anatomy ch. 1

regulation

if you are cold and your body alters the circulation near the skin in order to conserve heat, what characteristic of life is this representing.

sections are based on

imaginary planes

auricular

ear

transverse

horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts

scientific method

observe a natural event, form a hypothesis, experiments and testing, form conclusions

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

palmar

palm of hand

oblique plane

passes through the body at an angle

pelvic

pelvis

medial

toward the midline

respiratory system

trachea and lungs

the change is amplified

true of positive feedback?

appendicular region

upper and lower limbs

brachial

upper arm

coronal/ frontal plane

vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

superficial

(adj.) on or near the surface; concerned with or understanding only what is on the surface, shallow

deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

lateral

Away from the midline of the body

simplest to most complex of terms of human body beginning

atoms molecules macromolecules organelles cells

sural

Calf or posterior surface of the leg

proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

parasagittal plane

Divides body into unequal right and left sides

superior

Higher on the body, nearer to the head

radial

Lateral aspect of the forearm (thumb side)

inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

tibial

Medial aspect of the leg

responsivness

Reaction to a change inside or outside the body

visceral layer

covers the external surface of organs in a ventral cavity and is a serous membrane

oblique

a plane that passes through the body or organ at an angle

midsagittal

a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into equal right and left halves using the umbilicus as the midpoint.

sagittal (parasagittal)

a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into unequal right and left parts

coronal plane/ frontal plane

divides body into front and back

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

abdominal

abdomen

cranial cavity and vertebral canal

all the cavities that are included in the posterior aspect of the body.

metabolism consists of both

anabolism and catabolism

point of reference for the body

anatomic position

anatomical position allows for what

anatomists to describe where one body part is in relation to another regardless of the subjects body position.

tarsal

ankle

the facial region is ___ to the occipital region

anterior

pectoral

anterior chest

axillary

armpit

section

at a slice of a structure, that allows a view of internal anantomy.

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

posterior

back

olecranal

back of elbow

dorsum

back of hand// top of foot

popliteal

back of knee

occipital

base of skull

perineal

between anus and external genitalia

sacral

between hips

halux

big toe

plantar

bottom of foot

mammary

breast

gluteal

butt

sural

calf

cyto means logos means

cell study

shoulder

cephalic is to head as deltoid is to?

buccal

cheek

thoracic

chest

mental

chin

abdominopelvic cavity

contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

cranial cavity

contains the brain

the right lung is ______ to the left lung

contraclateral

hypothalamus of the brain sets body temperature

control center

the bones are ____ to the skin

deep

the digits are ____ to the carpals

distal

blood vessels in the skin constrict, muscle shiver

effectors

digestive system

esophagus and stomch

orbital

eye

facial

face

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

digital or phalangeal

fingers, toes

pes

foot

Antebrachial

forearm

frontal

forehead

anterior

front

antecubital

front of elbow

patellar

front of knee

pubic

genital region

inguinal

groin

manus

hand

cephalic

head

axial region

head, neck, trunk

calcaneal

heel of foot

coxal

hip

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

the mental region is _____ to the oral region

inferior

control center

integrates input and initiates change

the right lung and right kidney are______

ipsillateral

urinary system

kidneys and urethra

the fibular region is ____ to the tibial region

lateral

fibular

lateral part of leg (side of leg)

lumbar

lower back

the tibial region is ___ to the fibular region

medial

ulnar

medial aspect (pinky side) of the forearm

oral

mouth

umbilical

navel

cervical

neck

set point

negative feedback mechanisms work by maintaining the variable within a normal level of what is called a

nasal

nose

the occipital region is _____ to the facial region

posterior

the carpals are _____ to the digits

proximal

free nerve ending in the skin detect cold

receptors

examples of negative feedback regulation

regulating heart rate regulating blood pressure withdrawal reflex from stepping on glass

imaginary places

run through the body

the visceral layer

serous membrane covers the surface of an organ

crural

shin

deltoid

shoulder

scapular

shoulder blade

cranial

skull

control centers are generally portions of the

spinal cord, thyroid gland, brain

vertebral

spine

anatomic position

standing upright feet parallel and flat on the floor arms at the sides with palms facing forward head is level while eyes look directly forward

sternal

sternum

cold temperature lowers body temperature below normal

stimulus

The skin is _____ to the skeleton

superficial

the oral region is _____ to the mental region

superior

lateral

the axillary region is _____ to the pectoral region

fermoral

thigh

ventral cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

pollex

thumb

directional terms

to communicate where on body part is in relation to another, use both anatomic position and _________

digital or phalangeal

toes

lymphatic system

tonsils and thymus

dorsum

top of foot

responsiveness

when an organism senses and reacts to changes in their internal or external environments, this is?

carpal

wrist

sural

anatomical term for the calf area

pubic

anatomical term for the central most anterior region of the pelvis

perineal

anatomical term for the diamond shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and selected external reproductive organs

pollex

anatomical term for the thumb

which A/P describes the muscle layers in the wall of the small intestin

anatomy

pubic refers to the

anterior region of the pelvis

abdominal and pelvic cavity

are posterior aspect of the axial region of the body

effectors- how body temperature stimulates a negative feedback mechanism when body temperature falls below normal.

blood vessels in the skin constrict, muscle shiver

mitosis

body cells divide by

which are examples of negative feedback regulations

changing breathing rate in response to an increase of CO2 changes in blood pressure when exercising

blood vessels dilate, sweat glands secrete sweat

effectors

sagittal plane

extends through the body vertically and divides structures into right and left portions.

anatomical position

eyes look forward, and head is level

an increase in body size is ____ and an increase specialization as related to form and function is ______

growth/ development

medial

heart is ______ to the lungs

body temperature returns to normal

homeostasis

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions. superior and inferior

control center- how body temperature stimulates a negative feedback mechanism when body temperature falls below normal.

hypothalamus of the brain sets body temperature

control center

in a homeostatic control mechanism this is the structure that interprets input from the receptor and intitates changes through the effector.

opposite

in a negative feedback process the resulting action will always be in the ____ direction of the stimulus.

cranial

in regards to the axial regions, the ______ aspect contains cavities that are completely encased in bone,

catabolism

large molecules are broken down into smaller melecules

cardiovascular system

moves blood containing hormones, nutrients and gases

positive feed back vs. negative feedback

negative feed back is more common

most processes in the body are controlled by negative feedback or positive feed back

negative feedback

homeostatic or set point

negative feedback mechanisms work by maintaining the variable within a normal level or what is called a ______ point

is breathing of gases a characteristic to all living things?

no

A/P? examines how the muscles of the small intestine propel food through the digestive track

physiology

which A/P describes the mechanisms by which different nutrients are broken down?

physiology

calcaneal is to hel as ____ is to sole of the foot

plantar

choose all that are examples of negative feedback regulation?

regulating blood pressure withdrawal reflect stepping on glass regulating heart rate

endocrine systen

secretes hormones to regulate growth and chemical levels in the blood

atoms

smallest units of matter having the chemical properties of the element are

vigorous exercise raises body temperature

stimulus

umbilicus or naval

the central point that is used when the abdomen is divided into four quadrants

receptors

the component of homeostasis, that is the sensory nerve body structure that detects changes in a variable, which is either the substance or process that is regulated.

effector

the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus

dorsal

towards the back

positive feedback

when a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as

A/P? studies the small intestine including its relationship to the rest of the body?

anatomy

insulin secreting cells of pancreas and smooth muscles of bronchioles

body structures can serve as effectors.

homeostasis- how body temperature stimulates a negative feedback mechanism when body temperature falls below normal.

body temperature returns to normal.

homeostatsis

bodys ability to maintain a consistent internal environment

cytology

study of cells and their internal structures

inferior

the abdomen is ___ to the head

inguinal

the anatomical term describing the groin is

metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body is called?

anterior

towards the nose

sensory neurons

a receptor typically consists of____

cranial

anatomic directional term for at the head end

rostral

anatomic directional term meaning toward the nose

proximal

anatomic directional term which means closest to the point of attachment to the trunk

manus

anatomical term for hand

structural organization of human body (simplest to most complex)

cells tissues organs organ system organism

stimulus- how body temperature stimulates a negative feedback mechanism when body temperature falls below normal.

cold temperature lowers body temperature below normal

receptor, effector, control center

components associated with the homeostatic system are

chemical level of organization

composed of atoms and molecules & the simplest level of organization NOT that consists of the smallest living structures.... bc the smallest living structures are cells. and NOT that groups of similar cells that perform common functions bc tissues are groups of similar cells that perform common functions.

hypothalamus of brain sets body temperature

control center

Brain, spinal cord, thyroid gland

control centers are generally portions of the

nervous system

controls body movement and conducts impulses for internal communication

breast feeding blood clotting childbirth

examples of positive feedback

urinary system

filters the blood and removes waste from the blood

Receptor- how body temperature stimulates a negative feedback mechanism when body temperature falls below normal.

free nerve endings in the skin detect cold

physiologists examine the ____ of various systems

function

characteristics of all living things

homeostasis, organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, reproduction

parietal layer

lines the internal surface of the body wall in a ventral cavity and is a serous membrane

median plane

midsagittal

true

most homeostatic variables are not constant over time but fluctuate around a set point.

lymphatic system

participates in immune response

receptor

perceives a stimulus

what focuses on the molecular or cellular level to gain an understanding on how rogan systems work?

physiology

Muscular System

produces body movement and heat

integumentary system

provides protection, regulates body temperature, and prevents water loss.

skeletal system

provides support and protections, site of hemopoiesis

organs in the skin detect heat

receptors

axial

region of the body includes the head, nick and trunk

appendicular region

region of the body that is composed of the upper and lower limbs

respiratory system

responsible for exchange of gases

a receptor typically consists of

sensory neurons

anabolism

small molecules are joined to form larger molecules

histology refers to

study of tissues

reproduction

the production of new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair is...

although there is only one midsagittal plane, there are multiple possibilities of sagittal planes? T/F

true

positive feedback

uterine contractions of childbirth are an example of which type of feedback loop

caudal

at the rear or tail end

hallux

big toe

effector

brings about a change in response to the stimulus

calcaneal

anatomical term for heel

popliteal

anatomical term for the area posterior to the knee

digital

the anatomical term for fingers or toes

homeostasis

the bodys ability to maintain an average temperature of about 37 degrees celcius regardless of the outside temperature is

hemopoiesis

production of blood cells