Anatomy and Physiology study guide

In the anatomical position, the lateral forearm bone is the radius.(T/F)

True

A fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a ________ joint.

gomphosis

In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________.

Hyaline cartilage

The gripping of the trochlea by the trochlear notch constitutes the "hinge" for the elbow joint. (T/F)

True

The ischium articulates with both the ilium and the pubis. (T/F)

True

The lacrimal bones contain openings that allow the tear ducts to pass. (T/F)

True

The major role of ligaments at synovial joints is to help direct movement and restrict undesirable movement. (T/F)

True

The outermost sheath of a hair follicle is the connective tissue root sheath. (T/F)

True

Edema occurs when

areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area

The resilience of bone is primarily due to which of the following?

sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

The suture that connects the two parietal bones together is the ________.

sagittal

On the basis of structural classification, which joint is fibrous connective tissue?

syndesmosis

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?

tactile corpuscle

Costal cartilages join most ribs to the sternum. (T/F)

true

Which tissue type arises from all three embryonic germ layers?

epithelial tissue

Connective tissue matrix is composed of ________.

fibers and ground substance

The ethmoid bone is composed of all of the following except the ________. inferior nasal concha cribriform plate superior nasal concha crista galli

inferior nasal concha

Intercalated discs and striations are found in skeletal muscle. (T/F)

False

Which bone acts as a moveable base for the tongue?

hyoid bone

Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________.

hyperextension

The first step in tissue repair involves ________.

inflammation

The term diploë refers to the ________.

internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones

Acne is a disorder associated with ________.

sebaceous glands

Which bone forms the prominence of the cheek?

zygomatic bone

Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex: 1. molecules 2. atoms 3. tissues 4. cells 5. organs

2-1-4-3-5

Average body temperature is ________ degrees centigrade.

37

The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.

99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C

In the classification of joints, which of the following is true? Synarthrotic joints are slightly movable. Immovable joints are called amphiarthroses. All synovial joints are freely movable. In cartilaginous joints, a joint cavity is present.

All synovial joints are freely movable.

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?

An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.

Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is found in bone?

Blood Vessels

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth?

Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.

Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue? Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength. Elastin fibers are sometimes called white fibers. When connective tissue is stretched, collagen gives it the ability to snap back. Reticular fibers form thick, ropelike structures.

Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength.

Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched?

Dendritic cells — activate the immune system

Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched. A) Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye. B) Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth. C) Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region. D) Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye.

Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth.

Which of the following is true about epithelia? Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs. Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized. Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration. Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion.

Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.

(T/F) Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth.

False

(T/F) The hormone that is primarily involved in the control of bone remodeling is the parathyroid hormone.

False

(T/F) The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.

False

(T/F)The frontal bone articulates with the parietal bone by means of the sagittal suture.

False

A major characteristic of fibrocartilage is its unique amount of flexibility and elasticity. (T/F)

False

A person who has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis would be suffering loss of the synovial fluids. (T/F)

False

All vertebrae possess a body, a spine, and transverse foramina. (T/F)

False

Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function. (T/F)

False

Cartilage has good regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not. (T/F) False

False

Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone. (T/F)

False

Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes. (T/F)

False

Dislocations in the TMJ almost always dislocate posteriorly with the mandibular condyles ending up in the infratemporal fossa.(T/F)

False

Embryology concerns the structural changes that occur in an individual from conception through old age. (T/F)

False

Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands. (T/F)

False

Hinge joints permit movement in only two planes. (T/F)

False

In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone marrow.(T/F)

False

Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn. (T/F)

False

Lordosis affects the thoracic vertebrae. (T/F)

False

Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers. (T/F)

False

Pronation is a much stronger movement than supination. (T/F)

False

Short, irregular, and flat bones have marrow cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light. (T/F)

False

Symphyses are synarthrotic joints designed for strength with flexibility. (T/F)

False

The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present. (T/F)

False

The dens articulates with the axis. (T/F)

False

The elbow is proximal to the shoulder. (T/F)

False

The fibula is the major weight-bearing bone of the leg. (T/F)

False

The hyoid bone is anchored by the annular ligament to the styloid process of the temporal bone, (T/F)

False

The largest and strongest bone of the face is the maxilla. (T/F)

False

The layman's name for the scapula is the collarbone. (T/F)

False

The mastoid sinuses are located at a position in the skull where they are usually free from infections. (T/F)

False

The most common site of fracture in the humerus is the anatomical neck. (T/F)

False

The only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae is flexion. (T/F)

False

The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen.(T/F)

False

The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis. (T/F)

False

The right hypochondriac region contains the majority of the stomach. (T/F)

False

The shallow socket of the shoulder joint restricts the movement of the humerus but does increase the stability of the joint. (T/F)

False

The temporal bone connects to the zygomatic bone via the temporal process of the temporal bone. (T/F)

False

The wrist joint can exhibit adduction and eversion movements. (T/F)

False

When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body. (T/F)

False

How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage?

Fibers are not normally visible.

Which of the following is a true statement regarding gliding movements?

Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.

Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells?

Goblet Cells

What is the most important role of the arrector pili muscles in humans?

Help retain heat

Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair. Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot. Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable. The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers. Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection.

Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.

Synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. Which of the following statements is true about this fluid?

It contains hyaluronic acid.

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?

It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.

Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance? Negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally. Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed. It is considered the cause of most diseases. The internal environment is becoming more stable.

It is considered the cause of most diseases.

Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue. Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic. Its primary function is nutrient storage. Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus. It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix.

Its primary function is nutrient storage.

Which of the following is a correct statement about development of joints?

Joints develop in parallel with bones.

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?

Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

Lamellar granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces.

Which of the following imaging devices would best localize a tumor in a person's brain?

MRI

Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure?

Meissner's corpuscles

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.

Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands?

Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process.

Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms? Blood glucose levels are regulated by positive feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body. Positive feedback mechanisms always result in excessive damage to the host. Negative feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus.

Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body.

Which one of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli? lymphatic immune nervous muscular

Nervous

What causes osteoporosis?

Osteoclasts out-pace osteoblasts due to low hormone production of the ovaries.

________ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires.

Porphyria

Which of the following is not a step in tissue repair? Formation of new stem cells Restoration of blood supply Regeneration and fibrosis. Inflammation

Regeneration and fibrosis.

Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?

Squamous cell carcinoma

Select the correct statement regarding epithelia. Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. Stratified epithelia are tall, narrow cells. Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers. Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another.

Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.

________ cavities are spaces within joints.

Synovial

Which of the following is not a part of the synovial joint? tendon sheath joint cavity articular capsule articular cartilage

Tendon Sheath

Which of the following is a true statement? The head of the humerus articulates with the acromion process. The rotator cuff is responsible for the flexible extensions at the elbow joint. The greater tubercle of the humerus articulates at the coracoid process of the scapula. The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius.

The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius.

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?

The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.

Select the most correct statement The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system. Organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both. The endocrine system is not a true structural organ system. Organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life.

The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system.

Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body?

The lumbar region

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?

The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.

How are thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12 different from the other vertebrae?

The transverse processes do not have facets that articulate with the tubercles of the ribs.

The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?

They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function form a(n) ________.

Tissue

A person who has been diagnosed with a sprained ankle has an injury to the ligaments that attach to that joint. (T/F)

True

The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region. (T/F)

True

A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color. (T/F)

True

A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function. (T/F)

True

All of the bones of the skull, except the mandible, are united by sutures and are therefore immovable. (T/F)

True

An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only. (t/f)

True

Blood is considered a type of connective tissue. (T/F)

True

Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes. (T/F)

True

Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue. (T/F)

True

Depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium. (T/F)

True

During the regressive phase of hair growth, the matrix is inactive and the follicle atrophies. (T/F)

True

Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions. (T/F)

True

Epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface. (T/F)

True

Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection. (T/F)

True

Goblet cells are found within pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. (T/F)

True

Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some cases, lifestyle. (T/F)

True

Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones. (T/F)

True

In women of childbearing age, the dimensions of the true pelvis are of utmost importance. (T/F)

True

It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it. (T/F)

True

Lungs carry out an excretory function. (T/F)

True

Movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the shoulder joint. (T/F)

True

Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space is called circumduction. (T/F)

True

Responsiveness or irritability is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them. (T/F)

True

Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually found in areas where secretion and absorption occur. (T/F)

True

Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite. (T/F)

True

Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations. (T/f)

True

Squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature. (T/F)

True

Synovial fluid contains phagocytic cells that protect the cavity from invasion by microbes or other debris. (T/F)

True

Synovial fluid is a viscous material that is derived by filtration from blood. (T/F)

True

The amount of movement permitted by a particular joint is the basis for the functional classification of joints. (T/F)

True

The anatomical position means the body is standing at attention with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. (T/F)

True

The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation. (T/F)

True

The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers. (T/F)

True

The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers.(T/F)

True

The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis. (T/F)

True

The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage. (T/F)

True

The stratum corneum (outermost layer of skin) is a zone of approximately four layers of viable cells that are able to synthesize proteins that keep the outer layer of skin smooth and soft. (T/F)

True

The structural classification of joints is based on the composition of the binding material and the presence or absence of a joint cavity. (T/F)

True

The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk. (T/F)

True

The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones. (T/F)

True

The term vertebrochondral ribs refers to ribs that attach to each other before they attach to the sternum. (T/F)

True

The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress. (T/F)

True

The tubercle of a rib articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra. (T/F)

True

The vertebral column is held in place primarily by the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments. (T/F)

True

The vomer forms part of the nasal septum. (T/F)

True

Without some sort of negative feedback mechanism, it would be impossible to keep our body chemistry in balance. (T/F)

True

Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes. Serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a virtual space between the two. Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart. Serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid. Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures.

Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart.

The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60% to 80% of body weight, is ________.

Water

The "true wrist" or carpus consists of ________.

a group of eight short bones united by ligaments

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________.

a relatively stable internal environment, within limits

What is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal plane called?

abduction

What is the major function of the intervertebral discs?

absorb shock

Tendon sheaths ________.

act as friction-reducing structures

The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.

allow the hair to assist in touch sensation

Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________.

amphiarthroses

Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane?

any sagittal plane except in the midline

The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________.

appositional growth

The anatomical position is used ________.

as a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body

Which vertebra does not have a body?

atlas

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________.

blood vessels and nerve fibers

Osteogenesis is the process of ________.

bone formation

The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following? intestines liver lungs brain

brain

Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membranes that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________.

bursae

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.

by hormones, especially androgens

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________.

by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?

by using the "rule of nines"

Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels?

cardiovascular anatomy

What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification?

cartilage

What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?

catastrophic fluid loss

Cell type not found in areolar connective tissue.

chondrocytes

The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________.

collagen fibers

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

communication

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?

compact bone

If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the ________.

control center

What is the regional term for the hip region?

coxal

Which of the following would not be a functional characteristic of life?

decay

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage

The simple columnar epithelium that form absorptive cells of the digestive tract have which characteristic?

dense microvilli

The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called:

dermal papillae.

An oblique cut is one that is cut ________.

diagonally between vertical and horizontal

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.

diaphysis

Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind?

dorsal

Osteomyelitis is ________.

due to pus-forming bacteria

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

eccrine and apocrine

The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________.

elastic cartilage

In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?

elevated levels of sex hormones

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.

endocrine

A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________.

enhancement of labor contractions

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?

epiphyseal plate

The superior nasal concha is a part of which bone?

ethmoid

An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream would be best described as an example of ________.

excretion of metabolic waste

Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________.

eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months

Aging tends to increase bony spread within the body as chondrocytes die. (T/F)

false

All joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight. (T/F)

false

Ceruminous glands are modified merocrine glands. (T/F)

false

Healing of a surgical incision through the body wall will tend to increase the amount of areolar tissue. (T/F)

false

Salivary glands exhibit simple tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement. (T/F)

false

Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges.

false

The hyponychium is commonly called the cuticle. (T/F)

false

The part of the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum. (T/F)

false

When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated. (T/F)

false

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.

fat

The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________.

feet

The pelvic girdle does not include the ______. pubis femur ischium ilium

femur

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?

fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

The membranous areas between the cranial bones of the fetal skull are called ________.

fontanelles

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?

frontal

The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy.

gross

What are the three main components of connective tissue?

ground substance, fibers, and cells

Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood?

growth hormone

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

growth hormone

The blast cell for blood production is the ________.

hemocytoblast

Which is true concerning muscle tissue? cuboidal shape enhances function is a single-celled tissue highly cellular and well vascularized contains contractile units made of collagen

highly cellular and well vascularized

Presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint?

hinge joint

Which bone contains areas of diaphysis and epiphysis areas, a tuberosity near its middle, and is proportionally more compact than spongy bone?

humerus

The articulation that most closely resembles a hinge in the body involves which bones?

humerus-ulna

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

hyaline cartilage

Which forms the largest portion of the coxal bone?

ilium

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

in the axillary and anogenital area

Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without ________

intercalated discs

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________.

interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region?

intestines

Ossification of the ends of long bones ________.

is produced by secondary ossification centers

The hyoid bone is unique because it ________.

is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone

Extracapsular ligaments stabilizing the knee include ________.

lateral and medial collateral ligaments preventing lateral or medial angular movements

Which portion of the fibula articulates with the talus?

lateral malleolus

In which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located?

left upper quadrant

The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane ________.

lining the thoracic cavity

Which of the following is the abnormal curve often seen in pregnant women as they attempt to preserve their center of gravity toward the end of the pregnancy?

lordosis

The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function?

macrophages called dendritic cells (Langerhans Cell)

The superior orbital fissure is formed in the sphenoid bone, whereas the inferior orbital fissure is formed between the sphenoid and ________.

maxilla

Paranasal sinuses are found in which of these facial bones?

maxillae

Football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. Which of the ligaments is (are) damaged as a result?

medial collateral, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate

Which bone is in direct contact with the first metatarsal?

medial cuneiform

The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint.

multiaxial

Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to keeping the articular surfaces of diarthroses in contact?

number of bones in the joint

Which of the following are survival needs of the body? water, atmospheric pressure, growth, and movement nutrients, water, growth, and reproduction nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen nutrients, water, movement, and reproduction

nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen

What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?

nutrition and hormones

The cavities housing the eyes are called ________ cavities.

orbital

A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________.

organ

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.

osteoblast

What is absolutely required for bone growth or healing from a fracture?

osteoblasts

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________.

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

osteoclast

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________

overexposure to UV radiation

The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________.

palms turned posteriorly

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?

parathyroid hormone

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________.

perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

The heart lies in the ________ cavity.

pericardial

Synarthrotic joints ________.

permit essentially no movement

A dendritic or Langerhan cell is a specialized ________.

phagocytic cell

The gliding motion of the wrist uses ________ joints.

plane

Pointing the toes is an example of ________.

plantar flexion

In which body cavities are the lungs located?

pleural, ventral, and thoracic

The posterior knee area is called ________.

popliteal

The cruciate ligaments of the knee ________.

prevent hyperextension of the knee

Along with support, the anterior ligament of the vertebral column also acts to ________.

prevent hyperextension of the spine

Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to ________.

provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints

________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.

pseudostratified columnar

Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates an armlike bar of bone?

ramus

Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are ________.

rare because of the ligament reinforcement

Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include ________.

resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system

Which of the following movements does not increase or decrease the angle between bones?

rotation

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called?

sagittal

Which of the following is an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column often seen in the thoracic region? scoliosis kyphosis swayback lordosis

scoliosis

What are menisci?

semilunar cartilage pads

One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability or responsiveness. This refers to ________.

sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them

Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue?

simple columnar

The pituitary gland is housed in the ________.

sinuses of the ethmoid bone

A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________.

stratified squamous

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

stratum basale

Which of the following is not a movement that can occur between vertebrae? flexion and extension rotation supination lateral flexion

supination

Fibrous joints are classified as ________.

sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

A joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________.

symphysis

Which of the following are cartilaginous joints?

synchondroses

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.

the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped?

the patellar ligament

The antebrachium is composed of which of the following two bones?

the radius and the ulna

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

What makes up the axial skeleton?

the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Wolff's law is concerned with ________.

the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

Which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity?

thoracic cavity

Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels?

thyroid

What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback?

to maintain homeostasis

Which of the following phrases best describes the function of the vertebral curves? to improve cervical center of gravity to provide resilience and flexibility to accommodate muscle attachment to accommodate the weight of the pelvic girdle

to provide resilience and flexibility

The structural unit of spongy is called ________.

trabeculae

Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues. (T/F)

true

The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes. (T/F)

true

Which statement best describes connective tissue? primarily concerned with secretion usually lines a body cavity typically arranged in a single layer of cells usually contains a large amount of matrix

usually contains a large amount of matrix

Vernix caseosa is a ________.

whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands

Cranial bones develop ________.

within fibrous membranes

Chondroblasts ________. remain in compact bone even after the epiphyseal plate closes never lose their ability to divide are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix

within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix