Anatomy Ch 24

What anatomical difference makes urinary tract infections more common in females than in males?

In females the urethra is shorter than in males.

Which of the following statements about the urinary bladder is false?

In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum.

Which of the following statements about the internal urethral sphincter is false?

It is surrounded by the urogenital diaphragm.

Which gland sits atop each kidney?

adrenal

Blood vessel that contains granular cells involved in blood pressure regulation.

afferent arteriole

An increase in the permeability of collecting tubule cells to water is due to

an increase in the production of antidiuretic hormone.

Kidney stones, or renal calculi, tend to lodge most often in places where their pathway out of the body tends to narrow. All of these are regions where the ureter narrows and kidney stones may lodge except

at the urachus of the ureter.

The external urethral sphincter is located

at the urogenital diaphragm.

85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney.

cortical

Arteries that branch to form the afferent arterioles to the glomeruli are

cortical radiate arteries.

The function of the collecting duct is to

determine the final volume and concentration of urine.

Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder.

detrusor

Which of the following processes does not participate in the production of urine in the kidney?

evaporation

Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole.

glomerulus

Renin is produced in

granular cells

Which of the following is not part of the filtration membrane?

granular cells

The ureters

have a muscularis layer that is stimulated to contract by the stretching of their walls as urine enters them.

The mucosal folds in the bladder (rugae)

have the same basic function as transitional epithelium—accommodating stretch as the bladder fills.

The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney.

hilum

Which vessels lie within the renal columns?

interlobar arteries

From which embryonic tissue layer(s) does the kidney arise?

mesoderm

Cup-shaped tubes that enclose the papillae of the pyramids.

minor calyx

If you looked closely at the tip of a renal papilla with a hand lens, the hundreds of little openings you would see on its surface are

openings of papillary ducts.

In the micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle is stimulated to contract by

parasympathetic fibers.

Which structure(s) is (are) most important for holding the kidney in place in the abdomen?

perirenal and pararenal fat layers and renal fascia

The micturition center is located in the

pons

The parts of the nephron whose epithelial cells contain the most mitochondria are the

proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

Which of the following would not inhibit micturition?

relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter

Which of the following structures are most numerous within a kidney?

renal corpuscles

When Melinda was asked to identify a "mystery" slide on a histology test, she immediately identified it as renal cortex because of the presence of scattered

renal corpuscles.

Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the

renal pelvis

Urine passes through the

renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

The descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity.

retroperitoneal

Which off the following puts the flow of blood through the kidney in the correct order?

segmental artery — interlobar artery — arcuate artery — cortical radiate artery

A large fat-filled space within the kidney that also contains the renal pelvis, blood vessels, and nerves.

sinus

The longest of the three parts of the male urethra is the

spongy urethra.

In the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa is part of the

terminal nephron loop.

Which of the following is not found in the renal corpuscle?

the nephron loop

During a dissection, Arnie saw the ureters entering the lateral corners of the bladder but found the internal openings of the ureters in the trigone near the midline of the bladder. His observation necessarily means that

the ureters run medially for some distance within the posterior bladder wall.

An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney is that

the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.

Cortical nephrons are different from juxtamedullary nephrons in that

their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment.

The epithelium lining the urinary bladder that permits distension is

transitional.

The neck, or inferior angle, of the bladder drains into the

urethra.

Ladderlike looping blood vessels within the medulla.

vasa recta

The layer of podocytes is the same as the

visceral layer of the glomerular capsule

The region of the distal tubule that monitors concentration of the filtrate is called the

macula densa

How much of the fluid filtered by the kidney actually becomes urine?

1 %

Based on what you know about the location of the kidneys in the posterior abdominal wall, the hilum of the kidney must be at the level of which vertebra?

L1 or L2

Which of the following regions of the nephron is most likely to be found in the renal medulla?

collecting duct

The most superficial layer of the kidney is the

cortex

The name of the inferior of the three openings in the trigone of the bladder is the

internal urethral orifice.

The part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and secretion is the

proximal tubule.