Anatomy and Physiology Review

What parts make up the upper respiratory system?

Parts that make up the respiratory system are: nose (snout, nostrils), mouth, pharynx (passageway shared by the digestive and respiratory system), larynx ("voice box", contains vocal cords that vibrate when air passes through), and epiglottis (tiny flap that covers the larynx when swallowing).

Explain the function of skeletal muscle.

Skeletal muscle controls all voluntary movement; they are controlled at will. Voluntary muscles not attached to the skeleton move the eye, the tongue, pharynx, and some portions of the skin. Usually, a voluntary muscle is made up of a fleshy mass of elongated muscle fibers held together in white, fibrous tissue and supplied with a nerve that makes it contract and extend. Skeletal muscle is supplied by the central and peripheral nervous systems.

What purpose do the alveoli serve?

The alveoli is where the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) occurs.

What is the function of the diaphragm?

The diaphragm is below the lungs and fills the lungs with air when a breath is drawn in (inhalation).

What is the function of the nervous system?

The function of the nervous system is to detect and process information, formulate responses, coordinate and control all bodily activities, and send and receive impulses.

What is the function of the respiratory system?

The function of the respiratory system is to bring oxygen from the air into the body and expels carbon dioxide from the body, with help from the circulatory system.

Name one place in the body that is lined with smooth muscle.

The intestines is lined with smooth muscle.

Which is the major organ of the nervous system?

The major organ of the nervous system is the brain.

What is the purpose of the "meninges"?

The meninges covers the brain by a three protective layer.

Place these in order from largest to smallest: bronchioles, alveoli, bronchi.

From largest to smallest: Bronchi (branches at the bottom of the trachea that are contained in the lungs), bronchioles (smallest branches of the bronchial tree), and alveoli (grape-like clusters at the ends of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs).

Name two bones or groups of bones that are part of the appendicular skeleton.

Groups of the appendicular skeleton include: the fore and hind limbs.

Name two bones or groups of bones that are part of the axial skeleton.

Groups that are part of the axial skeleton are: skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.

Explain what "homeostasis" is.

Homeostasis is the state of balance of the physiologic systems within the body.

What is ossification?

Ossification occurs in the epiphysis of long bones, where epiphyseal growth plates produce cartilage, which gradually become bone.

What are the parts of the central nervous system?

Parts of the central nervous system are the brain (the major organ) and the spinal cord (pathway for all impulses to and from the brain; connects to the medulla oblongata).

What parts make up the lower respiratory system?

Parts that make up the lower respiratory system are the trachea ("windpipe"), bronchi (branches at the bottom of the trachea that are contained in the lungs), bronchioles (smallest branches of the bronchial tree), alveoli (grape-like clusters at the ends of bronchioles), lungs (paired organs containing bronchi), and the diaphragm (a muscle below the lungs that contracts, causing the lungs to fill with air).

What is the difference between periosteum and endosteum?

The periosteum is the thin outer protective layer of bone, and the endosteum is the thin inner protective layer lining the medullary cavity.

What is the peripheral nervous system?

The peripheral nervous system contains all the nerves that lead to from the spinal cord and brain (the cranial and spinal nerves).

Describe the function of the pituitary gland.

The pituitary gland secretes hormones important for reproduction and growth.

What is the purpose of the medullary cavity?

The purpose of the medullary cavity is to dictate all life functions such as heart rate, breathing, and reflex actions.

What function does the spinal cord perform?

The spinal cord is the pathway for all impulses to and from the spinal cord, where they are transferred to the brain or motor nerves. If a sensation is transferred to a motor nerve, it travels out to a muscle or gland and produces an action.

List the three types of muscle.

Three types of muscle are: Skeletal (striated), smooth, and cardiac muscle. Skeletal is voluntary, while cardiac muscle is involuntary (appears striated under the microscope; controls the heart). Smooth Muscle is involuntary as well-smooth muscle is responsible for involuntary movement such as breathing, digestion, peristalsis, and blinking.

Name the three types of neurons:

Three types of neurons are: sensory (carry impulses toward the brain and spinal cord), connecting (carry impulses from one neuron to another), and the motor neuron (carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to the body).

Explain the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles.

Voluntary muscles you are able to control. Involuntary muscles you cannot control at your own will.