?
reticular layer
In a negative feedback mechanism, the response of the effector
reverses the original stimulus
Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?
rib
which of these statements concerning ribs is correct
ribs 1-7 are classified as true ribs
Spinal nerves exiting the spinal cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the __________ plexus
sacral
A process called _____________ uses the energy provided by the movement of other molecules down their concentration gradient.
secondary active transport
A type of transport called _____ does not directly use ATP, but still moves substances from lower to higher concentrations
secondary active transport
If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of ____________
sensation
place the parts of the reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor:
sensory receptor sensory neuron interneuron motor neuron effector neuron
The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by
short postganglionic axons near the organs they innervate.
Epithelium that is primarily secretory in function would most likely be
simple cuboidal
Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the
size of muscle fibers
A major source of sensory input into the limbic system is the sense of __________
smell
Movement of food through the digestive tract results from the action of _______.
smooth muscle
The sodium-potassium pump functions to pump
sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell
Depolarization of the plasma membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of
sodium ions.
If five action potentials arrive at the same synapse in very close succession, which of the following would occur?
spatial summation occurs
Each transport protein recognizes, binds, and transports only structurally distinct molecules this occurs when structurally similar molecules both bind to the same transport protein The rate of movement of molecules across the membrane is limited by the number of available transport proteins
specificity competition saturation
In an ascending pathway, axons of the secondary neuron travel from the
spinal cord through the brainstem to the thalamus
Which of the following epithelial types is mismatched with its function
squamous epithelium - stretching
which of the following epithelial types is mismatched with its function
squamous epithelium -stretching
The anterior boundary of the "rib cage" is/are the __________.
sternum
The mouth and esophagus comes in contact with often rough and abrasive substances. It is for mechanical and some chemical digestion but not necessarily absorption. Which epithelium would be best for this function
stratified squamous epithelium
The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the
stratum Basale
The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the
stratum basale
The layer of epidermis farthest away from the dermis is the:
stratum corneum
which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?
substrate
A stimulus that results in a local potential that does not reach threshold is called a(an):
subthreshold stimulus
Which of the following is a carbohydrate
sucrose
which of the following is an organic compound A hydrochloric acid B salt C sucrose D water E none are correct
sucrose
Which of the following describes the position of the nose
superior to the mouth
Endomysium is a delicate network of loose connective tissue that
surrounds each muscle fiber
The endoneurium
surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells.
what will happen to a cell with an inner solute concentration of 1% when it is placed in a 0.05% salt solution
swelling/lysis
Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the __________ division of the ANS.
sympathetic
Chain ganglia are part of the __
sympathetic branch of the ANS
The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous
system conveys action potentials to the CNS
A person who has cerebrospinal fluid draining from the ear probably has a fracture of the __________ bone
temporal
The auditory cortex is located in the __________.
temporal lobe
Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the __________.
thalamus
When two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals
that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron, spatial summation occurs.
In order for muscle relaxation to occur,
the active sites on actin must be blocked.
The limbic system involves various neural connections between
the cerebrum and diencephalon
The directional movement of ions by facilitated diffusion through protein channels is determined by ____________
the electrochemical gradient of the ion being transported
The longitudinal growth of long bones ceases when
the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue.
In the sympathetic division of the ANS,
the preganglionic cell body is located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord.
Excitation-contraction coupling begins with
the production of an action potential in the sarcolemma.
The various types of epithelium are classified by
the shape of cells and the cell layers
The plasma membrane of a neuron is more permeable to K+ because
there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+
In some cells, an afterpotential occurs because
there is prolonged, elevated permeability to K+ during repolarization.
In some cells, an afterpotential occurs because
there is prolonged, elevated permeability to potassium during repolarization.
Laura is an avid marathon runner. which of the descriptions about her dominant type of skeletal muscle is true?
they have large deposits of myoglobin
The ribs articulate with the __________ vertebrae
thoracic
Amputation of a foot at the ankle would involve a cut in the ______ plane
transverse
1. Those ribs that attach directly to the sternum are referred to as __________ ribs.
true
which of the following is a synthesis reaction
two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide
A symporter will transport ______ across the plasma membrane
two different ions or molecules in the same direction
Compared to a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utilizes
two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors.
if you break the medial bone in your forearm you have fractured your
ulna
A person with a fractured maxilla has a broken _______
upper jaw
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by tissue in the walls and roofs of the ________
ventricles of the brain
Which of these is NOT a function of bone?
vitamin D storage
When a sperm cell comes into contact with an egg cell, there is a change in the electrical charge across the plasma membrane and various channel proteins close. These channels would be called _________ channels
voltage-gated
changes in the membrane potential trigger the opening or closing of _____________
voltage-gated channels
Which of the following statements is false?
water evaporation heats the body
Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true?
when blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases
The short connection between a spinal nerve and a sympathetic chain ganglion through which preganglionic neurons pass is called the ___________________
white ramus communicans
A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the __________ reflex.
withdrawal
a reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the:
withdrawal reflex
which of the following is true?
yellow marrow = stores adipose tissue
1. Getting a kiss on the cheek means the __________ bone is involved.
zygomatic
A person who gets hit on the back of the head might suffer injury to which of these bones?
Occipital
3. Arrange the following in correct sequence: (1) Autonomic ganglia and ganglionic synapse (2) Synapse with target tissues (3) Preganglionic neuron (4) Postganglionic neuron
3,1,4,2
Arrange the following events of endochondral ossification in proper sequence: 1. chondrocytes die 2. calcium deposits form in between cartilage cells 3. osteoblasts deposit bone 4. chondrocytes hypertrophy 5. blood vessels from the periosteum invade calcified cartilage
4,2,1,5,3
select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence 1. Epithelial tissue, or ________, covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body 2. Epithelial tissue consists almost entirely of cells, with very little _______ ________ between them 3. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and forms ______ that are derived developmentally from body surfaces 4. The body surfaces include the ______ surface and the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts and many body cavities 5. Most epithelial tissues have one free, or ________, surface not attached to other cells 6. The basal surface of most epithelial tissues is attached to a _________ membrane, a specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells. 7.Epithelial cells retain the ability to undergo ___________ and therefore are able to replace damaged cells with new epithelial cells.
1. epithelium 2. extracellular matrix 3. glands 4. exterior 5. apical 6. basement 7. mitosis
Match each example given to one of the four general functions of epithelial tissues 1. Simple squamous epithelium allows carbon dioxide to be diffused from the blood into the lungs 2. The epithelium of the oral cavity protects the underlying structures from food as it is being chewed 3. Oxygen is diffused through the epithelium in the lungs 4. the epithelium of the skin prevents the entry of many toxic molecules and microorganisms into the body 5. The epithelium of the skin is a barrier to water and reduces water loss from the body 6. The epithelial cells of the intestine absorb digested food molecules, vitamins, and ions 7. The outermost layer of the skin (the epidermis) protects the underlying structures from the environment 8. Sweat glands secrete their products onto epithelial surfaces of the body 9. Mucous glands and the enzyme-secreting portions of the pancreas secrete their products into ducts that subsequently deliver their products to other areas of the body
1. permitting the passage of substances 2. Protecting underlying structures 3. Permitting the passage of substances 4. Acting as barriers 5. Acting as barriers 6. Absorbing substances 7. protecting underlying structures 8. secreting substances 9. secreting substances
Match the general parts of the cell with their correct function 1. the outer boundary of cells; controls the entry and exit of substances 2. Largest organelle of the cell; contains DNA 3. The structures upon which protein synthesis directly takes place 4. Extensive membrane system upon which protein synthesis takes place 5. Stacks of flattened membranes; modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids 6. vesicles that contain digestive enzymes 7. Major sites of ATP synthesis by the process of respiration 8. Used in formation of microtubules found in cilia and flagella 9. increase surface area of the plasma membrane for absorption of substances 10. propels spermatozoa in humans 11. system of microtubules and microfilaments that gives cells support, shape, and movement
1. plasma membrane 2. nucleus 3. ribosome rough endoplasmic reticulum 4. golgi apparatus 5. lysosomes 6. mitochondria 7. centrioles 8. cilia 9. microvilli 10. flagella 11.cytoskeleton
The regulation of breathing is controlled not by the amount of oxygen we have circulating in our blood, but instead by the pH of the blood. Receptors in the brain respond to changes in the pH of the blood, triggering an increase in the breathing rate if the blood becomes too acidic. place the following events in order, showing how the body maintains a stable blood pH in response to the changes in the carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Assume that a person is exercising and her muscles are releasing carbon dioxide
1. there is an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood 2. carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid 3. carbonic acid dissociates, forming bicarbonate and hydrogen ions 4. pH decreases in the blood (it becomes more acidic) 5. receptors in the brain detect an increase in acidity of the blood 6. increase in breathing rate, exhaling more carbon dioxide 7. Carbonic acid dissociates into water and carbon dioxide 8. pH of the blood increase (becomes more basic)
Indicate whether each statement is true or false. 1. Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves 2. nervous tissue consists of neurons and neuroglia that are responsible for its conductive ability 3. nervous tissue can conduct electrical signals called action potentials 4. mucous membranes consist of epithelial cells, their basement membrane, lamina propria, and sometimes a layer of smooth muscle 5. many, but not all, serous membranes consist of goblet cells 6. serous membranes consist of mesothelium, their basement membrane, and a delicate layer of loose connective tissue 7. serous membranes can absorb nutrients and secrete digestive enzymes 8. synovial membranes are made up only of connective tissue
1. true 2. false 3. true 4. True 5. False 6. True 7. False 8. True
1. Substances that enter into a chemical reaction 2. Substances that result from the chemical reaction 3. A chemical reaction in which the reaction can proceed from reactants to products and form products to reactants 4. The rate of product formation is equal to the rate of reactant formation 5. Formation of glucose from glycogen 6. Amino acids are combined to form a dipeptide 7. A disaccharide is broken down to form a monosaccharide
1.Reactants 2.products 3. reversible reaction 4. Equilibrium 5. Decomposition reaction; hydrolysis reaction 6. synthesis reaction; dehydration reaction 7. decomposition reaction; hydrolysis reaction
The medullary (marrow) cavity is:
Lined with endosteum
Which of the following statements accurately describes lipids?
Lipids are an important component of plasma membranes
Which type of cell phagocytizes foreign or injured cells and plays a major role in providing protection against infections?
Macrophage
Which of the following facial bones is correctly matched with its function?
Maxilla - possesses sockets for teeth
Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is correct?
Mechanical stress applied to bone increases osteoblast activity
A patient with a traumatic head injury may exhibit vomiting as a result of irritation of nuclei in the _______________.
Medulla oblongata
A small lesion in the brainstem which resulted in a rapid heart rate, intense vasoconstriction, and elevated blood pressure would probably be located in the ____.
Medulla oblongata
Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?
Medulla oblongata
Solution A contains 5 grams of sugar per liter while solution B contains 2 grams of sugar per liter. The solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If the solvent in both solutions is water, predict in which direction most of the water molecules will move.
Most of the water will move by osmosis from solution B to solution A
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic function of a cell?
Movement
Which of the following actions is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle?
Moving your feet in walking
Which of the following is mismatched?
Myosin myofilaments - thin myofilaments
What will happen to a cell with an inner solute concentration of 1% when it is placed in a 1% salt solution?
Neither
