anatomy ch. 1
regulation
if you are cold and your body alters the circulation near the skin in order to conserve heat, what characteristic of life is this representing.
sections are based on
imaginary planes
auricular
ear
transverse
horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts
scientific method
observe a natural event, form a hypothesis, experiments and testing, form conclusions
contralateral
on the opposite side of the body
ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
palmar
palm of hand
oblique plane
passes through the body at an angle
pelvic
pelvis
medial
toward the midline
respiratory system
trachea and lungs
the change is amplified
true of positive feedback?
appendicular region
upper and lower limbs
brachial
upper arm
coronal/ frontal plane
vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
superficial
(adj.) on or near the surface; concerned with or understanding only what is on the surface, shallow
deep
Away from the body surface; more internal
lateral
Away from the midline of the body
simplest to most complex of terms of human body beginning
atoms molecules macromolecules organelles cells
sural
Calf or posterior surface of the leg
proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
parasagittal plane
Divides body into unequal right and left sides
superior
Higher on the body, nearer to the head
radial
Lateral aspect of the forearm (thumb side)
inferior
Lower on the body, farther from the head
tibial
Medial aspect of the leg
responsivness
Reaction to a change inside or outside the body
visceral layer
covers the external surface of organs in a ventral cavity and is a serous membrane
oblique
a plane that passes through the body or organ at an angle
midsagittal
a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into equal right and left halves using the umbilicus as the midpoint.
sagittal (parasagittal)
a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into unequal right and left parts
coronal plane/ frontal plane
divides body into front and back
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
abdominal
abdomen
cranial cavity and vertebral canal
all the cavities that are included in the posterior aspect of the body.
metabolism consists of both
anabolism and catabolism
point of reference for the body
anatomic position
anatomical position allows for what
anatomists to describe where one body part is in relation to another regardless of the subjects body position.
tarsal
ankle
the facial region is ___ to the occipital region
anterior
pectoral
anterior chest
axillary
armpit
section
at a slice of a structure, that allows a view of internal anantomy.
midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal right and left sides
posterior
back
olecranal
back of elbow
dorsum
back of hand// top of foot
popliteal
back of knee
occipital
base of skull
perineal
between anus and external genitalia
sacral
between hips
halux
big toe
plantar
bottom of foot
mammary
breast
gluteal
butt
sural
calf
cyto means logos means
cell study
shoulder
cephalic is to head as deltoid is to?
buccal
cheek
thoracic
chest
mental
chin
abdominopelvic cavity
contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities
thoracic cavity
contains heart and lungs
cranial cavity
contains the brain
the right lung is ______ to the left lung
contraclateral
hypothalamus of the brain sets body temperature
control center
the bones are ____ to the skin
deep
the digits are ____ to the carpals
distal
blood vessels in the skin constrict, muscle shiver
effectors
digestive system
esophagus and stomch
orbital
eye
facial
face
distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
digital or phalangeal
fingers, toes
pes
foot
Antebrachial
forearm
frontal
forehead
anterior
front
antecubital
front of elbow
patellar
front of knee
pubic
genital region
inguinal
groin
manus
hand
cephalic
head
axial region
head, neck, trunk
calcaneal
heel of foot
coxal
hip
transverse plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
the mental region is _____ to the oral region
inferior
control center
integrates input and initiates change
the right lung and right kidney are______
ipsillateral
urinary system
kidneys and urethra
the fibular region is ____ to the tibial region
lateral
fibular
lateral part of leg (side of leg)
lumbar
lower back
the tibial region is ___ to the fibular region
medial
ulnar
medial aspect (pinky side) of the forearm
oral
mouth
umbilical
navel
cervical
neck
set point
negative feedback mechanisms work by maintaining the variable within a normal level of what is called a
nasal
nose
the occipital region is _____ to the facial region
posterior
the carpals are _____ to the digits
proximal
free nerve ending in the skin detect cold
receptors
examples of negative feedback regulation
regulating heart rate regulating blood pressure withdrawal reflex from stepping on glass
imaginary places
run through the body
the visceral layer
serous membrane covers the surface of an organ
crural
shin
deltoid
shoulder
scapular
shoulder blade
cranial
skull
control centers are generally portions of the
spinal cord, thyroid gland, brain
vertebral
spine
anatomic position
standing upright feet parallel and flat on the floor arms at the sides with palms facing forward head is level while eyes look directly forward
sternal
sternum
cold temperature lowers body temperature below normal
stimulus
The skin is _____ to the skeleton
superficial
the oral region is _____ to the mental region
superior
lateral
the axillary region is _____ to the pectoral region
fermoral
thigh
ventral cavity
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
pollex
thumb
directional terms
to communicate where on body part is in relation to another, use both anatomic position and _________
digital or phalangeal
toes
lymphatic system
tonsils and thymus
dorsum
top of foot
responsiveness
when an organism senses and reacts to changes in their internal or external environments, this is?
carpal
wrist
sural
anatomical term for the calf area
pubic
anatomical term for the central most anterior region of the pelvis
perineal
anatomical term for the diamond shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and selected external reproductive organs
pollex
anatomical term for the thumb
which A/P describes the muscle layers in the wall of the small intestin
anatomy
pubic refers to the
anterior region of the pelvis
abdominal and pelvic cavity
are posterior aspect of the axial region of the body
effectors- how body temperature stimulates a negative feedback mechanism when body temperature falls below normal.
blood vessels in the skin constrict, muscle shiver
mitosis
body cells divide by
which are examples of negative feedback regulations
changing breathing rate in response to an increase of CO2 changes in blood pressure when exercising
blood vessels dilate, sweat glands secrete sweat
effectors
sagittal plane
extends through the body vertically and divides structures into right and left portions.
anatomical position
eyes look forward, and head is level
an increase in body size is ____ and an increase specialization as related to form and function is ______
growth/ development
medial
heart is ______ to the lungs
body temperature returns to normal
homeostasis
transverse plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions. superior and inferior
control center- how body temperature stimulates a negative feedback mechanism when body temperature falls below normal.
hypothalamus of the brain sets body temperature
control center
in a homeostatic control mechanism this is the structure that interprets input from the receptor and intitates changes through the effector.
opposite
in a negative feedback process the resulting action will always be in the ____ direction of the stimulus.
cranial
in regards to the axial regions, the ______ aspect contains cavities that are completely encased in bone,
catabolism
large molecules are broken down into smaller melecules
cardiovascular system
moves blood containing hormones, nutrients and gases
positive feed back vs. negative feedback
negative feed back is more common
most processes in the body are controlled by negative feedback or positive feed back
negative feedback
homeostatic or set point
negative feedback mechanisms work by maintaining the variable within a normal level or what is called a ______ point
is breathing of gases a characteristic to all living things?
no
A/P? examines how the muscles of the small intestine propel food through the digestive track
physiology
which A/P describes the mechanisms by which different nutrients are broken down?
physiology
calcaneal is to hel as ____ is to sole of the foot
plantar
choose all that are examples of negative feedback regulation?
regulating blood pressure withdrawal reflect stepping on glass regulating heart rate
endocrine systen
secretes hormones to regulate growth and chemical levels in the blood
atoms
smallest units of matter having the chemical properties of the element are
vigorous exercise raises body temperature
stimulus
umbilicus or naval
the central point that is used when the abdomen is divided into four quadrants
receptors
the component of homeostasis, that is the sensory nerve body structure that detects changes in a variable, which is either the substance or process that is regulated.
effector
the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus
dorsal
towards the back
positive feedback
when a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as
A/P? studies the small intestine including its relationship to the rest of the body?
anatomy
insulin secreting cells of pancreas and smooth muscles of bronchioles
body structures can serve as effectors.
homeostasis- how body temperature stimulates a negative feedback mechanism when body temperature falls below normal.
body temperature returns to normal.
homeostatsis
bodys ability to maintain a consistent internal environment
cytology
study of cells and their internal structures
inferior
the abdomen is ___ to the head
inguinal
the anatomical term describing the groin is
metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body is called?
anterior
towards the nose
sensory neurons
a receptor typically consists of____
cranial
anatomic directional term for at the head end
rostral
anatomic directional term meaning toward the nose
proximal
anatomic directional term which means closest to the point of attachment to the trunk
manus
anatomical term for hand
structural organization of human body (simplest to most complex)
cells tissues organs organ system organism
stimulus- how body temperature stimulates a negative feedback mechanism when body temperature falls below normal.
cold temperature lowers body temperature below normal
receptor, effector, control center
components associated with the homeostatic system are
chemical level of organization
composed of atoms and molecules & the simplest level of organization NOT that consists of the smallest living structures.... bc the smallest living structures are cells. and NOT that groups of similar cells that perform common functions bc tissues are groups of similar cells that perform common functions.
hypothalamus of brain sets body temperature
control center
Brain, spinal cord, thyroid gland
control centers are generally portions of the
nervous system
controls body movement and conducts impulses for internal communication
breast feeding blood clotting childbirth
examples of positive feedback
urinary system
filters the blood and removes waste from the blood
Receptor- how body temperature stimulates a negative feedback mechanism when body temperature falls below normal.
free nerve endings in the skin detect cold
physiologists examine the ____ of various systems
function
characteristics of all living things
homeostasis, organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, reproduction
parietal layer
lines the internal surface of the body wall in a ventral cavity and is a serous membrane
median plane
midsagittal
true
most homeostatic variables are not constant over time but fluctuate around a set point.
lymphatic system
participates in immune response
receptor
perceives a stimulus
what focuses on the molecular or cellular level to gain an understanding on how rogan systems work?
physiology
Muscular System
produces body movement and heat
integumentary system
provides protection, regulates body temperature, and prevents water loss.
skeletal system
provides support and protections, site of hemopoiesis
organs in the skin detect heat
receptors
axial
region of the body includes the head, nick and trunk
appendicular region
region of the body that is composed of the upper and lower limbs
respiratory system
responsible for exchange of gases
a receptor typically consists of
sensory neurons
anabolism
small molecules are joined to form larger molecules
histology refers to
study of tissues
reproduction
the production of new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair is...
although there is only one midsagittal plane, there are multiple possibilities of sagittal planes? T/F
true
positive feedback
uterine contractions of childbirth are an example of which type of feedback loop
caudal
at the rear or tail end
hallux
big toe
effector
brings about a change in response to the stimulus
calcaneal
anatomical term for heel
popliteal
anatomical term for the area posterior to the knee
digital
the anatomical term for fingers or toes
homeostasis
the bodys ability to maintain an average temperature of about 37 degrees celcius regardless of the outside temperature is
hemopoiesis
production of blood cells
