Anatomy Chapter 14: Blood
Desiree how the body recycles hemoglobin
-Hemoglobin breaks down into globin chains -Decomposes into biliverdin -Iron and transferin are carried to the hematopoietic tissue in red bone marrow
What percentage of the hematocrit is WBCs and platelets
1%
the basic event in the formation of a blood clot is the transformation of a soluble plasma protein, ____, to a relatively insoluble protein, ____.
1. fibrinogen 2. fibrin
Red Blood cells are ____ hemoglobin
1/3
a normal red cell count is _____ for an adult female
4,200,000 - 5,400,000
What is the normal red cell count for a child?
4,500,000-5,100,000
a normal red cell count is _____ for an adult male
4,600,000 - 6,200,000
What percentage of the hematocrit are red blood cells?
45%
what is the blood volume of an average sized adult?
5 Liters
the normal white blood count is
5,000 - 10,000 cells per cubic millimeter
What percentage of the hematocrit is plasma?
55%
plasma represents approximately ___% of a normal blood sample
55%
Smallest Large spherical nucleus Surrounded by cytoplasm Attack microorganisms and produce antibodies 25-33% of Leukocytes
Lymphocytes
which of the following blood types is the universal donor?
O
How are red blood cells damaged?
age passing through capillaries particularly those of active muscles
significant in maintaining osmostic pressure
albumins
a person with type A blood has
antigen A and antibody B
which of the plasma electrolytes is responsible for maintaining blood pH?
bicarbonate
bil-
bile
the heme portion of damaged red blood cells is decomposed into iron and
biliverdin
hema-
blood
hemo-
blood
What factors influence a person's blood volume?
body size, changes in fluid and electrolyte concentration, amount of adipose tissue
the gases that are normally dissolved in plasma include
carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen
-thromb
clot
Describe the process of RBC formation
erythroblast divide new cells shrink and are pinched off macrophages engulf extruded materials reticulocytes exit red bone marrow
the clumping together of red blood cells when unlike types of blood are mixed is due to antibodies in the plasma and antigens on the
erythrocytes
an Rh-negative mother, carrying a fetus who is Rh-positive, may have an infant with a blood problem called
erythroldastosis
red blood cell production is stimulated by the hormone ____ that is released from the kidney in response to low oxygen concentration
erythropioetin
a platelet plug begins to form when platelets are
exposed to a rough surface
largest molecular size, plays a part in blood clotting
fibrinogens
transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins, antibody of immunity
globulins
-stasis
halt
the percentage of formed elements, especially red blood cells, in blood is called
hematocrit
an Rh-negative mother who delivers an Rh-positive baby is given ____ within 72 hours of delivery to prevent the above condition.
rhogam
-crit
separate
embol-
stopper
an enzyme that may be used to dissolve blood clots is
streptokinase
in the fetus, red blood cells are produced in
the liver
prothrombin is a plasma protein that is produced by
the liver
Where are the RBCs produced after birth?
tissue lining in the spaces in bones (Red bone marrow)
agglutin-
to glue together
-poie
to make
what are the functions of blood?
transport, regulation, defense
cellular components of the immune system and formed elements of blood originate from a common stem cell known as hematopoietic stem cell.
true
the application of medicinal leeches has been used as an adjunctive therapy to microsurgery to maintain the patency of small veins
true
factors that prevent coagulation in a normal vascular system include all of the following except
vitamin K
What do you find in the plasma?
water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular waste
leuko-
white
does statement A explain statement B? A. vitamin B12 and folic acid are necessary to cell growth and reproduction B. the rate of red blood cell production is particularly dependent upon vitamin B12 and folic acid.
yes
Where are the RBCs produced before birth?
yolk sac, liver, spleen
red blood cells cannot reproduce because they lack a
nucleus
list the cellular and noncellular components transported by plasma
nutrients, oxygen, waste, hormones, electrolytes
antibodies for Rh appear
only in response to stimulations by Rh antigens
red blood cell counts are important clinically because they provide information about
oxygen carrying capacity
substances believed necessary to activate prothrombin are thought to include
phospholipids
the blood element concerned with the control of bleeding and the formation of clots is the
platelet
all of the following nutrients are present in plasma except
polysaccharides
once a blood clot begins to form, it promotes still more clotting. this is an example of a
positive feedback system
what factors can stimulate the release of erythropoietin?
prolonged oxygen deficiency
laboratory tests used to evaluate blood coagulation mechanisms are the
prothrombin time and the partial prothrombine time
the bioconcave shape of red blood cells
provides an increased surface area for gas diffusion, moves the cell membrane closer to hemoglobin, and allows the cell to move through capillaries
erythr-
red
blood cells are primarily formed in
red bone marrow
Caused by radiation and toxic chemicals
A-plasmic Anemia
Similar to Eosinophils Deep blue stain Promote inflammation and blood flow to damaged tissue
Basophills
The shape of a red blood cell is a _____ _______
Biconcave disk
Leukocytes squeezing between cell walls that form the walls of the smallest blood vessels
Diapedesis
Course, uniformly sized granules Appear deep red Modify alergic reactions Defend against parasitic worms 1-3% of leukeocytes
Eosinophils
What are the two types of Leukocytes?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
What is known as the process of blood formation?
Hematopoiesis
What are the three different cells that are produced in the process of Hematopoiesis?
Hemocytoblast, Erythroblast, Erythrocytes
Caused by toxic chemicals
Hemolytic Anemia
Caused by dietary lack of iron
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Damaged red blood cells are destroyed by calls called ______, located in the _____ and _____.
Macrophages Spleen Liver
Largest and spherical in shape Kidney shaped nucleus Phagosize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris 3-9% of Leukocytes
Monocytes
How is the production of red blood cells controlled?
Negative feedback- Erythropoietin
Appear light purple Have a lobed nucleus with 2-5 sections Phagosize bacteria, fungi, and some viral infections 52-64% of Leukeocytes
Neutrophils
Caused by the inability to absorb B12
Pernicious Anemia
Biconcave disks Thin in the center Thick around the edges
Red Blood Cells
Caused by a defective gene
Sickle Cell and Thalassemia
What factors may cause an increase in the red blood cell count?
Strenuous exercise or an increase of altitude
-osis
abnormal condition
What is the role of folic acid and vitamin B12 in red blood cell production?
They are required for DNA Synthesis and necessary for growth and development of all cells
How does the lack of a nucleus and other organelles affect red blood cell function?
They cannot synthesize proteins or divide
retraction of the clot, pulling the edges of the severed vessel closer together, is due to the action of
actin
a lack of vitamin B12 is usually due to
a disorder of the stomach lining
an increase in the blood level of nonprotein nitrogen can indicate
a kidney disorder
which of the following represents the correct order of appearance of cells in red blood cell production?
hemocytoblasts, erythroblasts, erythrocytes
the hereditary disease that is almost exclusively male and is due to the lack of one of several clotting factors is
hemophilia
macro-
large
hepa-
liver
the white blood cell that has the longest life span is the
lymphocyte
damaged red blood cells are destroyed by what?
macrophage
poly-
many
What do red blood cells consist of? (look in book about this one)
membrane, water, electrolytes, and enzymes
the most mobile and active phagocytic leukocytes are
monocytes and neutrophils
list the plasma electrolytes
na, mg, k, ca, phosphate, sulfates, chlorides, and bicarbonates
the most numerous type of white blood cell is the
neutrophil
The most mobile and active phagocytes are ____ and _____.
neutrophils and monocytes