Anatomy and Physiology study guide
In the anatomical position, the lateral forearm bone is the radius.(T/F)
True
A fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a ________ joint.
gomphosis
In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________.
Hyaline cartilage
The gripping of the trochlea by the trochlear notch constitutes the "hinge" for the elbow joint. (T/F)
True
The ischium articulates with both the ilium and the pubis. (T/F)
True
The lacrimal bones contain openings that allow the tear ducts to pass. (T/F)
True
The major role of ligaments at synovial joints is to help direct movement and restrict undesirable movement. (T/F)
True
The outermost sheath of a hair follicle is the connective tissue root sheath. (T/F)
True
Edema occurs when
areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area
The resilience of bone is primarily due to which of the following?
sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules
The suture that connects the two parietal bones together is the ________.
sagittal
On the basis of structural classification, which joint is fibrous connective tissue?
syndesmosis
Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?
tactile corpuscle
Costal cartilages join most ribs to the sternum. (T/F)
true
Which tissue type arises from all three embryonic germ layers?
epithelial tissue
Connective tissue matrix is composed of ________.
fibers and ground substance
The ethmoid bone is composed of all of the following except the ________. inferior nasal concha cribriform plate superior nasal concha crista galli
inferior nasal concha
Intercalated discs and striations are found in skeletal muscle. (T/F)
False
Which bone acts as a moveable base for the tongue?
hyoid bone
Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________.
hyperextension
The first step in tissue repair involves ________.
inflammation
The term diploë refers to the ________.
internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
Acne is a disorder associated with ________.
sebaceous glands
Which bone forms the prominence of the cheek?
zygomatic bone
Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex: 1. molecules 2. atoms 3. tissues 4. cells 5. organs
2-1-4-3-5
Average body temperature is ________ degrees centigrade.
37
The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.
99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
In the classification of joints, which of the following is true? Synarthrotic joints are slightly movable. Immovable joints are called amphiarthroses. All synovial joints are freely movable. In cartilaginous joints, a joint cavity is present.
All synovial joints are freely movable.
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?
An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.
Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is found in bone?
Blood Vessels
Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth?
Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.
Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue? Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength. Elastin fibers are sometimes called white fibers. When connective tissue is stretched, collagen gives it the ability to snap back. Reticular fibers form thick, ropelike structures.
Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength.
Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched?
Dendritic cells — activate the immune system
Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched. A) Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye. B) Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth. C) Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region. D) Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth.
Which of the following is true about epithelia? Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs. Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized. Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration. Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion.
Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.
(T/F) Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth.
False
(T/F) The hormone that is primarily involved in the control of bone remodeling is the parathyroid hormone.
False
(T/F) The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.
False
(T/F)The frontal bone articulates with the parietal bone by means of the sagittal suture.
False
A major characteristic of fibrocartilage is its unique amount of flexibility and elasticity. (T/F)
False
A person who has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis would be suffering loss of the synovial fluids. (T/F)
False
All vertebrae possess a body, a spine, and transverse foramina. (T/F)
False
Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function. (T/F)
False
Cartilage has good regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not. (T/F) False
False
Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone. (T/F)
False
Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes. (T/F)
False
Dislocations in the TMJ almost always dislocate posteriorly with the mandibular condyles ending up in the infratemporal fossa.(T/F)
False
Embryology concerns the structural changes that occur in an individual from conception through old age. (T/F)
False
Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands. (T/F)
False
Hinge joints permit movement in only two planes. (T/F)
False
In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone marrow.(T/F)
False
Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn. (T/F)
False
Lordosis affects the thoracic vertebrae. (T/F)
False
Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers. (T/F)
False
Pronation is a much stronger movement than supination. (T/F)
False
Short, irregular, and flat bones have marrow cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light. (T/F)
False
Symphyses are synarthrotic joints designed for strength with flexibility. (T/F)
False
The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present. (T/F)
False
The dens articulates with the axis. (T/F)
False
The elbow is proximal to the shoulder. (T/F)
False
The fibula is the major weight-bearing bone of the leg. (T/F)
False
The hyoid bone is anchored by the annular ligament to the styloid process of the temporal bone, (T/F)
False
The largest and strongest bone of the face is the maxilla. (T/F)
False
The layman's name for the scapula is the collarbone. (T/F)
False
The mastoid sinuses are located at a position in the skull where they are usually free from infections. (T/F)
False
The most common site of fracture in the humerus is the anatomical neck. (T/F)
False
The only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae is flexion. (T/F)
False
The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen.(T/F)
False
The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis. (T/F)
False
The right hypochondriac region contains the majority of the stomach. (T/F)
False
The shallow socket of the shoulder joint restricts the movement of the humerus but does increase the stability of the joint. (T/F)
False
The temporal bone connects to the zygomatic bone via the temporal process of the temporal bone. (T/F)
False
The wrist joint can exhibit adduction and eversion movements. (T/F)
False
When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body. (T/F)
False
How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage?
Fibers are not normally visible.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding gliding movements?
Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells?
Goblet Cells
What is the most important role of the arrector pili muscles in humans?
Help retain heat
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair. Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot. Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable. The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers. Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection.
Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.
Synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. Which of the following statements is true about this fluid?
It contains hyaluronic acid.
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?
It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance? Negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally. Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed. It is considered the cause of most diseases. The internal environment is becoming more stable.
It is considered the cause of most diseases.
Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue. Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic. Its primary function is nutrient storage. Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus. It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix.
Its primary function is nutrient storage.
Which of the following is a correct statement about development of joints?
Joints develop in parallel with bones.
Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?
Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.
Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?
Lamellar granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces.
Which of the following imaging devices would best localize a tumor in a person's brain?
MRI
Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure?
Meissner's corpuscles
Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.
Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands?
Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process.
Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms? Blood glucose levels are regulated by positive feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body. Positive feedback mechanisms always result in excessive damage to the host. Negative feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus.
Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body.
Which one of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli? lymphatic immune nervous muscular
Nervous
What causes osteoporosis?
Osteoclasts out-pace osteoblasts due to low hormone production of the ovaries.
________ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires.
Porphyria
Which of the following is not a step in tissue repair? Formation of new stem cells Restoration of blood supply Regeneration and fibrosis. Inflammation
Regeneration and fibrosis.
Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Select the correct statement regarding epithelia. Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. Stratified epithelia are tall, narrow cells. Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers. Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another.
Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.
________ cavities are spaces within joints.
Synovial
Which of the following is not a part of the synovial joint? tendon sheath joint cavity articular capsule articular cartilage
Tendon Sheath
Which of the following is a true statement? The head of the humerus articulates with the acromion process. The rotator cuff is responsible for the flexible extensions at the elbow joint. The greater tubercle of the humerus articulates at the coracoid process of the scapula. The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius.
The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius.
Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?
The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.
Select the most correct statement The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system. Organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both. The endocrine system is not a true structural organ system. Organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life.
The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system.
Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body?
The lumbar region
Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?
The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.
How are thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12 different from the other vertebrae?
The transverse processes do not have facets that articulate with the tubercles of the ribs.
The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?
They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function form a(n) ________.
Tissue
A person who has been diagnosed with a sprained ankle has an injury to the ligaments that attach to that joint. (T/F)
True
The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region. (T/F)
True
A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color. (T/F)
True
A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function. (T/F)
True
All of the bones of the skull, except the mandible, are united by sutures and are therefore immovable. (T/F)
True
An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only. (t/f)
True
Blood is considered a type of connective tissue. (T/F)
True
Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes. (T/F)
True
Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue. (T/F)
True
Depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium. (T/F)
True
During the regressive phase of hair growth, the matrix is inactive and the follicle atrophies. (T/F)
True
Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions. (T/F)
True
Epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface. (T/F)
True
Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection. (T/F)
True
Goblet cells are found within pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. (T/F)
True
Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some cases, lifestyle. (T/F)
True
Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones. (T/F)
True
In women of childbearing age, the dimensions of the true pelvis are of utmost importance. (T/F)
True
It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it. (T/F)
True
Lungs carry out an excretory function. (T/F)
True
Movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the shoulder joint. (T/F)
True
Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space is called circumduction. (T/F)
True
Responsiveness or irritability is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them. (T/F)
True
Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually found in areas where secretion and absorption occur. (T/F)
True
Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite. (T/F)
True
Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations. (T/f)
True
Squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature. (T/F)
True
Synovial fluid contains phagocytic cells that protect the cavity from invasion by microbes or other debris. (T/F)
True
Synovial fluid is a viscous material that is derived by filtration from blood. (T/F)
True
The amount of movement permitted by a particular joint is the basis for the functional classification of joints. (T/F)
True
The anatomical position means the body is standing at attention with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. (T/F)
True
The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation. (T/F)
True
The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers. (T/F)
True
The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers.(T/F)
True
The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis. (T/F)
True
The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage. (T/F)
True
The stratum corneum (outermost layer of skin) is a zone of approximately four layers of viable cells that are able to synthesize proteins that keep the outer layer of skin smooth and soft. (T/F)
True
The structural classification of joints is based on the composition of the binding material and the presence or absence of a joint cavity. (T/F)
True
The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk. (T/F)
True
The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones. (T/F)
True
The term vertebrochondral ribs refers to ribs that attach to each other before they attach to the sternum. (T/F)
True
The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress. (T/F)
True
The tubercle of a rib articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra. (T/F)
True
The vertebral column is held in place primarily by the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments. (T/F)
True
The vomer forms part of the nasal septum. (T/F)
True
Without some sort of negative feedback mechanism, it would be impossible to keep our body chemistry in balance. (T/F)
True
Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes. Serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a virtual space between the two. Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart. Serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid. Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures.
Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart.
The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60% to 80% of body weight, is ________.
Water
The "true wrist" or carpus consists of ________.
a group of eight short bones united by ligaments
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________.
a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
What is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal plane called?
abduction
What is the major function of the intervertebral discs?
absorb shock
Tendon sheaths ________.
act as friction-reducing structures
The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.
allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________.
amphiarthroses
Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane?
any sagittal plane except in the midline
The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________.
appositional growth
The anatomical position is used ________.
as a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body
Which vertebra does not have a body?
atlas
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________.
blood vessels and nerve fibers
Osteogenesis is the process of ________.
bone formation
The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following? intestines liver lungs brain
brain
Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membranes that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________.
bursae
The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.
by hormones, especially androgens
In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________.
by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?
by using the "rule of nines"
Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels?
cardiovascular anatomy
What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification?
cartilage
What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?
catastrophic fluid loss
Cell type not found in areolar connective tissue.
chondrocytes
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________.
collagen fibers
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
communication
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?
compact bone
If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the ________.
control center
What is the regional term for the hip region?
coxal
Which of the following would not be a functional characteristic of life?
decay
What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?
decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage
The simple columnar epithelium that form absorptive cells of the digestive tract have which characteristic?
dense microvilli
The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called:
dermal papillae.
An oblique cut is one that is cut ________.
diagonally between vertical and horizontal
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.
diaphysis
Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind?
dorsal
Osteomyelitis is ________.
due to pus-forming bacteria
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?
eccrine and apocrine
The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________.
elastic cartilage
In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?
elevated levels of sex hormones
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.
endocrine
A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________.
enhancement of labor contractions
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?
epiphyseal plate
The superior nasal concha is a part of which bone?
ethmoid
An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream would be best described as an example of ________.
excretion of metabolic waste
Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________.
eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months
Aging tends to increase bony spread within the body as chondrocytes die. (T/F)
false
All joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight. (T/F)
false
Ceruminous glands are modified merocrine glands. (T/F)
false
Healing of a surgical incision through the body wall will tend to increase the amount of areolar tissue. (T/F)
false
Salivary glands exhibit simple tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement. (T/F)
false
Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges.
false
The hyponychium is commonly called the cuticle. (T/F)
false
The part of the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum. (T/F)
false
When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated. (T/F)
false
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.
fat
The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________.
feet
The pelvic girdle does not include the ______. pubis femur ischium ilium
femur
The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?
fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
The membranous areas between the cranial bones of the fetal skull are called ________.
fontanelles
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?
frontal
The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy.
gross
What are the three main components of connective tissue?
ground substance, fibers, and cells
Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood?
growth hormone
Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?
growth hormone
The blast cell for blood production is the ________.
hemocytoblast
Which is true concerning muscle tissue? cuboidal shape enhances function is a single-celled tissue highly cellular and well vascularized contains contractile units made of collagen
highly cellular and well vascularized
Presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint?
hinge joint
Which bone contains areas of diaphysis and epiphysis areas, a tuberosity near its middle, and is proportionally more compact than spongy bone?
humerus
The articulation that most closely resembles a hinge in the body involves which bones?
humerus-ulna
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
hyaline cartilage
Which forms the largest portion of the coxal bone?
ilium
Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?
in the axillary and anogenital area
Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without ________
intercalated discs
Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________.
interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region?
intestines
Ossification of the ends of long bones ________.
is produced by secondary ossification centers
The hyoid bone is unique because it ________.
is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone
Extracapsular ligaments stabilizing the knee include ________.
lateral and medial collateral ligaments preventing lateral or medial angular movements
Which portion of the fibula articulates with the talus?
lateral malleolus
In which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located?
left upper quadrant
The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane ________.
lining the thoracic cavity
Which of the following is the abnormal curve often seen in pregnant women as they attempt to preserve their center of gravity toward the end of the pregnancy?
lordosis
The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function?
macrophages called dendritic cells (Langerhans Cell)
The superior orbital fissure is formed in the sphenoid bone, whereas the inferior orbital fissure is formed between the sphenoid and ________.
maxilla
Paranasal sinuses are found in which of these facial bones?
maxillae
Football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. Which of the ligaments is (are) damaged as a result?
medial collateral, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate
Which bone is in direct contact with the first metatarsal?
medial cuneiform
The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint.
multiaxial
Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to keeping the articular surfaces of diarthroses in contact?
number of bones in the joint
Which of the following are survival needs of the body? water, atmospheric pressure, growth, and movement nutrients, water, growth, and reproduction nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen nutrients, water, movement, and reproduction
nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?
nutrition and hormones
The cavities housing the eyes are called ________ cavities.
orbital
A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________.
organ
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.
osteoblast
What is absolutely required for bone growth or healing from a fracture?
osteoblasts
Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________.
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
osteoclast
The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________
overexposure to UV radiation
The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________.
palms turned posteriorly
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?
parathyroid hormone
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________.
perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
The heart lies in the ________ cavity.
pericardial
Synarthrotic joints ________.
permit essentially no movement
A dendritic or Langerhan cell is a specialized ________.
phagocytic cell
The gliding motion of the wrist uses ________ joints.
plane
Pointing the toes is an example of ________.
plantar flexion
In which body cavities are the lungs located?
pleural, ventral, and thoracic
The posterior knee area is called ________.
popliteal
The cruciate ligaments of the knee ________.
prevent hyperextension of the knee
Along with support, the anterior ligament of the vertebral column also acts to ________.
prevent hyperextension of the spine
Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to ________.
provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.
pseudostratified columnar
Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates an armlike bar of bone?
ramus
Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are ________.
rare because of the ligament reinforcement
Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include ________.
resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system
Which of the following movements does not increase or decrease the angle between bones?
rotation
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called?
sagittal
Which of the following is an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column often seen in the thoracic region? scoliosis kyphosis swayback lordosis
scoliosis
What are menisci?
semilunar cartilage pads
One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability or responsiveness. This refers to ________.
sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them
Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue?
simple columnar
The pituitary gland is housed in the ________.
sinuses of the ethmoid bone
A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________.
stratified squamous
The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?
stratum basale
Which of the following is not a movement that can occur between vertebrae? flexion and extension rotation supination lateral flexion
supination
Fibrous joints are classified as ________.
sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
A joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________.
symphysis
Which of the following are cartilaginous joints?
synchondroses
The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.
the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped?
the patellar ligament
The antebrachium is composed of which of the following two bones?
the radius and the ulna
Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?
the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
What makes up the axial skeleton?
the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
Wolff's law is concerned with ________.
the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
Which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity?
thoracic cavity
Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels?
thyroid
What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback?
to maintain homeostasis
Which of the following phrases best describes the function of the vertebral curves? to improve cervical center of gravity to provide resilience and flexibility to accommodate muscle attachment to accommodate the weight of the pelvic girdle
to provide resilience and flexibility
The structural unit of spongy is called ________.
trabeculae
Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues. (T/F)
true
The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes. (T/F)
true
Which statement best describes connective tissue? primarily concerned with secretion usually lines a body cavity typically arranged in a single layer of cells usually contains a large amount of matrix
usually contains a large amount of matrix
Vernix caseosa is a ________.
whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands
Cranial bones develop ________.
within fibrous membranes
Chondroblasts ________. remain in compact bone even after the epiphyseal plate closes never lose their ability to divide are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix