Anatomy ch 1

nervous system functions

sensory input, integration, motor output (brain, spinal cord)

Plantar refers to the ______.

sole of foot

Cytology

study of body cells and their internal structure.

Andreas Vesalius

wrote and illustrated the first comprehensive textbook of anatomy.

Basic Principles of Cell Theory:

Cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals Cells are produced by the divisions of pre-existing cells. Cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions.

urinary system functions

Eliminates waste from the body; regulates water balance of the blood (kidney, ureter, bladder)

Regional anatomy:

Focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures.

skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

cardiovascular system function

Pump, distribute blood which carries oxygen, nutrients and wastes to and from the cells. (blood vessels, heart)

endocrine system function

Secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells (glands, thymus, kidneys, pancreas...)

Embryology

Studies developmental changes from conception to birth.

Anatomical position:

The erect position of the body with the face directed forward, the arms at the side, and the palms facing forward, used as a reference the relation of body parts to one another.

sacral

area between hips

The anatomical term for cheek is ______, whereas the anatomical term for chin is ______.

buccal, mental

The correct anatomical term for head is ______.

cephalic

Levels of organization from simplest to most complex:

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

The body's ability to maintain an average temperature of about 37°C regardless of the outside temperature is called

homeostasis

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

n a negative feedback process, the resulting action will always be in the ______ direction of the stimulus.

opposite

The anatomical term for eye is ______.

orbital

The anatomical term for chest is

pectoral

The anatomical term for the area posterior to the knee is _____.

popliteal

Which of the following statements correctly apply to homeostasis as a physiologic process?

-Negative feedback typically keeps these processes in check. -The control center is generally the nervous system or endocrine system. -When homeostasis fails disease or even death occurs. -These processes are dynamic.

respiratory system function

Bring oxygen to and eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood. (nasal cavity, nose, lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx)

The anatomical term for the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist is ______.

antebrachial

cranial cavity

contains the brain

The anatomical term for thigh is

femoral

integumentary system functions

protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, provides sensory information (skin, hair, nails)

Superior

toward the head

Muscular system function

The body system that supports the body and enables it to MOVE

The correct anatomical term for armpit is ______.

axillary

digestive system function

breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, intestines)

pericardial cavity

contains the heart

pleural cavity

contains the lungs

Cranial is to skull as auricular is to ______.

ear

comparative anatomy

examines anatomical similarities and differences in different species.

manus

hand

axial region

head, neck, trunk

The thoracic cavity contains the

heart and lungs

Coxal refers to the ______.

hip

The anatomical term for the central-most anterior region of the pelvis is ______.

pubic

Neurophysiology:

studies the functioning of nerves and nervous system organs.

What is the anatomical term for the calf area?

sural

reproductive system

system of organs involved in producing offspring (male- penis, urethra, testes...) (female- mammary glands, vagina, ovary, uterus...)

Anatomy

the study of form/structure

histology

the study of tissues

Femoral refers to the ______.

thigh

ventral body cavity

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

True or false: Most processes in the body are controlled by negative feedback.

true

True or false: Sometimes a homeostatic imbalance occurs when a variable normally controlled by negative feedback is instead controlled by positive feedback.

true

The canal that contains the spinal cord is the ____ canal.

vertebral

Mammary is to ______ as brachial is to arm.

breast

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

vertebral cavity

contains the spinal cord

coronal plane

divides body into front and back

Pathophysiology:

focuses on the function of a body system during disease or injury to the system.

Pes refers to the ______.

foot

Frontal refers to the ______.

forehead

The anatomical term describing the groin is

inguinal region

Reproductive physiology

investigates functioning of resporductive hormones and the reproductive cycle.

Radiographic anatomy

investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures.

The anatomical term for heel is ______.

calcaneal

The anatomical term for hip is ______, whereas the anatomical term for wrist is ______.

coxal, carpal

Cardiovascular physiology:

examines functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

Pathologic anatomy

examines macroscopic and microscopic anatomic changes resulting from disease.

Microscopic anatomy

examines structures that cannot be observed by unaided eye -specimen examined under microscope.

Respiratory physiology

explores the functioning of respiratory organs

True or false: Because the end result of a positive feedback mechanism is to increase the activity, positive feedback mechanisms are much more common than negative feedback mechanisms.

false

Digital refers to the ______.

fingers or toes

The pericardial cavity is ______ to the pleural cavities.

medial

When a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as

positive feedback

When a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as _

positive feedback

olecranon

posterior elbow

Gross Anatomy

Investigates structures visible to the unaided eye Specimens dissected for examination.

The correct anatomical term for front of the elbow is ______.

antecubital

The anatomical term for the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle is ______.

crural

lymphatic system functions

defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream (tonsils, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes...)

microscopic anatomy tools

dissecting microscope- tissue structure, light microscope- basic details of cell structure, electron microscope- individual molecules that are only a few nanometers across.

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

appendicular region

upper and lower limbs

11 Organ Systems in the human body:

Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Respiratory system Urinary system Digestive system Male and female reproductive systems.

anatomical term for spinal column

vertebral

The component of homeostasis, called the _________ is the sensory nerve body structure that detects changes in a variable, which is either the substance or process that is regulated.

receptor

Systemic anatomy

studies the anatomy of each body system

The central point that is used when the abdomen is divided into four quadrants is the

umbilicus, naval

A receptor typically consists of ______.

sensory neurons