Anatomy ch 1
nervous system functions
sensory input, integration, motor output (brain, spinal cord)
Plantar refers to the ______.
sole of foot
Cytology
study of body cells and their internal structure.
Andreas Vesalius
wrote and illustrated the first comprehensive textbook of anatomy.
Basic Principles of Cell Theory:
Cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals Cells are produced by the divisions of pre-existing cells. Cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions.
urinary system functions
Eliminates waste from the body; regulates water balance of the blood (kidney, ureter, bladder)
Regional anatomy:
Focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures.
skeletal system
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints
cardiovascular system function
Pump, distribute blood which carries oxygen, nutrients and wastes to and from the cells. (blood vessels, heart)
endocrine system function
Secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells (glands, thymus, kidneys, pancreas...)
Embryology
Studies developmental changes from conception to birth.
Anatomical position:
The erect position of the body with the face directed forward, the arms at the side, and the palms facing forward, used as a reference the relation of body parts to one another.
sacral
area between hips
The anatomical term for cheek is ______, whereas the anatomical term for chin is ______.
buccal, mental
The correct anatomical term for head is ______.
cephalic
Levels of organization from simplest to most complex:
chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level
The body's ability to maintain an average temperature of about 37°C regardless of the outside temperature is called
homeostasis
transverse plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
n a negative feedback process, the resulting action will always be in the ______ direction of the stimulus.
opposite
The anatomical term for eye is ______.
orbital
The anatomical term for chest is
pectoral
The anatomical term for the area posterior to the knee is _____.
popliteal
Which of the following statements correctly apply to homeostasis as a physiologic process?
-Negative feedback typically keeps these processes in check. -The control center is generally the nervous system or endocrine system. -When homeostasis fails disease or even death occurs. -These processes are dynamic.
respiratory system function
Bring oxygen to and eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood. (nasal cavity, nose, lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx)
The anatomical term for the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist is ______.
antebrachial
cranial cavity
contains the brain
The anatomical term for thigh is
femoral
integumentary system functions
protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, provides sensory information (skin, hair, nails)
Superior
toward the head
Muscular system function
The body system that supports the body and enables it to MOVE
The correct anatomical term for armpit is ______.
axillary
digestive system function
breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, intestines)
pericardial cavity
contains the heart
pleural cavity
contains the lungs
Cranial is to skull as auricular is to ______.
ear
comparative anatomy
examines anatomical similarities and differences in different species.
manus
hand
axial region
head, neck, trunk
The thoracic cavity contains the
heart and lungs
Coxal refers to the ______.
hip
The anatomical term for the central-most anterior region of the pelvis is ______.
pubic
Neurophysiology:
studies the functioning of nerves and nervous system organs.
What is the anatomical term for the calf area?
sural
reproductive system
system of organs involved in producing offspring (male- penis, urethra, testes...) (female- mammary glands, vagina, ovary, uterus...)
Anatomy
the study of form/structure
histology
the study of tissues
Femoral refers to the ______.
thigh
ventral body cavity
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
True or false: Most processes in the body are controlled by negative feedback.
true
True or false: Sometimes a homeostatic imbalance occurs when a variable normally controlled by negative feedback is instead controlled by positive feedback.
true
The canal that contains the spinal cord is the ____ canal.
vertebral
Mammary is to ______ as brachial is to arm.
breast
thoracic cavity
contains heart and lungs
vertebral cavity
contains the spinal cord
coronal plane
divides body into front and back
Pathophysiology:
focuses on the function of a body system during disease or injury to the system.
Pes refers to the ______.
foot
Frontal refers to the ______.
forehead
The anatomical term describing the groin is
inguinal region
Reproductive physiology
investigates functioning of resporductive hormones and the reproductive cycle.
Radiographic anatomy
investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures.
The anatomical term for heel is ______.
calcaneal
The anatomical term for hip is ______, whereas the anatomical term for wrist is ______.
coxal, carpal
Cardiovascular physiology:
examines functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Pathologic anatomy
examines macroscopic and microscopic anatomic changes resulting from disease.
Microscopic anatomy
examines structures that cannot be observed by unaided eye -specimen examined under microscope.
Respiratory physiology
explores the functioning of respiratory organs
True or false: Because the end result of a positive feedback mechanism is to increase the activity, positive feedback mechanisms are much more common than negative feedback mechanisms.
false
Digital refers to the ______.
fingers or toes
The pericardial cavity is ______ to the pleural cavities.
medial
When a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as
positive feedback
When a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as _
positive feedback
olecranon
posterior elbow
Gross Anatomy
Investigates structures visible to the unaided eye Specimens dissected for examination.
The correct anatomical term for front of the elbow is ______.
antecubital
The anatomical term for the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle is ______.
crural
lymphatic system functions
defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream (tonsils, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes...)
microscopic anatomy tools
dissecting microscope- tissue structure, light microscope- basic details of cell structure, electron microscope- individual molecules that are only a few nanometers across.
midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal right and left sides
appendicular region
upper and lower limbs
11 Organ Systems in the human body:
Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Respiratory system Urinary system Digestive system Male and female reproductive systems.
anatomical term for spinal column
vertebral
The component of homeostasis, called the _________ is the sensory nerve body structure that detects changes in a variable, which is either the substance or process that is regulated.
receptor
Systemic anatomy
studies the anatomy of each body system
The central point that is used when the abdomen is divided into four quadrants is the
umbilicus, naval
A receptor typically consists of ______.
sensory neurons